托福聽(tīng)力 語(yǔ)音識(shí)別填空練習(xí)(答案)

托福聽(tīng)力語(yǔ)音識(shí)別填空練習(xí)(答案)托福聽(tīng)力語(yǔ)音識(shí)別填空練習(xí)(答案)托福聽(tīng)力語(yǔ)音識(shí)別填空練習(xí)(答案)托福聽(tīng)力語(yǔ)音識(shí)別填空練習(xí)(答案)編制僅供參考審核批準(zhǔn)生效日期地址：電話：傳真:郵編:Speech1The_1____Greekword___________for“man”is“anthropos”andtheword_2______anthropology___________hasbeenintheEnglishlanguage_3_forcenturies_______.ButjustwhatdoesthewordmeanLiterallyanthropologymeans“__4_thestudyofman_______”However,asBritish_5_philosopher_______AlfredNorthWhitehead_6__noted__________,“Itisawellfoundedhistoricalgeneralizationthat_7_thelastthingtobediscovered___inanyscienceiswhatscienceisreallyabout”AndasPaulBohannan,_8_renownedanthropologist____________,pointedoutanumberofyearsago,“Eachsciencethatdealswithpeoplehasitsown_9__definitions_____ofhuman.An_10__economist__________,“heexplains,”definesahumanasa_11_choice-making_____________animal.Philosophers_12_define__________manasa_13__rationalizing_________animal…”Anthropology___14___attempts______tobeall-inclusive-thestudyofhuman_15__behavior_________inallplacesandthroughouttime.It_16_specializes________inthe_17_describtion______of_18____humanistic,scientific,biological,historical,psychological,andsocialviewsof.Now,to_19_paraphrase_________BarbaraMiller’sstatementinhertextbook,culturalanthropology,thepopularimpressionofanthropologyis_20_basedmainly___onmoviesandtelevisionshowsthat_21__anticipated_______anthropologistsasadventurersandheroes.SomedohaveadventuresanddiscovertreasuresinEgyptian_22__tombs____________andelsewhere,but_23_mostly________,theirworkisless_24_glamourous_______andinvolves_25__repetitive___and_26_tedious___activities.Untilaroundthemiddleofthenineteenthcentury,anthropologywasatermusedforalllecturetodayexplainsthefieldsandbranchesofanthropology_____.We’regoingto_28_beginby____statingthatanthropologyisthestudyofhumanbehaviorinallplacesandatalltimes.Western_29__civilizations_takescreditforthedevelopmentofanthropology,which,_30____asamatteroffact___,wasarelativelylatescience.EarlierGreekandRomanphilosophersweremoreinterestedin_31__speculating____abouttheidealsociety_32___ratherthan_____describingthoseknowntothem.Afterthe__33_onset____oftheAgeofExploration,whichincludedthediscoveryoftheAmericas,aswellastraveltootherdistantplaces,thestudyofnon-westernpeoplebeganinearnest.Inmodernday,anthropologyisarecognized_34__socialscience____withtwo__35__broadfields__andseveral_36__branchesorsub-fields____.Thetwobroadfieldsare_37_physical_________anthropologyand_38__cultural_anthropology.Letmegiveyoua_39___briefdescription__ofeach.Physicalanthropologyisconcernedwiththedevelopmentofmanasa_40__mammal__.Relatedsubjectsare_41__anatomy___,biology,andpaleontology.Physicalanthropologistsstudythe_42_evolution__ofthehuman_43__species__.Onewaytheydothisisbythecomparativeanalysisoffossils-preserved_44__remanence____ofonce-livingcreaturesandliving_45_primates___,whichincludehumanbeingsorHomosapiens.Common_46__fossils__areshells,bones,andmoldsorimprints.Thesearefoundburiedintheearthor_47__permanentlyfrozeninglaciers_____.Livingprimatesareanalyzedinordertostudythemechanicsofevolutionand_48_genetic_differencesamonghumanpopulations.Nextlet’stalkaboutculturalanthropology.Thisfieldisthestudyoflearnedbehaviorinhumansocieties.Mostculturalanthropologistslimitthemselvestoafew_49_geographicareas___,_50__forexample___,MargaretMeadinSamoaandNewGuinea,andClydeKluckhohnwiththeNavajoIndiansinthesouthwesternUnitedStates.IshouldmentionthatKluckhohn’sworkMirrorforManisconsidered_51_oneofthebestintroductionstoanthropology______.Culturalanthropologyandthe_52__scientific_______studyofhumanculturewillbediscussedinmoredetailinournextlecture.Thesubfieldsofculturalanthropologyare_53___archeology,linguisticsandethnography._.Archaeologyisthestudyofdifferentculturesthroughmaterialsourcesratherthandirect_54___interviewsorobservations____ofthegroupunderstudy._55_oneexample__ofafamousarchaeologicalsitediscoveredinthepastcenturywasKingTut’sTombnearLuxor,Egypt,in1922.Linguistics,asyouprobablyknow,isthestudyoflanguageas_56__communication_____amonghumans.Cultureislearnedand_57_transmitted__primarilythroughlanguage.Ethnographyisthesystematicdescriptionofhumansocieties,58_mostly_____basedonfirsthandfieldwork.Basedonethnographies,anthropologistsprovideethnologiesorexplanationsofthebehaviorofdifferentpeoples.Asecondsubfieldofethnographyissocialanthropology.Socialanthropologyis_59_concernedwithpeople_____associalbeings.Arelatedsubjectis,ofcourse,sociology.Letmealsomentionbrieflypsychologicalanthropology,whichdealswithhuman_60_personalityandfeelings_____________.Thesearegreatlyinfluencedbyanindividual’sbiologicaland_61__mental________characteristics,aswellasphysicalsurroundingsandpersonal_62_experiences____.Relatedsubjectsarepsychologyandpsychiatry.Itisimportanttonotethatthereareseveral_63_univesals__________commonamongallsocieties;_64_forexample__________,thebasicsimilaritiesinhumanbiologyandtheexistenceoftwosexes.Anotheroftheseiseducationeitherformalorinformalorboth.Educationisnecessarytoprovidetheyoungwiththe_65__skillsandattitudes___neededtocarryonas_66_adults_______.So,youmightask,whatarethepracticalapplicationsforsuchabroadfieldTheansweristhatanthropologyhelpsus_67_planthefield____andhelpsuscontributetothe_68_solutions__________ofhumanproblems.Thisnewestareaofthestudyofmanisappliedformally___,anthropologywaslimitedtotheacademicfield.Anthropologistswereteachersormuseumcurators.Butforthepastseveral_70_decades________largenumbersof“anthro”graduateshavebeenemployedinfieldssuchas_71__urban__planningandadministration,_72__healthcare____,andinternationaldevelopment.Mostimportantisthatalthoughanthropologistshavetakenupthetaskofdocumentingthe_73_processesandchanges____ofculturespastandpresent,theyalsoprovidethenecessaryinsightinto_74_wherethehumanspeciesishiding___.Speech2Letmebeginthelecturetodaybyasking,_1_whatexactlyisculture_Thisquestionhasbeen_2_approached_____byanthropologistsinmanydifferentways.Murdock,_3_forexample__,inoutlineofworldcultures,producedwhatmanyhavecalledthe_4_theultimatelaundrylist___ofthingscultural,bynaming900-odd_5_categories______ofhumanbehavior.Iwon’t_6_attempt____togointotheseatthistime.Anotherless_7______lististhefamous“grocerylist”ofEdwardB.Tyler.Hewrote,“cultureisthat_8_complex_____wholewhichincludesknowledge,_9_belief,art,morals____,custom,andanyother_10_capabilities__andhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.”Butanother_11_definition___ofculturethatmanyfindusefulis,“the_12_totality___oflearned,sociallytransmittedbehavior.”O(jiān)bviouslythisdefinitionleavesoutmuchifwefeel_13_obligated__toincludeallthewaysoflifethathavebeenevolvedbypeopleineverysociety.Aparticularculture,then,wouldmeanthetotalsharedwayoflifeofagivengroup.Thiswouldincludetheirwaysofthinking,acting,andfeelingasreflectedintheir_14_religion__,law,language,art,andcustoms,aswellasconcretethingssuchas_15_houses,clothingandtools__.Culturalanthropologyisthestudyofcultures-livinganddead.Initstotality,itincludeslinguistics,thestudyofspeechforms,_16__archaeology____(thestudyofdeadcultures),and_17__ethnology__,whichisthestudyoflivingculturesorthosethatcanbeobserveddirectly.WhystudyculturalanthropologyOnereasonnotedbyRuthBenedict,anotherwell-knownanthropologist,isthatthestoryofhumanityfromtheStoneAgetothepresentissuchafascinatingoneofculturalgrowth.Interestingly,everysocietyhasgonethroughthree_18_stages_orstepsofculturalgrowth.Thesearesavagery,barbarism,andfinally,civilization.Thelastis,ofcourse,tovaryingdegrees.Weareoftenremindedofanother_19_compelling___reasontolearnaboutdifferentcultures-tolearnanduseaforeignlanguageeffectively.Mostofusrealizethatjustknowingthelanguageofanothercultureisnotenoughfor_20__meaningfulcommunication__.YoucanaskanyonewhohastriedtousetheirhighschoolSpanishinsideaSpanish-speakingcountry.NedSeelye,inhis1993bookTeachingCulture,listssix_21_skills__tonurtureandsupportinterculturalcommunication:Number1:Cultivate_22_curiosity__aboutanothercultureandempathytowarditsmembers.Number2:Recognizethatdifferentrolesandothersocialvariablessuchasage,sex,socialclass,religion,ethnicity,and_23_placeofresidence___affectthewaypeoplespeakandbehave.Number3:Realizethateffectivecommunicationrequiresdiscoveringtheculturally_24__conditionedimagesofpeople___whentheythink,act,andreacttotheworldaroundthem.Number4:Recognizethatsituational_25_variablesandconventions__shapepeople’sbehaviorinimportantways.Number5:Understandthatpeoplegenerallyactthewaytheydobecausetheyare_26_excisingtheoptions__theirsocietyallowsforsatisfyingbasicphysicalandpsychologicalneeds.And,finally,number6:Developtheabilitytoevaluatethetruthofageneralizationaboutthetargetcultureandto_27_locate___andorganizeinformationaboutthetargetculturefrombooks,massmedia,people,andpersonalobservations.Cultureandsocietymustcoexist.Withoutlivingtogetherpeoplecannotcreateacultureorawayoflife.Ifa_28_grouporsocietyissmall,isolated_____,and_29_stable__,itmightalsoshareasingleculture.Forexample,thinkoftheTasaday,allegedlyaStoneAgepeopleinthePhilippinerainforest,whowerediscoveredbyanthropologistsbackin1971.Asidenoteisthatduetotheirsupposed_30_isolation__,theyhadnoweaponsorknownwordsintheirlanguagefor“enemy”or“war”Inyourreadingafterthelecture,you’lllearnmoreabouttheTasadayandthecontroversysurroundingthemuptothepresenttime.Itisimportanttoremember,however,that_31_largesocieties____,suchasthoseinCanada,theUnitedStates,India,orEgypt,aremulticulturalor“pluralist”societies.Theyalsotendtohavemanysubcultures.Inthelonghistoryofhumanlife,multiculturalismisafairly_32_recentphenomenon___.Thoseofusinmulticulturalenvironmentsmustrememberthatdiscovering_33__similarities___amongpeoplefromdifferentculturesisasimportantasidentifyingdifferences.Forexample,inclassroomsonjustabouteveryuniversitycampusintheworld,wefindstudentsfrommanydifferent_34_socialandethnicbackgrounds___.Whataresomeofthe“universals”thatyouandotherinternationalstudentshaveallexperiencedinyour_35_earliereducationallife_____Onecommonuniversalisthatallculturesuse_36_rewardsorpunishments____toencourage_37_correctbehavior__.Another__38__example__isthatsocietieswithholdcertaininformationfromtheyoung.Thismightincludefaultsinourleadersorsexualtaboos.Athirduniversalisthe_39_effortbythecontrollinggroup___inaculturetoeducatetheyoungto_40_strengthenandsecure____itsdominantposition.Inthemajorityofcontemporarysocietiesthiscontrolisreachedthroughpoliticalmeans__41_andincontrasttomilitaryactionsofealiertimes__,__42_suchas_theRomanConquestsandtheMorrishinvasions._43__Inclosingthislectureonsocietiesandculture___,letme_44_remind_younottoforgetthecontributionsofthoughtsandactionsofthe_45_individualperson__inagroup.NotetheobservationofEdwardSapir,anotherfamousanthropologist:“itisalwaystheindividualthatreallythinksandactsanddreamsandrevolts.”_46_Now,obviouslytheconceptofculturewillbearguedbyanthropologistsforyearstocome.Speech3Tomanypeoplethroughouttheworld,someofthe_1_mostremarkable_and_2__puzzlingmonuments_______________ofancienttimesarethepyramidsofancientEgypt.Youknow,almostnothingatall_3_remains__________ofthegreatcitiesofthekingsofEgypt,thepharaohs._4_Timeandweather________________havebeenreallyhardonancientEgypt’scitiesandtowns,butseveralofthe_5_temples,statues_____________,and,mostimportantofall,thepyramidshave_6_survived______________.Eventhoughmanyofthepyramidsarein_7__ruins__________,theystillgiveussomeideaofthe_8_magnificence___ofancientEgypt’scivilization-acivilizationthat,afterall,lastedformorethan3000years.Remember,whenwe’retalkingabout_9_ancient____Egypt,we’retalkingaboutatleastthirtyconsecutive_10_dynasties____.Adynastyisaseriesofkingsorqueensofthesame_11_royal_____family-somethingliketheRomanovsofEurope,theMingdynastyofChina,ortheAl-SaudsofSaudiArabia.Asmanyofyouprobablyalreadyknow,thepyramidswereconstructedastombsor_12_burial______placesfortheEgyptiankingsandtheirfamilymembers.Yousee,theancientEgyptians_13__passionately__________believedinlifeafterdeath.Infact,theirentireculture_14__revolved________aroundthatbelief.Thekings,queens,andstateofficialsoften_15_spendanentirelifetime___preparingfortheirlifeafterdeath.Theydidthisby_16_collectingpossessions____or“gravegoods,”by__17__buildingtombs____________,andsoforth.TheEgyptiansbelievedthattheycouldbeassuredofanafterlifeonlyiftheirbodiescouldbepreservedfrom_18_decayordestruction____.Sowhenapersondied,and_19__especially______________whenapharaohdied,inordertoensurehis_20__eternal_________life,hehadhisbodyembalmedormummified.Inotherwords,hehadhiscorpse_21__driedout_________andwrappedinlinentopreserveiffromdecay.Thenhehadhismummy_22_hidden___________.Thiswholeideamayseemquitestrangetoday,buttheancientEgyptiansreallybelievedthatifone’smummywasdestroyed,thenhisorher_23_soulwouldbedestroyed____,andif,ontheotherhand,themummy-thedeadbody-waspreserved,thesoulwouldbe_24_immortal_____.Letmerepeatthat.Ifone’smummywaspreserved,thesoulwould_25__goonliving_________.Foranotherthing,theancientEgyptiansbelievedthatthedeadpersoncouldtakehisorherearthlypossessionalongtothenextworld-thisisjusttheoppositeoftheWesternideathat“_26_Youcan’ttakeitwithyouwhenyougo___.”Anyway,thedeadpersonwasprovidedwith_27_food,clothing,furniture,weapons__,andeven_28_servants________.Itwasnotatallunusualforthepharaoh’sslavestobeputtodeathsothattheycouldservehiminhisafterlife.Soyoucanseewhythepharaohswantedtohavetheirbodiesandtheirpossessionshiddentoprotectthemfrom_29_graverobbers_____.Beforetheydied,theyhadspecialtombsbuiltforthispurpose-tohidetheirbodiesandtheir_30_treasures_________.IntheearlyyearsofancientEgypt,thesetombswerethepyramids-thevastburialchambersthatwerebuilttofoolthegraverobbers.Unfortunately,thegraverobbersalmostalwaysoutsmartedeventhe_31_mostpowerfulandthemostcareful___ofpharaohs.Theybrokeintomostofthepyramidsortombsand_32_stolethefoodandothertreasures______theyfound.Theyevendesecratedanddestroyedthemummiesofthedead.Needlesstosay,theywouldnotbotherapoorperson’sgrave.Thesegraverobbersevenbandedtogetherinto_33_organizationsorbrotherhoods_____.Justimagine,agraverobbers’union!Now,asfortheactualconstructionofthemightypyramids,itwasduringtheFirstandSecondDynastiesthatthe_34_kingsandnobles_______ofEgyptbegantoconstructthetypeoftombcalledthe“mastaba.”TheFirstandSecondDynastieslastedfromabout3100untilabout2665Mastaba,bytheway,comesfromanArabicwordmeaning_35_benchorlongseat_____Amastabalookedlikealow,flat-toppedrectangle-somethinglikealowbenchora,thepointedpyramidwasnomorethananextensionupwardoftheflat-toppedmastaba.Thefirst_37_typical______________pyramid(or,atleastwhatmostpeoplegenerallythinkapyramidlookslike)wasbuiltduringthethirdDynasty(whichlastedroughlyfromabout2664until2615thispyramidwasforKingZoser(that’sspelledZ-o-s-e-r)inabout2650Itwasbuiltbyan_38_architect________namedImhotep(I-m-h-o-t-e-p).Thispyramidwasconstructedasaseriesof_39__giantstepsorstairs_____.It,alongwithothersofitstype,iscalledtheStepPyramid.Itwasreallysimplyapileofmastabas,eachstepsmallerandhigherthantheonebefore.TheStepPyramidofKingZoserwas_40__differentfrom___thelaterpyramids_41__because___________itwasnevercoveredwithstonetogiveitasmoothsurface.Actually,itwasnotuntiltheFourthDynastythatthe_42_mostfamous___pyramidswerebuilt.ThethreegreatpyramidsofGizabelongtotheFourthDynastypyramids.(TheFourthDynastycoveredtheperiodfrom2614to2503TheyarelocatednearthetownofGiza,_43_onthewestbank___oftheNileRiver,justoutsidethe_44_capitalcity_________ofEgypt-Cairo.TheGreatPyramidsarereallythevery__45_bestreserved____ofalltheEgyptianpyramids.The_46_largest_________ofthesepyramidsofisknownastheGreatPyramid.Andgreatitis!ItwasbuiltforKingKhufu(that’sK-h-u-f-u).(KhufuwascalledCheops[C-h-e-o-p-s]bytheGreeks,andsothepyramidissometimescalledthepyramidofCheops.)Ithasbeen_47_estimated__thatmillionblocksoflimestonewereusedtobuildtheGreatPyramid.Theblocksaveraged2500kilogramseach.Thelargeststoneblock_48_weights__________about15000kilos.Thebaseofthepyramidcovershectares-anarealargeenoughtoholdten_49__footballfields___________.There’sastorythattheconquerorNapoleononcesatinthe_50_shadow_______oftheGreatpyramidand_51_calculated___________thatthemassofstoneinthepyramidcouldbeusedtobuildawall_52__3metershigh______________bymetersthickaroundtheentirecountryofFrance.Intermsofheight,thepyramidwasoriginally147metershigh,buttodaythetop10metersaremissing,andthe_53__entireouter____limestonecoveringhasbeenstrippedaway.Itseemsthatlocalbuildersandconquerorsfoundit_54_convenient_tostripoffthelimestonefromthepyramidsanduseittobuildwith.TheGreatPyramidofKhufuisconsideredawonderof_55_ancientarchitecture_.Whenyoulookatit,you_56_willimmediately