基因流動(dòng)和和GM作物的環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估實(shí)用課件

Geneflowandenvironmentalrisk

assessmentofGMcrops

基因流動(dòng)和和GM作物的環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估AlanRaybould,EcologicalSciences,Syngenta阿蘭.雷博德,生態(tài)學(xué)部,Syngenta公司GeneflowandenvironmentalriOutline 概要Whatisgeneflow?MethodstoestimategeneflowRegulatoryriskandenvironmentalriskHazardandexposureGeneflowinenvironmentalfateGeneflowandweedinessGeneflowandgeneticresourcesDatarequirementsforriskassessmentRiskassessmentframework什么是基因流動(dòng)?評(píng)估基因流動(dòng)的方法調(diào)整風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)危害和暴露在環(huán)境歸趨中的基因流動(dòng)基因流動(dòng)和雜草基因流動(dòng)和基因資源風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估所需的數(shù)據(jù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估框架Outline 概要WhatisgeneflowWhatisgeneflow? 什么是基因流動(dòng)?EncyclopaediaBritannica“Introductionofgeneticmaterial(byinterbreeding)fromonepopulationofaspeciestoanother,therebychangingthecompositionofthegenepoolofthereceivingpopulation.”不列顛百科全書(shū)“基因(由雜交繁殖產(chǎn)生的)由一個(gè)種群傳向另一個(gè)種群,從而改變了接受基因種群的基因組成”Whatisgeneflow? 什么是基因流動(dòng)?EWhatisgeneflow? 什么是基因流動(dòng)?Anaturalphenomenon–helpsmaintaingeneticvariationOccurswithinandbetweencrops,weedsandwildplantsInplants,themainagentsofgeneflowarepollenandseeds基因流動(dòng)是自然現(xiàn)象–能夠幫助維持基因變化基因流動(dòng)發(fā)生在作物雜草和野生植物之間.在植物中基因流動(dòng)的主要載體是花粉和種子.Whatisgeneflow? 什么是基因流動(dòng)?AGeneflowviapollen 以花粉為載體的基因流動(dòng)PlantshavemechanismstodispersepollenSomespeciesusewindSmall,unspectacularflowersProducelargeamountsofpollen植物有傳播花粉的機(jī)制一些物種利用風(fēng)作為傳播花粉的媒介:小且不引人注意的花產(chǎn)生大量花粉

Conifers松樹(shù) Trees Grasse草Geneflowviapollen 以花粉為載體的基Geneflowviapollen 以花粉為載體的基因流動(dòng)SomeplantsuseanimalvectorsInsects(birds,bats,othermammals,slugs…)Attractanimalsbycolour,scentandrewards(pollenandnectar)

一些植物以動(dòng)物為花粉的載體昆蟲(chóng)(以及鳥(niǎo)類(lèi),蝙蝠,其他哺乳類(lèi)動(dòng)物,蛞蝓…)以顏色,花香和花粉,花蜜來(lái)吸引動(dòng)物Beeorchid–mimicry蜜蜂蘭–擬態(tài)Dogrose–colour,pollenGeneflowviapollen 以花粉為載體的基Geneflowviapollen 以花粉為載體的基因流動(dòng)Someplantspreventorreduceselffertilisation某些植物防止,減少自我受精Hop–maleandfemaleflowersonseparateplants蛇麻草-雌雄異體Maize–separatemaleandfemaleflowersonsameplant玉米-雌雄同體但異花Brassica–self-incompatibilit蕓苔–自花不育Geneflowviapollen 以花粉為載體的基Geneflowviaseed 以種子為載體的基因流動(dòng)ManymechanismstopromoteseeddispersalWindStructurestokeepseedsairborneAnimalsStructurestocatchthefurofanimalsFruits+hardseedcoattoprotectseedsfromdigestionManWeedsmimiccropsDispersalintimeDormancy有許多促進(jìn)種子傳播的機(jī)制風(fēng)使種子在空氣中傳播動(dòng)物種子附著在動(dòng)物的皮毛上果實(shí)和種皮能防止種子被消化人類(lèi)野草和作物相似及時(shí)傳播冬眠Geneflowviaseed 以種子為載體的基因分散到其他物種(野生植物,橫向基因轉(zhuǎn)移)通常來(lái)說(shuō)發(fā)表在文獻(xiàn)上的信息是足夠的在環(huán)境歸趨中的基因流動(dòng)Regulatoryriskandenvironmentalrisk

管理上的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)MonitorplantdevelopmentHandpollination人工授粉Anaturalphenomenon–helpsmaintaingeneticvariationSecondarydormancy/seedlongevity

次級(jí)休眠/種子壽命Transgenesareoptimisedforplantexpression分散到同一作物的不同亞種中(作物作物)基因流動(dòng)發(fā)生在作物雜草和野生植物之間.基因流向野生親緣植物和HGT異型雜交品種受到的影響最小(例如玉米)Hazard=harmfuleffectofthegeneVolunteersarecropsthatpersistafterharvestandappearinthefollowingcrop如果沒(méi)有雜交,停止測(cè)試Geneflowandweediness(invasiveness)

