新視野大學(xué)英語第三版第二冊(cè)課文語法講解-Unit5

新視野大學(xué)英語第三版第二冊(cè)課文語法講解_Unit5新視野大學(xué)英語第三版第二冊(cè)課文語法講解_Unit5新視野大學(xué)英語第三版第二冊(cè)課文語法講解_Unit5xxx公司新視野大學(xué)英語第三版第二冊(cè)課文語法講解_Unit5文件編號(hào)：文件日期：修訂次數(shù)：第1.0次更改批準(zhǔn)審核制定方案設(shè)計(jì)，管理制度新視野三版讀寫B(tài)2U5TextASpendorsave—Thestudent'sdilemma1DoyoufeelasconfusedandmanipulatedasIdowiththisquestion,"ShouldIspendorshouldIsave"Ithinkthatthemessageswegetfromourenvironmentseemtodefycommonsenseandcontradicteachother.Thegovernmenttelsustospendorwe'lnevergetoutoftherecession.Atthesametime,theytelusthatunlesswesavemore,ourcountryisingravedanger.Banksofferhigherinterestratessoweincreasesavings.Thenthesamebankssenduscreditcardofferssowecanspendmore.2Here'sanotherfamiliarexample:Ifwedon'tpayourcreditcardbilontime,wegetdemanding,nastyemailsfromthecreditcardcompanysayingsomethinglike:"Yourfailuretopayisunacceptable.Payimmediatelyoryou'lbeintrouble!"Then,assoonaswepay,wegetafolow-upemailinacharmingtonetelingushowvaluableacustomerweareandencouragingustoresumespending.Whichdepictioniscorrect:afailingconsumerintroubleoravaluedcustomerThegapbetweenthesetwomessagesisenormous.3Theparadoxisthateverydaywegettwosetsofmessagesatoddswitheachother.Oneisthe"permissive"perspective,"Buy,spend,getitnow.Youneedthis!"Theotherwecouldcalan"upright"message,whichurgesus,"Workhardandsave.Suspendyourdesires.Avoidluxuries.Controlyourappetiteformorethanyoutrulyneed."Thismessagecomestousfrommanysources:fromschool,fromparents,evenfrompoliticalfiguresreferringto"traditionalvalues".Hardwork,familyloyalty,andthecapacitytopostponedesiresarecoreAmericanvaluesthathavemadeourcountrygreat.*4 Buttheoppositemessage,advertising'spermissivemessage,isinescapable.Thoughsometimesdisguised,themessagesareeverywherewelook:onTV,inmoviesonprintedmediaandroadsigns,instores,andonbuses,trainsandsubways.Advertisementsinvadeourdailylives.Weareconstantlysurroundedbythemessagetospend,spend,spend.Someonerecentlysaid,"Theonlytimeyoucanescapeadvertisingiswhenyou'reinyourbedasleep!"5It'sbeencalculatedthatbytheageof18,theaverageAmericanwilhaveseen600,000ads;bytheageof40,thetotalisalmostonemilion.Eachadvertisementisdoingitsutmosttoinfluenceourdiversebuyingdecisions,fromthebreakfastcerealweeattowhichcruiselinewewiluseforourvacation.Thereisnoshortageofideasandthingstobuy!Now,ofcourse,wedon'trememberexactlywhattheproductswere,buttheessentialmessageiscementedintoourconsciousness,"It'sgoodtosatisfyyourdesires.Youshouldhavewhatyouwant.Youdeservethebest.So,youshouldbuyit—now!"Afamousadvertisementsaiditperfectly,"Iloveme.I'magoodfriendtomyself.Idowhatmakesmefeelgood.Iderivepleasurefromnicethingsandfeelnourishedbythem.Iusedtoputthingsoff.Notanymore.TodayI'lbuynewskiequipment,lookatnewcompactcars,andbuythatcameraI'vealwayswanted.Ilivemydreamstoday,nottomorrow."6

What