__wonderhowonearththeancientEgyptiansevermanagedtobuildsucha_57_structure____withonlybasicmathematics,withnomodernmachinery(suchascranes,bulldozers,andsoforth),andwith_58__noiron__toolstheyhadtocutthebiglimestoneblockswithtoolsmadeof_59_coper___,whichisarathersoftmetal.Buttheymanagedtodoit.TheancientGreek_60__historian___,Herodotus(that’sH-e-r-o-d-o-t-u-s)-Herodotussaidthat400000menworkedfortwentyyearstobuildtheGreatPyramid._61_archaeologists___todaydoubtthesefigures,but,ofcourse,thetrue_62__statistics_________cannoteverreallybedetermined.Itisthought,though,thatatleast100000peopleworkedtobuildanysingleoftheseworkswereslaves_.TheyworkedonthetombsduringtimeswhentheNileRiveroverfloweditsbanksandcoveredthefields.TheNile’sfloodingmadefarmingimpossibleandmade_64_transportation________ofthestonetothepyramidsite_65_easier_______.TheSecondandThirdPyramidsofGizawerebuiltbyKhufu’ssuccessors.ThetombofKhafreistheSecondPyramidofGiza(KhafreisspelledK-h-a-f-r-e.)Itwasoriginallythreemeters_66_lower______theGreatPyramid;however,todayitisonlymeterslower.Itspresentheightismeters.Thethirdpyramid,builtforMenkaure,covers_67_halfthearea_____occupiedbytheGreatpyramid,anditisonlymetershigh.(MenkaureisspelledM-e-n-k-a-u-r-e.)NoneofthelaterpyramidsthatwerebuiltduringthenextthirteenorfourteencenturieswerenearlyaslargeorasmagnificentasthepyramidsofGiza.AndeventhoughpyramidbuildingcontinuedrightupintotheEleventhandTwelfthDynasties(thatwasupthroughabout1786itwasbecomingincreasinglycleartothepharaohsandthenoblesofEgyptthatthepyramidmethodofburial_68_providedverylittleornoprotection_____atallfortheirroyalcorpses.Thepyramidswere,ofcourse,_69_impressiveandlastingmonuments__,buttheywerealltoo_70_visible____________.Theyinvitedgraverobberstotrytobreakintothem.Andso_71_eventually____________,oneofthepharaohs,KingThutmose?,decidedto_72_sacrificepublicity_forsafetyintheconstructionofhisHouseofEternity.Idon’tneedtospellThutmoseforyou,doIInsteadoforderingtheconstructionofapyramid,ThutmosehadhistombdugoutoftherockofavalleyfarfromtheNileRiverandfarfromCairo.The_73_spot______hechosewassomeelevenkilometersfromtheriveronitswestbank.TheareaisnowknownastheValleyoftheKings.ManypharaohsfollowedThutmose’sexample.Afterhim,mostofthepharaohs_74__abandoned_____above-groundpyramidconstructioninfavorofundergroundhidingplacesastheburialplacesfortheir_75_preciousroyalbones__.Andyet,whatisso_76_ironic____isthateventhesetombsdidnot_77_escapetheattack_____ofthegraverobbers-persistentdevilsthattheywere!I’llendthisdiscussionbypointingoutthat,whentheancientGreeksfirstsawtheGreatPyramidsofEgypt,thepyramidswerealready2000yearsold.TheGreekscalledthemoneoftheSevenWondersoftheWorld._78_almostnothingremains____oftheothersixWonders-theHangingGardensofBabylon,theTempleofDiana,andsoon–butthethreemightyPyramidsofGiza,aswellasthirty-twoother_79__recognizable____pyramids,stillstand.ThesepyramidsofEgyptaremonumentstoagreatandancientcivilizationandtopeople’s_80__endlesssearchforeternalrecognitionandeternallife_.Speech4Thefieldsof_1_historyandarchaeology_gohandinhand.LetmeexplainwhatImean.Historyisoftenthestoryofa_2_particular____person,apersonliketheEmperorNapoleon.Or,historyisthestoryofa_3__nation___,_4_suchas_thecountryofFrance._5_Ontheotherhand_____archaeologyisthestudyofthepeople,the_6_customs___,andthelifeofancienttimes.Archaeologistsfindoutabouttheseancienttimesbystudyingthe_7_ruinsofcities__________,monumentsortombs,oranywritten_8_records_____thatremain.Intoday’slectureI’mgoingto_9_talkabout__alittle_10_particularpersoninancientChinesehistory__,andI’mgoingtotalkabout_11_oneofthegreatestarchaeologicaldiscoveries_______ofthelatetwentiethcentury.ThehistorypartofmytalkwillbeaboutQinShihuang,whowasthefounderofthe_12_firstunifiedempires__inChina.Helivedbetween259and210andheisoftencalledthefirstemperorofChina.JustastheexploitsoftheEmperorNapoleonstill_13_facinate___manypeopleandscholarstoday,sodoesthestoryofQinShihuangandhishouseofeternity.Today,I’malsogoingtobetalkingaboutwhathasbeenfound,todate,intheareaofQinShihuang’stombs.Wedon’tknowwhat_14_additional_____treasuresofChinesehistoryandculturewillbefoundinthetombarea(ortombmound)inthefuture,butwhathasbeendiscoveredsofarisan_15_incredible_______findforancientChinesehistoryandarchaeology.Tosetthehistoricalcontextforthe_16_exhibition_____ofQinShihuang’sHouseofEternity,I’dliketofirsttalkalittlebitabout_17_themanhimself__.HisnamewasYingZheng.Andbeforeheunifiedtheempirein221Chinahadbeentornapartbywarsbetweensevenregionalkingdoms.UndertheleadershipofYingZheng,oneoftheseregionalkingdoms.,theKingdomofQin,eventually_18_defeated______theothersixkingdoms.YingZheng’sdefeatoftheothersixkingdoms_19_accomplished_______twothings:First,itendedthepoweroftheseothersixkingdoms.Second,the_20_unification_________ofthesevenkingdomsstartedacentralizedimperialsystemthatlastedmorethan2000years.WhenhebecameEmperor,QinShihuangdidanumberofthingstounifyandprotecthis_21__empire________.First,hestandardized_22_thesystemforwriting__Chinesecharacters.Priortohisunificationoftheempire,thewritingofChinesecharacters_23_varied______inthedifferentkingdoms.WhenQinShihuangbecameEmperor,hedecreedthatastandardizedsystemofChinesecharacterswastobeusedthroughouttheempire.Next,hedecreedthattherewouldbejustonesystemof_24_weightsandmeasures_____,andonesystemofcurrency,ratherthanmanydifferentsystems,ashadbeenthecasebeforeunification.Toprotecthisnewempirefromthebarbariantribestothenorth,heorderedtheconstructionoftheGreatWallof,therewerealreadysmallwallsscatteredacrossthenorthwestfrontieroftheempire,butQinShihuanghadthesewalls_26_jointogethertocreat_____1500milesof__27_fortification______andprotectionforhisempire.QinShihuangalsobeganan_28_enormous________road-buildingproject.Inthesecondyearafterunification,constructionofthreemajorimperialhighwayswasbegun.Thesehighwayseventually_29_stretched____________6800kilometers(or4225miles)throughouttheempire.Justin_30_comparison___________,bytheyear150.theRomanEmpire’sroadsystemwasabout5984kilometersor3718miles.TheRomanEmpire’ssystemstretchedallthewayfromScotlandtoRomeandthentoJerusalem.QinShihuangalsobegananotherlargeconstructionproject-thebuildingofhistombormausoleum.ItseemsthatassoonastheEmperor_31_gainpower___,hebecamepreoccupiedwithdeath,andwithconstructingamagnificentHouseofEternityforhisafterlife.Atthispoint,I’mgoingtoseguefromtalkingaboutthebiographyofQinShihuangtotalkingaboutthearchaeologypartofmylecture.Let’ssee.OK.AsImentioned,whenQinShihuangbecameemperor,he_32_immediatelybegincontruction___ofhisHouseofEternity.AndwhatanincredibleHouseofEternityitwas!Archaeologistsbelievethat700000laborerswereforcedtow