基因流動(dòng)和雜草化(入侵)如果沒(méi)有雜交,停止測(cè)試;有則進(jìn)入第三階段Geneflowviaseed 以種子為載體的基因流動(dòng)Dandelion–wind蒲公英–風(fēng)Falseoat–mimicry 偽燕麥–模仿Tomato–fruitandhardseeds番茄–果實(shí)和種皮Goosegrass–animalfur牛筋草–動(dòng)物皮毛分散到其他物種(野生植物,橫向基因轉(zhuǎn)移)GeneflowGeneflowanddispersal 基因流動(dòng)和分散GeneflowanddispersalarenotthesamePollenmusteffectfertilisationSeedsmustgerminateandproducereproductiveplantsDispersal=potentialgeneflowFertilisationandproductionoffertileplants=actualgeneflow基因流動(dòng)和分散是不同的花粉必須能夠受精種子必須發(fā)育并長(zhǎng)成有繁殖能力的植株分散=潛在的基因流動(dòng)植株的受精和繁殖=真正的基因流動(dòng)Geneflowanddispersal 基因流動(dòng)和MethodstoestimategeneflowMethodParameterestimatedSeedtraps1PotentialgeneflowviaseedPollentraps1PotentialgeneflowviapollenMale-sterilebaitplants1PotentialgeneflowviapollenParentageanalysis1ActualgeneflowviapollenPlantswithgeneticmarkers1ActualgeneflowviaseedsandpollenGeneticstructure2Actualgeneflowviaseedsandpollen1Directmethods:estimatecontemporarydispersal;makefewassumptions;weakatdetectingrare,long-distancedispersal2Indirectmethod:estimatesofgeneflowovermanygenerations;detecteffectsofrare,long-distancedispersal;relyon(untestable)assumptionsaboutdemography

MethodstoestimategeneflowM評(píng)測(cè)基因流動(dòng)的方法評(píng)測(cè)基因流動(dòng)的方法方法評(píng)測(cè)參數(shù)種子誘捕1以種子為載體的潛在基因流動(dòng)花粉誘捕1以花粉為載體的潛在基因流動(dòng)雄性不育植物1以花粉為載體的潛在基因流動(dòng)出身分析1以花粉為載體的實(shí)際基因流動(dòng)基因標(biāo)記1以花粉和種子為載體的實(shí)際基因流動(dòng)基因結(jié)構(gòu)2以花粉和種子為載體的實(shí)際基因流動(dòng)1

直接方法:估測(cè)同一代傳播的花粉;做出一些假設(shè);缺點(diǎn)是檢測(cè)率低和無(wú)法估測(cè)長(zhǎng)距離花粉傳播2間接方法:可以估測(cè)不同代傳播的花粉;可以檢測(cè)不常見(jiàn)的作用和長(zhǎng)距離的花粉傳播;依賴(lài)于統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的假設(shè)

評(píng)測(cè)基因流動(dòng)的方法評(píng)測(cè)基因流動(dòng)的方法方法評(píng)測(cè)參數(shù)種子誘捕1以Regulatoryriskandenvironmentalrisk

管理上的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)GeneflowmayleadtounintendedpresenceoftransgenesPresencemaycontraveneregulationsorpermitconditionsUnapprovedEventsoutsidefieldtrialsEventsapprovedforanimalfeedinhumanfoodchainApprovedEventsabovethresholdsinunlabelledbatchesCoexistenceofGMandorganicfarming基因流動(dòng)會(huì)導(dǎo)致轉(zhuǎn)基因的意外出現(xiàn)這種意外會(huì)違背規(guī)律和允許的條件在農(nóng)田外未經(jīng)允許的轉(zhuǎn)基因狀況在動(dòng)物飼料中允許的基因出現(xiàn)在人類(lèi)食物中在閾值之上的基因出現(xiàn)在未被標(biāo)記的組中GM和有機(jī)作物共存RegulatoryriskandenvironmenRegulatoryriskandenvironmentalrisk

管理上的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)CanleadtofinesandcompensationtoaffectedpartiesPresenceofthegenemayhavenoeffectonsafetyAregulatory(oreconomic)risk,notanenvironmentalrisk會(huì)導(dǎo)致對(duì)背影響部分的補(bǔ)償基因的出現(xiàn)可能不會(huì)對(duì)安全產(chǎn)生影響管理上的(或者是經(jīng)濟(jì))風(fēng)險(xiǎn),而不是環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)RegulatoryriskandenvironmenGeneflowandenvironmentalrisk

基因流動(dòng)和環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)GeneflowisanaturalphenomenonTheprocessdoesnotconstituteariskinitselfTheriskresultsfromanyharmfulpropertiesofthegeneHazard=harmfuleffectofthegeneExposure=presenceofthegenewhereitcancauseharmGeneflowispartoftheexposureassessment基因流動(dòng)是一種自然現(xiàn)象這個(gè)過(guò)程本身不會(huì)產(chǎn)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)而風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是由基因的負(fù)面性質(zhì)產(chǎn)生的危害性=基因的負(fù)面作用暴露=基因的出現(xiàn)導(dǎo)致危害的產(chǎn)生基因流動(dòng)是暴露評(píng)估的一部分Geneflowandenvironmentalri如果有充分的信息測(cè)定不定生長(zhǎng),自然生長(zhǎng),雜草化和向野生親緣的基因流動(dòng),那么就不需要進(jìn)行其他的實(shí)驗(yàn)了Datarequirementsforriskassessment

風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估所需的數(shù)據(jù)通過(guò)種子和花粉基因流動(dòng)Fruits+hardseedcoattoprotectseedsfromdigestion初始假設(shè)是作物的生物學(xué)特征不會(huì)因?yàn)榛谛揎椂l(fā)生改變Geneflowandenvironmentalrisk