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contradictorybutexplicitmessagesWhatarethepsychologicalandsocialconsequencesofthiscampaigntocontrolourspendinghabitsOnonehand,wewantmorethingsbecausewewanttosatisfyourmaterialappetite.Mostofusderivepleasurefromtreatingourselves.Ontheotherhand,alittlevoiceinsideusechoesthoseuprightmessages:"Watchout,takestockofyourlife,don'tletyourattentiongetscattered.Postponeyourdesires.Don'tfalintodebt.Wait!Retaincontroloveryourownlife.Itwilmakeyoustronger."7Anyway,manyoftheskilsyouneedasasuccessfulstudentcanbeappliedtoyourfinances.Consideryourfinancialwel-beingsakeyingredientofyouruniversityeducationasmoneyworriesareextremelystressfulanddistracting.Theycanmakeyoufeelterribleandhinderyourabilitytofocusonyourprimeobjective:successfulycompletingyoureducation.*8 Howcanyoubeasmartandeducatedconsumer

Manyschools,

communityorganizations,andevensomebanksofferfinancialliteracyclasses.Considerconsultingwithyourschool'sfinancialaidofficeorseekinputfromyourparentsorotherrespectedadultsinsettingupabudget.Anadditionaloptionisfindingapartnertohelpyoustayontrackandfindpleasureintheadministrationofyourownfinancialaffairs.Mostimportantly,ifyoufindyourselfgettingintofinancialtrouble,don'tletyouregogetinyourway;urgentlygethelpwithtacklingyourproblembeforeitspinsoutofcontrolandlandsyouinlegaltroubles.9Althiswilhelpyoubecomeaneducatedconsumerandsaver.Asyoulearntobalancespendingandsaving,youwilbecomethecaptainofyourownship,steeringyourlifeinasuccessfulandproductivedirectionthroughthechoppywaters.LanguagePoints：1DoyoufeelasconfusedandmanipulatedasIdowiththisquestion,“ShouldIspendorshouldIsave”(Para.1)Meaning:Whenaskingyourselfwhetheryoushouldspendorsave,doyoufeelpuzzledandcontroledasIdo?Meaningbeyondwords:Accordingtotheconventionalconcept,wearethemasterorthebossofthemoneywehaveearned.Itisuptoustodecidehowtouseourmoney.However,thesentencegivesusthehintthatweareactualynolongerincontrolofourmoney.2Ithinkthatthemessageswegetfromourenvironmentseemtodefycommonsenseandcontradicteachother.(Para.1)Meaning:Inmyopinion,themessageswegetinourdailylifeaboutthequestion“ShouldIspendorshouldIsave”areagainstcommonsenseandtheyoftendon’tagreewitheachother.Usagenote:defy,denydefy和deny都是及物動(dòng)詞，詞形相近，但實(shí)際上兩者詞義有別，用法也不同。1defy主要表示“違抗；反抗；蔑視”，后接名詞；而deny主要表示“否認(rèn)；拒絕承認(rèn)”，后接名詞或that引導(dǎo)的從句。*Nearly11thousandpeoplehavebeenarrestedfordefyingthebanonstreettrading. 近一萬一千人因違抗在街上交易的禁令而被捕。Thegovernmenthasdeniedthattheauthoritieshaveuncoveredaplottoassassinatethe*president. 政府已否認(rèn)當(dāng)局發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)暗殺總統(tǒng)的陰謀。2defy后接動(dòng)詞不定式表示“挑戰(zhàn)；刺激某人做某事”時(shí)，不能用動(dòng)名詞形式；deny表示“否認(rèn)；拒絕承認(rèn)”時(shí)，后面不能接動(dòng)詞不定式，只能接動(dòng)名詞形式。*Idefyyoutocomeupwithonemajoraccomplishmentofthecurrentprimeminister. 