基因流動(dòng)和環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)GeneflowinenvironmentalfateRiskassessmentframeworkPharmaceuticalandindustrialchemicalsareaspecialcase自生植物是在收割之后繼續(xù)生長(zhǎng)的植物可以被認(rèn)為基因在時(shí)間上的流動(dòng).Maize–separatemaleandfemaleflowersonsameplant玉米-雌雄同體但異花toothervarietiesofthesamecrop(croptocrop)將種子播種于休耕的土地上以模擬最適條件在下一個(gè)報(bào)告中將介紹預(yù)測(cè)轉(zhuǎn)基因生態(tài)釋放危害性的方法Ifnohybrids,stoptesting;hybridsgototierIIIGeneflowviaseed(andpollen)以顏色,花香和花粉,花蜜來(lái)吸引動(dòng)物參見(jiàn)今天下午的暴露特性將種子種植在適合的袋子里,袋子內(nèi)有土壤(例如尼龍網(wǎng))使用雄性不育植株或者防止雌雄花同時(shí)開(kāi)花Geneflowandenvironmentalfate 基因流動(dòng)和環(huán)境歸趨Environmentalfateistheconcentration,distributionandpersistenceofachemicalintheenvironmentAfateassessmentiscarriedoutforGMproteinsDetermineswhichorganismsareexposedtotheproteinSeeExposureCharacterizationthisafternoon環(huán)境歸趨是某種化學(xué)物質(zhì)在環(huán)境中的濃度,分布和持續(xù)性.GM蛋白的歸趨評(píng)估確定哪些生物體暴露于GM蛋白參見(jiàn)今天下午的暴露特性如果有充分的信息測(cè)定不定生長(zhǎng),自然生長(zhǎng),雜草化和向野生親緣的Geneflowandenvironmentalfate 基因流動(dòng)和環(huán)境歸趨Geneflowcandispersetheproteintoothervarietiesofthesamecrop(croptocrop)tofollowingcrops(viadormancyandvolunteering)tononagriculturalhabitats(invasivenessorweediness)tootherspecies(wildplants,horizontalgenetransfer)基因流動(dòng)是蛋白分散分散到同一作物的不同亞種中(作物作物)分散到其他作物中(通過(guò)休眠體和自生體)分散到非農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境中(入侵或雜草)分散到其他物種(野生植物,橫向基因轉(zhuǎn)移)GeneflowandenvironmentalfaEnvironmentalfate:croptocropgeneflow

環(huán)境歸趨:作物作物基因流動(dòng)ForEventsforcommercialsale,itisassumedthatcroptocropgeneflowwilloccurSporadic,lowfrequenciesoftransgenesinnonGMcropsCalled“adventitiouspresence”EnvironmentalsafetyassessmentwillcoverthispresenceAssessmentforintendedcultivationisworstcaseIntendedconcentrationofprotein>>adventitiousconcn對(duì)于商業(yè)作物,可能會(huì)發(fā)生作物作物基因流動(dòng)在非GM作物中轉(zhuǎn)基因發(fā)生的頻率低叫做“偶然發(fā)生”環(huán)境安全評(píng)估包含耕作評(píng)估是最壞的例子蛋白濃度>>外來(lái)濃度Environmentalfate:croptocropEnvironmentalfate:croptocropgeneflow

環(huán)境歸趨:作物作物基因流動(dòng)MayneedstudiestoshowthatproteindoesnotaffectpropertiesofcommoditiesE.g.,maizeexpressingGMalphaamylaseNotoxicitytohumans,farmanimals&nontargetorganismsProductisintendedforethanolproductionWilladventitiouspresenceaffectmaizeforotheruses?FoodmanufactureOtherindustrialusesAnalysefractionsfromwetanddrymilling需要證據(jù)表明蛋白不會(huì)影響商品的性質(zhì)例如,玉米表達(dá)GMalpha淀粉酶對(duì)人類(lèi),牲畜和非目標(biāo)生物沒(méi)有毒性農(nóng)產(chǎn)品用來(lái)生產(chǎn)乙醇偶然發(fā)生的基因流動(dòng)會(huì)影響玉米的其他應(yīng)用么?食品加工其他工業(yè)應(yīng)用分析干濕磨粉的片斷Environmentalfate:croptocropEnvironmentalfate:croptocropgeneflow

環(huán)境歸趨:作物作物基因流動(dòng)PharmaceuticalandindustrialchemicalsareaspecialcaseNeedtoeliminatecroptocropgeneflowinfoodcropsChemicalsmaynotbeharmfultohumansIfso,shouldbearegulatoryproblemBut,perceivedasasafetyproblem藥用和工業(yè)用化學(xué)藥品是特殊情況在食用作物中要去除作物作物基因流動(dòng)化學(xué)藥品不能對(duì)人體有害如果有害,應(yīng)該是個(gè)調(diào)整問(wèn)題但是,應(yīng)該認(rèn)識(shí)到是安全問(wèn)題Environmentalfate:croptocropEnvironmentalfate:croptocropgeneflow

環(huán)境歸趨:作物作物基因流動(dòng)SomeoptionstoreduceexposureExpresschemicalsincropsnotusedforfoodIsolatetheGMcropfromothercropsinspaceortimeUsemalesterileplantsorpreventfloweringaltogether一些減少暴露的選擇在作物中表達(dá)的化學(xué)藥品不能用于食用在時(shí)間上和空間上使GM作物和其他作物分開(kāi)使用雄性不育植株或者防止雌雄花同時(shí)開(kāi)花Environmentalfate:croptocropEnvironmentalfate:volunteers 環(huán)境歸趨:自生植物VolunteersarecropsthatpersistafterharvestandappearinthefollowingcropCanberegardedasgeneflowintimeConclusionsoftheenvironmentalriskassessmentforcultivationshouldcoverexposureviavolunteersVolunteersthatexpresspharmaceuticalorindustrialchemicalscancauseproblemsExpressthesechemicalsinplantswithnodormancyandinabilitytooverwinterVolunteersoybeaninamaizecrop自生植物是在收割之后繼續(xù)生長(zhǎng)的植物可以被認(rèn)為基因在時(shí)間上的流動(dòng).農(nóng)作物環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估的結(jié)論應(yīng)包括通過(guò)自生植物的暴露.表達(dá)藥用或工業(yè)用化學(xué)物質(zhì)的自生植物往往會(huì)產(chǎn)生一些問(wèn)題表達(dá)這些化學(xué)物質(zhì)的植物不能度過(guò)冬天Environmentalfate:volunteersEnvironmentalfate:feralpopulationsandwildplants

環(huán)境歸趨:野生種群和野生植物FeralCropsCropsgrowingoutsidecultivationGeneflowviaseed(andpollen)ConclusionsoftheenvironmentalriskassessmentforcultivationshouldcoverexposureviaferalpopulationsOnlyexceptionisifanNTOrelatedtothetargetpestandnotfoundincropisexposed野生作物生長(zhǎng)于耕種區(qū)外的作物通過(guò)種子和花粉基因流動(dòng)農(nóng)作物環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估的結(jié)論應(yīng)包括通過(guò)野生種群的暴露唯一的例外是NTO與目標(biāo)害蟲(chóng)相關(guān)而且沒(méi)有在作物中暴露Feraloilseedrape野生油菜Environmentalfate:feralpopuEnvironmentalfate:feralpopulationsandwildplants

環(huán)境歸趨:野生種群和野生植物WildplantsSexuallycompatiblewiththecropGeneflowviapollen(andseed)Sameconclusionsasforferalcrops野生植物與作物性別一致通過(guò)種子和花粉基因流動(dòng)與野生作物相同的結(jié)論Wildturnip野生甘藍(lán)Environmentalfate:feralpopuEnvironmentalfate:horizontalgenetransfer(HGT)

環(huán)境歸趨:水平基因轉(zhuǎn)移(HGT)HGTistheintegrationofDNAfromonespeciesintothegenomeofasexuallyincompatiblespeciesTheoreticalpossibilityofHGToftransgenestosoilmicrobesExtremelyunlikelytoaffecttheenvironmentalriskassessmentNotdetectedunderfieldconditionsDetectedsporadicallyunderoptimumconditionsHighsequenceidentity,highselectionfortransformants水平基因轉(zhuǎn)移是DNA從一個(gè)物種整合到另一個(gè)性別一致的物種的基因組內(nèi)基因轉(zhuǎn)移到土壤微生物中去在理論上也是可能的幾乎不可能影響到環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估在田間條件下是不能發(fā)現(xiàn)的在最佳條件下可以偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)化株的高度序列一致性,高選擇性Environmentalfate:horizontalEnvironmentalfate:horizontalgenetransfer(HGT)

環(huán)境歸趨:水平基因轉(zhuǎn)移(HGT)TransgenesareoptimisedforplantexpressionLowsequenceidentitywithmicrobialgenesRecombinationunlikelyTransgeneshaveplantpromotersIntheunlikelyeventofrecombination,noproteinexpressedWhatisthehazard?對(duì)植物表達(dá)來(lái)說(shuō),轉(zhuǎn)基因是最佳的與微生物基因低序列一致性重組可能性低轉(zhuǎn)基因含有植物啟動(dòng)子在發(fā)生可能性很低的重組中,沒(méi)有蛋白表達(dá)危害性有哪些?Environmentalfate:horizontalGeneflowandweediness(invasiveness)

基因流動(dòng)和雜草化(入侵)Geneflowtowildrelativemayincreaseitsweediness:TransgeneconfersbioticorabioticstresstoleranceThestressorwaslimitingpopulationgrowthrateTransgeneremovesorreducestheeffectsofthestressorPopulationgrowthrateincreases=increasedweedinessSamelogicappliestoweedinessofthecropitself基因流動(dòng)到野生親緣植物中會(huì)增加雜草化的可能性:轉(zhuǎn)基因提高了對(duì)生物或非生物壓力的耐受能力外界壓力限制了種群生長(zhǎng)率轉(zhuǎn)基因消除或降低了外界壓力的效果種群生長(zhǎng)率增加=雜草化增強(qiáng)作物自身的雜草化和上述情況是相同的Geneflowandweediness(invasGeneflowandweediness(invasiveness)

基因流動(dòng)和雜草化(入侵)Phenomenoniscalled“ecologicalrelease”Methodstopredicttheecologicalreleasehazardoftransgeneswillbedescribedinthenextpresentation這種現(xiàn)象被稱(chēng)為“生態(tài)釋放”在下一個(gè)報(bào)告中將介紹預(yù)測(cè)轉(zhuǎn)基因生態(tài)釋放危害性的方法Geneflowandweediness(invas一些物種利用風(fēng)作為傳播花粉的媒介:初始假設(shè)是作物的生物學(xué)特征不會(huì)因?yàn)榛谛揎椂l(fā)生改變通常來(lái)說(shuō)發(fā)表在文獻(xiàn)上的信息是足夠的NeedtoeliminatecroptocropgeneflowinfoodcropsGM植株生物學(xué)特征測(cè)試與非GM植株生物學(xué)特征測(cè)試沒(méi)有顯著區(qū)別Environmentalfate:croptocropgeneflow

環(huán)境歸趨:作物作物基因流動(dòng)Populationgrowthrateincreases=increasedweedinessFeraloilseedrapeNohybrids,stoptestingtononagriculturalhabitats(invasivenessorweediness)Small,unspectacularflowers一些物種利用風(fēng)作為傳播花粉的媒介:Sexuallycompatiblewiththecrop轉(zhuǎn)基因消除或降低了外界壓力的效果PotentialgeneflowviapollenTheoreticalpossibilityofHGToftransgenestosoilmicrobesCollectripeseedandplaceinconditionsfavourableforgerminationEnvironmentalfate:croptocropgeneflow

環(huán)境歸趨:作物作物基因流動(dòng)Geneflowviapollen 以花粉為載體的基因流動(dòng)Called“adventitiouspresence”Whatifinsufficientknowledge? 如果數(shù)據(jù)不充分怎么辦?Geneflowandgeneticresources

基因流動(dòng)和遺傳資源GeneflowfromtransgeniccroptoawildrelativethatmaycontainvaluablegeneticvariationforcropbreedingHarmresultsfromspreadofthetransgenecausingareductioningeneticvariationinthewildrelative基因從轉(zhuǎn)基因作物中流動(dòng)到野生親緣植物中,在這種野生親緣植物中可能會(huì)包含對(duì)培育這種作物非常有價(jià)值的基因變異危害性主要是由于轉(zhuǎn)基因的傳播所造成的在野生親緣植物中基因變異的減少一些物種利用風(fēng)作為傳播花粉的媒介:GeneflowandGeneflowandgeneticresources