我倒要看看你能否講出一項(xiàng)現(xiàn)任首相作出的重大成就。Hedenieddoinganythingilegal.他否認(rèn)做過任何違法的事。3Thegovernmenttellsustospendorwe’llnevergetoutoftherecession.(Para.1)Meaningbeyondwords:Tohelpthecountryrecoverfromtheeconomicrecession,thegovernmentisencouragingpeopletospend,whichwillhelpstimulateproduction,jobmarketsandbankliquidity.4Atthesametime,theytellusthatunlesswesavemore,ourcountryisingravedanger.(Para.1)Meaning:Meanwhile,theywarnusthatifwedon’tsavemoremoneytheeconomicrecessionwilgrowandseverelyharmourcountry.Usagenote:unless1unless作連詞，表示“除非…；如果不…”，引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句，意為“如果某個(gè)條件不出現(xiàn)，某件事就不會(huì)進(jìn)行”。使用unless時(shí)必須留意從句中動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。雖然unless所說的條件都是未出現(xiàn)或未發(fā)生的，但必須用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或過去時(shí)，不能用表示將來的時(shí)態(tài)。例如：*IwillnotgotoBeijingunlessthecompanypaysforthetrip. 如果公司不支付旅費(fèi)，我不會(huì)去北京。（不能用wilpay）Shewouldn’tdothatunlessIallowedher.如果我不允許，她不會(huì)去做那件事。（不能用wouldallow）*Shewilkeeponsingingunlesssheistoldtostop. 她會(huì)一直唱下去，除非有人叫她停止。（不能用wilbetold）Shewouldnotcometoworkasbeforeunlesshermother’shealthconditionturnedforthe*better. 她不會(huì)像以前那樣來上班了，除非她母親的病情好轉(zhuǎn)。（不能用wouldturn）2unless和if…not都可以引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句，但適用情況不同，很容易混淆，要注意區(qū)別。指將來可能發(fā)生或可能真實(shí)的情況用unless；如果知道事情沒有發(fā)生或不真實(shí)則用if…not。可以說Ifyouweren’talwaysinsuchahurry,yourworkwouldbemuchbetter。不說Yourworkwouldbemuchbetterunlessyouwerealwaysinsuchahurry。見更多例句：Unlesstheygetprotection,theywillnottestify.(=Iftheydonotgetprotection,theywillnot*testify.) 如果得不到保證，他們不會(huì)作證的。*Iwouldgooutifitwasn’training.(=Butitisraining,soIamnotgoingout.) 要是不下雨，我就出去了。5Banksofferhigherinterestratessoweincreasesavings.Thenthesamebankssenduscreditcardofferssowecanspendmore.(Para.1)Meaningbeyondwords:Hereisthe“spendorsave”paradox.Ononehand,thegovernmenttellsustospend,and,ontheotherhand,theywantustosavemore.Whilethebanksofferhighinterestratestoattractustodepositmoney,theysenduscreditcardstoencourageustospend.6Here’sanotherfamiliarexample:Ifwedon’tpayourcreditcardbillontime,wegetdemanding,nastyemailsfromthecreditcardcompanysayingsomethinglike:“Yourfailuretopayisunacceptable.Payimmediatelyoryou’llbeintrouble!”(Para.2)Meaning:Ifwefailtopayourcreditcardbilontime,thecreditcardcompanywillsendusharshandunfriendlyemailmessagestowarnusthateitherwepayatonceorwe’lgetpenalties.Sentencestructurenote:祈使句+or/and+陳述句1“祈使句+or+陳述句”結(jié)構(gòu)表示“…否則…”，其中，or還可以換成and，表達(dá)的意思發(fā)生相應(yīng)的變化，表示“如果…，就…”。對(duì)連詞or或者and的選擇，主要根據(jù)相應(yīng)連詞前后句表達(dá)的意義，如果前后句有轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，就用or，一般表達(dá)一種負(fù)面的結(jié)果；如果前后句表示意義順承，無轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，就用and。例如：*Listentotheteachercarefulyinclass,oryoucan’tcatchwhatheissaying. 