基因流動(dòng)和遺傳資源TheoreticalpossibilityunderhighgenefloworselectionWillbelimitedtogeneslinkedtothetransgeneMinimaleffectinoutcrossingspecies(e.g.,maize)Highereffectininbreedingspecies(e.g.,rice)Forinbreedingspecies,thishazardisconceptuallysimilartoweediness轉(zhuǎn)基因連鎖的基因會(huì)限制高基因流動(dòng)性或選擇性異型雜交品種受到的影響最小(例如玉米)同系雜交品種受到的影響最大(例如水稻)在同系雜交品種中,這種危害性與雜草化相似GeneflowandgeneticresourceDatarequirementsforriskassessment

風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估所需的數(shù)據(jù)

NullhypothesisisthatthebiologyofthecropisunchangedbygeneticmodificationAtestofthishypothesisformspartofthehazardassessmentforweedinessandisdescribedinthenextpresentationIfthehypothesisiscorroborated,informationaboutthenonGMcropisvalidforuseintheriskassessment初始假設(shè)是作物的生物學(xué)特征不會(huì)因?yàn)榛谛揎椂l(fā)生改變?yōu)榱蓑?yàn)證這個(gè)假設(shè)所作的測(cè)試是雜草化風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估的一個(gè)組成部分,將在下一個(gè)報(bào)告中介紹如果這個(gè)假設(shè)被證實(shí),那么關(guān)于非GM作物的信息將被使用在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估中DatarequirementsforriskassDatarequirementsforriskassessment

風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估所需的數(shù)據(jù)Ifsufficientinformationisavailabletoassessadventitiouspresence,volunteering,weedinessandgeneflowtowildrelatives,nonewstudiesarerequiredLikelytohavesufficientknowledgeformajorcrops如果有充分的信息測(cè)定不定生長(zhǎng),自然生長(zhǎng),雜草化和向野生親緣的基因流動(dòng),那么就不需要進(jìn)行其他的實(shí)驗(yàn)了對(duì)主要作物有更多的認(rèn)識(shí)DatarequirementsforriskassWhatifinsufficientknowledge? 如果數(shù)據(jù)不充分怎么辦?MayhaveinsufficientknowledgeforminorcropsorformajorcropsgrowingoutsidehistoricalareaofcultivationConsiderexperimentstoassessDormancyVolunteeringWeedinessGeneflowtowildrelatives可能會(huì)對(duì)次要作物或者是在主要產(chǎn)區(qū)外種植的主要作物缺乏充分的數(shù)據(jù)可以考慮其他的實(shí)驗(yàn)來(lái)測(cè)試休眠自生植物雜草化基因流向野生親緣WhatifinsufficientknowledgeDormancy 休眠Allowsgeneflowthroughtime–potentialtovolunteerPrimarydormancyisanintrinsicphysicalorphysiologicalstateoftheseedthatpreventsgerminationSecondarydormancyisimposedbyenvironmentalconditionsunfavourabletogerminationSimpletestsareavailableforbothkindsofdormancy基因可以隨著時(shí)間流動(dòng)—潛在生長(zhǎng)到自然生長(zhǎng)初級(jí)休眠是種子為了防止萌發(fā)而處在的一種物理的或生理的狀態(tài)次級(jí)休眠是由于外界環(huán)境不適合種子萌發(fā)而使種子處于一種休眠狀態(tài)這兩種休眠狀態(tài)都是很容易測(cè)得的Dormancy 休眠AllowsgeneflowPrimarydormancy 初級(jí)休眠CollectripeseedandplaceinconditionsfavourableforgerminationMonitorcumulativegermination收集成熟的種子,把他們置于適合萌發(fā)的環(huán)境中監(jiān)測(cè)累積萌發(fā)數(shù)Primarydormancy 初級(jí)休眠Secondarydormancy/seedlongevity

次級(jí)休眠/種子壽命Buryseedsinsoilinsuitablebags(e.g.,nylonmesh)TreatwithfungicideHighdensityofseedsmakesfungalattacklikelyRecoverbagperiodicallyandgerminateasampleofseedComparewithareferencesampletodistinguishfromprimarydormancy將種子種植在適合的袋子里,袋子內(nèi)有土壤(例如尼龍網(wǎng))用殺真菌劑處理高密度的種子可能會(huì)造成被真菌污染定期更新袋子,使種子樣品萌發(fā) 比較標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣品 以區(qū)分 初級(jí)休 眠Secondarydormancy/seedlongevVolunteering 自然生長(zhǎng)SowseedinacultivatedfallowfieldtosimulateoptimumconditionsMonitorplantdevelopmentSafflowerexperimentinIllinois將種子播種于休耕的土地上以模擬最適條件監(jiān)測(cè)植株發(fā)育在伊利諾伊的紅花實(shí)驗(yàn)Germinationintheautumn種子在秋季萌發(fā)Noplantssurvivedthewinter在冬季沒(méi)有植株生存Volunteering 自然生長(zhǎng)SowseediFeralpopulations 野生種群VolunteerexperimentssimulateoptimumconditionsforestablishmentofferalpopulationsDisturbedgroundNoplantcoverIfnovolunteers,feralpopulationsareunlikelytoform自生生長(zhǎng)實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)M建立野生種群的最適條件不正常的土地沒(méi)有植被如果沒(méi)有自生生長(zhǎng),野生種群可能不會(huì)形成Feralpopulations 野生種群VoluntFeralpopulations 野生種群CansupplementwithsystematicsurveysforferalpopulationsinareasurroundingcultivationTestwhetherlongdistancedispersalispossibleE.g.,doseedsremainviableafterpassagethroughthegutofabird?對(duì)農(nóng)田周?chē)鷧^(qū)域的野生種群的系統(tǒng)調(diào)查可以起到補(bǔ)充的作用對(duì)長(zhǎng)距離的分散測(cè)試是可行的例如,在經(jīng)過(guò)鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)的消化道后種子是否讓然能夠保持萌發(fā)能力Feralpopulations 野生種群CansuSexuallycompatiblewiththecrop同系雜交品種受到的影響最大(例如水稻)Ifnohybrids,stoptesting;hybridsgototierII轉(zhuǎn)基因提高了對(duì)生物或非生物壓力的耐受能力藥用和工業(yè)用化學(xué)藥品是特殊情況Potentialgeneflowviaseeddistinguishfrom如果沒(méi)有雜交,停止測(cè)試ActualgeneflowviaseedsandpollenGeneflowtowildrelatives 基因流向野生親緣植物Environmentalfate:croptocropgeneflow