上課時(shí)要仔細(xì)聽老師講課，否則你就無法了解他在說什么。*Walkdownourstreet,andyou’lseekidsplaying. 你要是走上街頭，就會(huì)看到孩子們?cè)谕嫠！?在“祈使句+or/and+陳述句”結(jié)構(gòu)中；陳述句通常用將來時(shí)態(tài),即“wil+動(dòng)詞原形”，也可用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can，may等。但通常不能用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。例如：*Workhard,andyoucanmakerapidprogressinyourstudy. 努力吧，你會(huì)在學(xué)業(yè)上突飛猛進(jìn)的。*Folowtheadviceofthedoctor,oryouwon’tbewellverysoon. 遵從醫(yī)生的叮囑，否則你的身體就不會(huì)很快好起來。3“祈使句+or/and+陳述句”結(jié)構(gòu)可與if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句互換。例如:*Getupquickly,oryouwillbelate.(=Ifyoudon’tgetupquickly,youwillbelate.) 快點(diǎn)起床，不然你會(huì)遲到的。Workhard,andyouwillpasstheexam.(=Ifyouworkhard,youwilpasstheexam.)如果你努力學(xué)習(xí)，你就會(huì)通過考試。4“祈使句+or/and+陳述句”結(jié)構(gòu)中，祈使句有時(shí)可以省略動(dòng)詞。例如：Makemoreeffort,oryouwon’tbesuccessful.(=Moreeffort,oryouwon’tbesuccessful.)如果不多些努力，你就不會(huì)成功。Givemeonemorehour,andI’lgettheworkfinished.(=Onemorehour,andI’lgetthe*workfinished.) 再給我一個(gè)小時(shí)，我就能把工作做完。7Then,assoonaswepay,wegetafollow-upemailinacharmingtonetellingushowvaluableacustomerweareandencouragingustoresumespending.(Para.2)Meaning:Tolureusintomorespending,onceourcreditcardbilispaid,afolow-upemailinanentirelydifferenttonewilbesenttous,claimingthatwearevaluablecustomers.Note:Thewordresumecanbeusedeitherasatransitiveorintransitiveverb.Asatransitiveverb,itmaybefolowedbyanounorav.-ingform.8Whichdepictioniscorrect:afailingconsumerintroubleoravaluedcustomer?Thegapbetweenthesetwomessagesisenormous.(Para.2)Meaningbeyondwords:Asthereissuchahugedifferencebetweenthetwoemailmessages,wefeelconfusedaboutwhoweare:afailingconsumerintroubleoravaluedcustomer?9Theparadoxisthateverydaywegettwosetsofmessagesatoddswitheachother.(Para.3)Meaning:Thecontradictionisthateverydaywegettwosetsofmessagesdisagreeingwitheachother.10Oneisthe“permissive”perspective,“Buy,spend,getitnow.Youneedthis!”(Para.3)Meaning:Onereflectsaviewpointoftolerance,“Buy,spend,getitnow.Youneedthis!”Note:Thewordpermissiveisanadjective,aderivativefrompermit.Being“permissive”impliesaveryeasyandtoorelaxedpositiononsomethingandusualylacksgoodjudgment.Forexample:Theywerepermissiveparentsandtheirchildrengrewuptobespoiledandil-behaving*adults. 他們是太過放任的父母，他們的孩子長大后會(huì)變成被寵壞、行為舉止欠妥的成年人。Usagenote:permissive,tolerantThesynonymofpermissiveistolerant,buttolerantispositiveinmeaning.Permissivecarriesanegativeconnotation.Tolerantimpliesgoodjudgmentwitharightbalanceofperspectiveoractions.Forexample:Theemployee’stolerantpositiononthedifferencesinworkingstylemeantthattheteam*performedwell. 員工對(duì)工作作風(fēng)的差異持寬容的立場(chǎng)意味著這個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)表現(xiàn)出色。11Theotherwecouldcallan“upright”message,whichurgesus,“Workhardandsave.Suspendyourdesires.Avoidluxuries.Controlyourappetiteformorethanyoutrulyneed.”(Para.3)Meaning:Wecouldcaltheotheronean“honest”message,whichadvisesustoworkhardandsavemoney,stophavingtoomanydesires,avoidspendingtoomuch,andlimitourpurchasestowhatwerealyneed.Usagenote:urge,persuade1從詞義上說，urge的基本意思是“力勸；敦促”，引申可表示“強(qiáng)烈要求”等，比較正式；persuade主要表示“說服；勸說”，指通過勸說、感情交流等使對(duì)方做勸說者所希望的事。urge語氣強(qiáng)，但不一定“力勸；敦促”成功；persuade語氣不如urge強(qiáng)，但強(qiáng)調(diào)不僅“勸”，而且使之“服”。例如：*WewillurgethemtoadheretotheParisAgreement. 我們將敦促他們遵守《巴黎協(xié)議》。*Myhusbandpersuadedmetocome. 我丈夫勸我來的。*2從用法上說，urge和persuade都可用作及物動(dòng)詞。urge可用于urgesb.todosth. 結(jié)構(gòu)，意為“催促某人做某事”；persuade表示“說服”時(shí)，可用于persuadesb.todosth.結(jié)構(gòu)，也*可用于odoingsth. 結(jié)構(gòu)，都表示“說服某人做某事”。它們也都可以引出that*從句。urge引出的that從句中用（should）+verb，而persuade用于persuadesb.that 結(jié)構(gòu)，不用（should）+verb。例如：*Hisfatherurgedhimtospeakhismind. 他父親敦促他說出心里話。*We’retryingtopersuademanufacturerstoseltheirproductshere. 我們正在努力說服制造商在這里銷售他們的產(chǎn)品。*SirFredurgedthatBritain(should)jointheEuropeanMonetarySystem. 弗雷德爵士敦促英國加入歐洲貨幣體系。*Wehadmanagedtopersuadethemthatitwasworthworkingwithus. 我們已設(shè)法說服他們，與我們合作是值得的。12Thismessagecomestousfrommanysources:fromschool,fromparents,evenfrompoliticalfiguresreferringto“traditionalvalues”.(Para.3)Meaning:Wegetthiskindofmessagefrommanysourcessuchasschool,parents,andevenpoliticianswholiketotalkabouttraditionalvalues.13Buttheoppositemessage,advertising’spermissivemessage,isinescapable.(Para.4)Meaning:Butyoucannotescapefromtheoppositemessage,advertisementsthatpushyoutospendmore.14Thoughsometimesdisguised,themessagesareeverywherewelook…(Para.4)Meaning:Thoughthesemessagesaresometimessubtleandchangeinform,theycanbefoundeverywherewelive.15Advertisementsinvadeourdailylives.Weareconstantlysurroundedbythemessagetospend,spend,spend.(Para.4)Meaning:Ourdailylivesarefloodedwithadvertisements.Veryoftenwefindourselvesenclosedbyadvertisementsthatlureusintospending.16It’sbeencalculatedthatbytheageof18,theaverageAmericanwillhaveseen600,000ads;bytheageof40,thetotalisalmostonemillion.(Para.5)Meaningbeyondwords:Americansgrowupseeingcountlessadvertisements,andthiscontinuesthroughouttheirlifetime.17Eachadvertisementisdoingitsutmosttoinfluenceourdiversebuyingdecisions,fromthebreakfastcerealweeattowhichcruiselinewewilluseforourvacation.(Para.5)Meaningbeyondwords:Advertisementsareeverywhereandhaveinvadedpeople’severydaylives.18Thereisnoshortageofideasandthingstobuy!(Para.5)Meaning:Thereareplentyofideasofwhattobuyandhowtospendmoney.19Now,ofcourse,wedon’trememberexactlywhattheproductswere,buttheessentialmessageiscementedintoourconsciousness,“It’sgoodtosatisfyyourdesires.Youshouldhavewhatyouwant.Youdeservethebest.So,youshouldbuyit–now!”(Para.5)Meaningbeyondwords:Advertisementsareveryeffectiveintalkingpeopleintobuyingthings.Thoughit’shardtorememberalloftheproductsinadvertisements,thesemessageshavealreadybeenhammeredintoourheads.Themessagestellusthatwedeservethebestandweareentitledtowhatwewant.20Afamousadvertisementsaiditperfectly,“Iloveme.I’magoodfriendtomyself.Idowhatmakesmefeelgood.Iderivepleasurefromnicethingsandfeelnourishedbythem.Iusedtoputthingsoff.Notanymore.TodayI’llbuynewskiequipment,lookatnewcompactcars,andbuythatcameraI’vealwayswanted.Ilivemydreamstoday,nottomorrow.”(Para.5)Meaningbeyondwords:Theadvertisementistryingtosendoutthemessage:Itisnotwrongforpeopletobeself-centeredandbuyeverythingtheywantrightnow.Enjoylifetoday!Theunderlyingpurposeistopersuadepeopletospend.21WhathappensaswetakeinthesecontradictorybutexplicitmessagesWhatarethepsychologicalandsocialconsequencesofthiscampaigntocontrolourspendinghabits(Para.6)Meaningbeyondwords:Sincepeoplearesurroundedbythesecontradictorybutclearmessages,theremustbesomepsychologicalandsocialconsequences.Forinstance,somepeoplemayspendmorewhileothersmaysavemore,dependingonhowmuchtheygetinfluenced.22Ononehand,wewantmorethingsbecausewewanttosatisfyourmaterialappetite.Mostofusderivepleasurefromtreatingourselves.(Para.6)Meaning:Mostofusbecomehappywhenwetreatourselves,sowealwayswanttohavemorethingstosatisfyourmaterialdesires.23Ontheotherhand,alittlevoiceinsideusechoesthoseuprightmessages:“Watchout,takestockofyourlife,don’tletyourattentiongetscattered.Postponeyourdesires.Don’tfallintodebt.Wait!Retaincontroloveryourownlife.Itwillmakeyoustronger.”(Para.6)Meaningbeyondwords:Fromamoretraditionalpointofview,weshouldbecautiousaboutspendingmoney.Weshouldbefocusedonourlifeinordernottofallintodebt.Beingincontrolofourlifewilmakeusstronger.24Anyway,manyoftheskillsyouneedassuccessfulstudentcanbeappliedtoyourfinances.Consideryourfinancialwell-beingasakeyingredientofyouruniversityeducationasmoneyworriesareextremelystressfulanddistracting.(Para.7)Meaningbeyondwords:Itisnotdifficulttoavoidafinancialdisasterifyouapplytheskilsyoualreadyhaveforbeingasuccessfulstudent.Beawarethatfinancialstabilityisofcrucialimportancetoyourcolegelifesincemoneyworriescouldbringyoudown.25Theycanmakeyoufeelterribleandhinderyourabilitytofocusonyourprimeobjective:successfullycompletingyoureducation.(Para.7)Meaning:Moneyworriescanmakeyoufeelterribleanddistractyoufromyourmainobjective:successfulycompletingyoureducationatcolege.Usagenote:hinder,prevent*hinder和prevent都有“阻礙；阻止”之意，都可以用于hinder/preventsb.fromdoingsth. 結(jié)構(gòu)，但兩者有區(qū)別。1)hinder表示“使…受阻；使…做起來困難”（makesth.difficult）。例如：Hispoorhealthhinderedhimfromgoingtoworkdaily.(=Hecontinuedtoworkbutwith*difficulty.) 身體欠佳讓他每天上班很困難。2)prevent表示“使…不發(fā)生；使…不做”(makesth.impossible)。例如：*Hispoorhealthpreventedhimfromgoingtowork.(=Hestoppedworking.) 他的健康不佳，令他無法外出工作。26HowcanyoubeasmartandeducatedconsumerManyschools,communityorganizations,andevensomebanksofferfinancialliteracyclasses.(Par