環(huán)境歸趨:作物作物基因流動(dòng)ActualgeneflowviapollenGeneticstructure2Pollenmusteffectfertilisation初始假設(shè)是作物的生物學(xué)特征不會(huì)因?yàn)榛谛揎椂l(fā)生改變GM植株生物學(xué)特征測(cè)試與非GM植株生物學(xué)特征測(cè)試沒(méi)有顯著區(qū)別TierII:Testfor“spontaneous”hybridisation(laborfield)但是,應(yīng)該認(rèn)識(shí)到是安全問(wèn)題Geneflowtowildrelatives 基因流向野生親緣植物CanassessusingtieredtestsTierI:testforhybridisationusinglabmethodsIfnohybrids,stoptesting;hybridsgototierII可以通過(guò)一系列測(cè)試來(lái)進(jìn)行評(píng)估第一階段:實(shí)驗(yàn)室方法測(cè)試雜交如果沒(méi)有雜交,停止測(cè)試;有則進(jìn)入第二階段Handpollination人工授粉Embryorescue胚胎援助SexuallycompatiblewiththecGeneflowtowildrelatives 基因流向野生親緣植物TierII:Testfor“spontaneous”hybridisation(laborfield)Ifnohybrids,stoptesting;hybridsgototierIII第二階段:自然發(fā)生假設(shè)測(cè)試(實(shí)驗(yàn)室或田間)如果沒(méi)有雜交,停止測(cè)試;有則進(jìn)入第三階段Geneflowtowildrelatives 基Geneflowtowildrelatives 基因流向野生親緣植物TierIII:SearchfornaturallyproducedhybridsinfieldNohybrids,stoptestingIfhybrids,needtoassesshazard第三階段:田間自然發(fā)生雜交的搜索如果沒(méi)有雜交,停止測(cè)試如果有雜交,需要對(duì)危害性進(jìn)行評(píng)估Geneflowtowildrelatives 基Riskassessmentframework 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估框架TestthatthebiologyoftheGMplantisnotsignificantlydifferentfromanonGMequivalent(Usedinthehazardassessmentforweediness)Ifnodifferent,useinformationonthebiologyofthenonGMplanttoassessgeneflowparameters:Adventitiouspresence(croptocrop)VolunteerpopulationsFeralpopulationsGeneflowtowildplantsandHGTGM植株生物學(xué)特征測(cè)試與非GM植株生物學(xué)特征測(cè)試沒(méi)有顯著區(qū)別(應(yīng)用于雜草化危害性評(píng)估)如果沒(méi)有區(qū)別,可以應(yīng)用非GM植株生物學(xué)信息來(lái)評(píng)測(cè)基因流動(dòng)參數(shù):偶然發(fā)生(作物作物)自然生長(zhǎng)植物種群野生種群基因流向野生親緣植物和HGTRiskassessmentframework 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估Riskassessmentframework 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估框架UsuallysufficientinformationinpublishedliteratureIfnot,datacanbeobtainedbysimpleexperimentsUsethisinformationtoconfirmthatexposuretoGMproteinsviageneflowwillbenohigherthanthatviacultivationIfso,andiftoxicityriskfromcultivationisacceptable,toxicityriskviageneflowwillbeacceptable

通常來(lái)說(shuō)發(fā)表在文獻(xiàn)上的信息是足夠的如果信息不充分,可以通過(guò)簡(jiǎn)單的實(shí)驗(yàn)來(lái)采集數(shù)據(jù)通過(guò)這些信息可以斷定通過(guò)基因流動(dòng)對(duì)GM蛋白的暴露不高于通過(guò)耕種對(duì)GM蛋白的暴露如果是這樣,而且如果耕種的毒性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是可以接受的,那么基因流動(dòng)的毒性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也是可以接受的Riskassessmentframework 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估Riskassessmentframework 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估框架IfbiologyofGMplantisnotsignificantlydifferentfromnonGMequivalent,theweedinessriskfromvolunteersandferalpopulationsisacceptableHowever,extraexperimentsmayberequiredtoassesstheweedinesshazardofwildrelativescontainingthetransgene如果GM植株的生物學(xué)特性和非GM植株并沒(méi)有顯著區(qū)別,

那么自生生長(zhǎng)植物和野生種群的雜草化風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是可以接受的但是,評(píng)估轉(zhuǎn)基因野生親緣植物的雜草化風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可能需要更多的實(shí)驗(yàn).Riskassessmentframework 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估Riskassessmentframework 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估框架RiskassessmentforpharmaceuticalproteinsisaspecialcaseAnyunintendedpresenceoftheproteinmayberegardedasaserioussafetyproblemeveniflowtoxicitycanbeshownStrictcontrolofgeneflowwillbenecessary藥用蛋白的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估是一個(gè)很特殊的例子任何蛋白,即使毒性比較低,意外出現(xiàn)都會(huì)被認(rèn)為是嚴(yán)重的安全問(wèn)題.嚴(yán)格的基因流動(dòng)控制將是必須的Riskassessmentframework 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估Riskassessmentframework 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估框架IsolationofcropandrigorouscontrolofvolunteersandferalsIfgrowingcropoutsidehistoricalareaofcultivation,checkvolunteeringandabilitytoformferalpopulationsisunchangedSimilarstudieswillberequiredifusingaminor,nonfoodcropforwhichlittleornoinformationexists作物和自生植物,野生種群分離并且要對(duì)他們進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格的控制如果在主要耕作區(qū)外種植作物,

需要檢測(cè)自生生長(zhǎng)植物和形成野生種群的能力如果使用信息缺乏的非主要作物,非食用作物,相似的研究也是必須的Riskassessmentframework 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估Geneflowandenvironmentalrisk

assessmentofGMcrops

基因流動(dòng)和和GM作物的環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估AlanRaybould,EcologicalSciences,Syngenta阿蘭.雷博德,生態(tài)學(xué)部,Syngenta公司GeneflowandenvironmentalriOutline 概要Whatisgeneflow?MethodstoestimategeneflowRegulatoryriskandenvironmentalriskHazardandexposureGeneflowinenvironmentalfateGeneflowandweedinessGeneflowandgeneticresourcesDatarequirementsforriskassessmentRiskassessmentframework什么是基因流動(dòng)?評(píng)估基因流動(dòng)的方法調(diào)整風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)危害和暴露在環(huán)境歸趨中的基因流動(dòng)基因流動(dòng)和雜草基因流動(dòng)和基因資源風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估所需的數(shù)據(jù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估框架Outline 概要WhatisgeneflowWhatisgeneflow? 什么是基因流動(dòng)?EncyclopaediaBritannica“Introductionofgeneticmaterial(byinterbreeding)fromonepopulationofaspeciestoanother,therebychangingthecompositionofthegenepoolofthereceivingpopulation.”不列顛百科全書(shū)“基因(由雜交繁殖產(chǎn)生的)由一個(gè)種群傳向另一個(gè)種群,從而改變了接受基因種群的基因組成”Whatisgeneflow? 什么是基因流動(dòng)?EWhatisgeneflow? 什么是基因流動(dòng)?Anaturalphenomenon–helpsmaintaingeneticvariationOccurswithinandbetweencrops,weedsandwildplantsInplants,themainagentsofgeneflowarepollenandseeds基因流動(dòng)是自然現(xiàn)象–能夠幫助維持基因變化基因流動(dòng)發(fā)生在作物雜草和野生植物之間.在植物中基因流動(dòng)的主要載體是花粉和種子.Whatisgeneflow? 什么是基因流動(dòng)?AGeneflowviapollen 以花粉為載體的基因流動(dòng)PlantshavemechanismstodispersepollenSomespeciesusewindSmall,unspectacularflowersProducelargeamountsofpollen植物有傳播花粉的機(jī)制一些物種利用風(fēng)作為傳播花粉的媒介:小且不引人注意的花產(chǎn)生大量花粉

Conifers松樹(shù) Trees Grasse草Geneflowviapollen 以花粉為載體的基Geneflowviapollen 以花粉為載體的基因流動(dòng)SomeplantsuseanimalvectorsInsects(birds,bats,othermammals,slugs…)Attractanimalsbycolour,scentandrewards(pollenandnectar)

一些植物以動(dòng)物為花粉的載體昆蟲(chóng)(以及鳥(niǎo)類(lèi),蝙蝠,其他哺乳類(lèi)動(dòng)物,蛞蝓…)以顏色,花香和花粉,花蜜來(lái)吸引動(dòng)物Beeorchid–mimicry蜜蜂蘭–擬態(tài)Dogrose–colour,pollenGeneflowviapollen 以花粉為載體的基Geneflowviapollen 以花粉為載體的基因流動(dòng)Someplantspreventorreduceselffertilisation某些植物防止,減少自我受精Hop–maleandfemaleflowersonseparateplants蛇麻草-雌雄異體Maize–separatemaleandfemaleflowersonsameplant玉米-雌雄同體但異花Brassica–self-incompatibilit蕓苔–自花不育Geneflowviapollen 以花粉為載體的基Geneflowviaseed 以種子為載體的基因流動(dòng)ManymechanismstopromoteseeddispersalWindStructurestokeepseedsairborneAnimalsStructurestocatchthefurofanimalsFruits+hardseedcoattoprotectseedsfromdigestionManWeedsmimiccropsDispersalintimeDormancy有許多促進(jìn)種子傳播的機(jī)制風(fēng)使種子在空氣中傳播動(dòng)物種子附著在動(dòng)物的皮毛上果實(shí)和種皮能防止種子被消化人類(lèi)野草和作物相似及時(shí)傳播冬眠Geneflowviaseed 以種子為載體的基因分散到其他物種(野生植物,橫向基因轉(zhuǎn)移)通常來(lái)說(shuō)發(fā)表在文獻(xiàn)上的信息是足夠的在環(huán)境歸趨中的基因流動(dòng)Regulatoryriskandenvironmentalrisk

管理上的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)MonitorplantdevelopmentHandpollination人工授粉Anaturalphenomenon–helpsmaintaingeneticvariationSecondarydormancy/seedlongevity

次級(jí)休眠/種子壽命Transgenesareoptimisedforplantexpression分散到同一作物的不同亞種中(作物作物)基因流動(dòng)發(fā)生在作物雜草和野生植物之間.基因流向野生親緣植物和HGT異型雜交品種受到的影響最小(例如玉米)Hazard=harmfuleffectofthegeneVolunteersarecropsthatpersistafterharvestandappearinthefollowingcrop如果沒(méi)有雜交,停止測(cè)試Geneflowandweediness(invasiveness)

基因流動(dòng)和雜草化(入侵)如果沒(méi)有雜交,停止測(cè)試;有則進(jìn)入第三階段Geneflowviaseed 以種子為載體的基因流動(dòng)Dandelion–wind蒲公英–風(fēng)Falseoat–mimicry 偽燕麥–模仿Tomato–fruitandhardseeds番茄–果實(shí)和種皮Goosegrass–animalfur牛筋草–動(dòng)物皮毛分散到其他物種(野生植物,橫向基因轉(zhuǎn)移)GeneflowGeneflowanddispersal 基因流動(dòng)和分散GeneflowanddispersalarenotthesamePollenmusteffectfertilisationSeedsmustgerminateandproducereproductiveplantsDispersal=potentialgeneflowFertilisationandproductionoffertileplants=actualgeneflow基因流動(dòng)和分散是不同的花粉必須能夠受精種子必須發(fā)育并長(zhǎng)成有繁殖能力的植株分散=潛在的基因流動(dòng)植株的受精和繁殖=真正的基因流動(dòng)Geneflowanddispersal 基因流動(dòng)和MethodstoestimategeneflowMethodParameterestimatedSeedtraps1PotentialgeneflowviaseedPollentraps1PotentialgeneflowviapollenMale-sterilebaitplants1PotentialgeneflowviapollenParentageanalysis1ActualgeneflowviapollenPlantswithgeneticmarkers1ActualgeneflowviaseedsandpollenGeneticstructure2Actualgeneflowviaseedsandpollen1Directmethods:estimatecontemporarydispersal;makefewassumptions;weakatdetectingrare,long-distancedispersal2Indirectmethod:estimatesofgeneflowovermanygenerations;detecteffectsofrare,long-distancedispersal;relyon(untestable)assumptionsaboutdemography

MethodstoestimategeneflowM評(píng)測(cè)基因流動(dòng)的方法評(píng)測(cè)基因流動(dòng)的方法方法評(píng)測(cè)參數(shù)種子誘捕1以種子為載體的潛在基因流動(dòng)花粉誘捕1以花粉為載體的潛在基因流動(dòng)雄性不育植物1以花粉為載體的潛在基因流動(dòng)出身分析1以花粉為載體的實(shí)際基因流動(dòng)基因標(biāo)記1以花粉和種子為載體的實(shí)際基因流動(dòng)基因結(jié)構(gòu)2以花粉和種子為載體的實(shí)際基因流動(dòng)1

直接方法:估測(cè)同一代傳播的花粉;做出一些假設(shè);缺點(diǎn)是檢測(cè)率低和無(wú)法估測(cè)長(zhǎng)距離花粉傳播2間接方法:可以估測(cè)不同代傳播的花粉;可以檢測(cè)不常見(jiàn)的作用和長(zhǎng)距離的花粉傳播;依賴(lài)于統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的假設(shè)

評(píng)測(cè)基因流動(dòng)的方法評(píng)測(cè)基因流動(dòng)的方法方法評(píng)測(cè)參數(shù)種子誘捕1以Regulatoryriskandenvironmentalrisk

管理上的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)GeneflowmayleadtounintendedpresenceoftransgenesPresencemaycontraveneregulationsorpermitconditionsUnapprovedEventsoutsidefieldtrialsEventsapprovedforanimalfeedinhumanfoodchainApprovedEventsabovethresholdsinunlabelledbatchesCoexistenceofGMandorganicfarming基因流動(dòng)會(huì)導(dǎo)致轉(zhuǎn)基因的意外出現(xiàn)這種意外會(huì)違背規(guī)律和允許的條件在農(nóng)田外未經(jīng)允許的轉(zhuǎn)基因狀況在動(dòng)物飼料中允許的基因出現(xiàn)在人類(lèi)食物中在閾值之上的基因出現(xiàn)在未被標(biāo)記的組中GM和有機(jī)作物共存RegulatoryriskandenvironmenRegulatoryriskandenvironmentalrisk

管理上的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)CanleadtofinesandcompensationtoaffectedpartiesPresenceofthegenemayhavenoeffectonsafetyAregulatory(oreconomic)risk,notanenvironmentalrisk會(huì)導(dǎo)致對(duì)背影響部分的補(bǔ)償基因的出現(xiàn)可能不會(huì)對(duì)安全產(chǎn)生影響管理上的(或者是經(jīng)濟(jì))風(fēng)險(xiǎn),而不是環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)RegulatoryriskandenvironmenGeneflowandenvironmentalrisk

基因流動(dòng)和環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)GeneflowisanaturalphenomenonTheprocessdoesnotconstituteariskinitselfTheriskresultsfromanyharmfulpropertiesofthegeneHazard=harmfuleffectofthegeneExposure=presenceofthegenewhereitcancauseharmGeneflowispartoftheexposureassessment基因流動(dòng)是一種自然現(xiàn)象這個(gè)過(guò)程本身不會(huì)產(chǎn)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)而風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是由基因的負(fù)面性質(zhì)產(chǎn)生的危害性=基因的負(fù)面作用暴露=基因的出現(xiàn)導(dǎo)致危害的產(chǎn)生基因流動(dòng)是暴露評(píng)估的一部分Geneflowandenvironmentalri如果有充分的信息測(cè)定不定生長(zhǎng),自然生長(zhǎng),雜草化和向野生親緣的基因流動(dòng),那么就不需要進(jìn)行其他的實(shí)驗(yàn)了Datarequirementsforriskassessment

風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估所需的數(shù)據(jù)通過(guò)種子和花粉基因流動(dòng)Fruits+hardseedcoattoprotectseedsfromdigestion初始假設(shè)是作物的生物學(xué)特征不會(huì)因?yàn)榛谛揎椂l(fā)生改變Geneflowandenvironmentalrisk

基因流動(dòng)和環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)GeneflowinenvironmentalfateRiskassessmentframeworkPharmaceuticalandindustrialchemicalsareaspecialcase自生植物是在收割之后繼續(xù)生長(zhǎng)的植物可以被認(rèn)為基因在時(shí)間上的流動(dòng).Maize–separatemaleandfemaleflowersonsameplant玉米-雌雄同體但異花toothervarietiesofth