胡壯麟語言學(xué)教程測(cè)試題及答案

WOR格式WOR格式專業(yè)資料整理專業(yè)資料整理WOR格式WOR格式專業(yè)資料整理專業(yè)資料整理胡壯麟《語言學(xué)教程》（修訂版）測(cè)試題第一章：語言學(xué)導(dǎo)論Choosethebestanswer.(20%)Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhuman .contact B.communicationC.relation D.communityWhichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitrary?A.tree B.typewriter”?I”?IisovercomeThefunctionofthesentence“Waterboilsat100degreesCentigrade.A.interrogative B.directiveC.informative D.performativeInChinesewhensomeonebreaksabowloraplatethehostorthepeoplepresentarelikelytosay “碎碎(歲歲)平安”asmeansofcontrollingtheforceswhichtheybelievesfeelmightaffecttheirlives.Whichfunctionsdoesitperform?A.Interpersonal B.EmotiveC.Performative D.RecreationalWhichofthefollowingpropertyoflanguageenableslanguageuserstothebarrierscausedbytimeandplace,duetothisfeatureoflanguage,speakersofalanguagearefreetotalkaboutanythinginanysituation?A.Transferability B.DualityC.Displacement D.ArbitrarinessStudythefollowingdialogue.Whatfunctiondoesitplayaccordingtothefunctionsoflanguage?—Aniceday,isn 'tit?—Right!Ireallyenjoythesunlight.A.Emotive B.PhaticC.Performative D.Interpersonal referstotheactualrealizationoftheideallanguageuserknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinutterances.A.Performance B.CompetenceC.Langue D.ParoleWhenadogisbarking,youassumeitisbarkingforsomethingoratsomeonethatexistshearandnow.Itcouldn'tbesorrowfulforsomelostloveorlostbone.Thisindicatesthedesignfeatureof .A.culturaltransmission B.productivityC.displacement D.duality answerssuchquestionsashowweasinfantsacquireourfirstlanguage.A.Psycholinguistics B.AnthropologicallinguisticsC.Sociolinguistics D.Appliedlinguistics dealswithlanguageapplicationtootherfields,particularlyeducation.A.Linguistictheory B.PracticallinguisticsC.Appliedlinguistics D.ComparativelinguisticsDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Therefore,thecommunicationwayusedbythedeaf-muteisnotlanguage.Languagechangeisuniversal,ongoingandarbitrary.Speakingisthequickestandmostefficientwayofthehumancommunicationsystems.Languageiswrittenbecausewritingistheprimarymediumforalllanguages.Wewereallbornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,whichmeansthedetailsofanylanguagesystemcanbegeneticallytransmitted.Onlyhumanbeingsareabletocommunicate..DeSaussure,whomadethedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleintheearlyofthe20thcentury,wasaFrenchlinguist.oftheAstudyofthefeaturesoftheEnglishusedinShakespeare 'stimeisanexamplediachronicstudyoflanguage.Speechandwritingcameintobeingatmuchthesametimeinhumanhistory.Allthelanguagesintheworldtodayhavebothspokenandwrittenforms.Fillintheblanks.(10%)Language,broadlyspeaking,isameansof communication.Inanylanguagewordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthingsandcanbecombinedintoinnumerablesentencesbasedonlimitedrules.Thisfeatureisusuallytermed .Languagehasmanyfunctions.Wecanuselanguagetotalkaboutitself.Thisfunctionis .Theorythatprimitivemanmadeinvoluntaryvocalnoiseswhileperformingheavyworkhasbeencalledthe theory.

Linguisticsisthe studyoflanguage.Modernlinguisticsis inthesensethatthelinguisttriestodiscoverwhatlanguageisratherthanlaydownsomerulesforpeopletoobserve.Onegeneralprincipleoflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyof overwriting.Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisa study.Saussureputforwardtwoimportantconcepts. referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.LinguisticpotentialissimilartoSaussure 'slangueandChomsky 's Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)DesignfeatureDisplacementCompetenceSynchroniclinguisticsAnswerthefollowingquestions.(20%)Whydopeopletakedualityasoneoftheimportantdesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?Canyoutelluswhatlanguagewillbeifithasnosuchdesignfeature?(南開大學(xué)，2004)（北京第二外國語大2004）（青島海洋大（北京第二外國語大2004）（青島海洋大1999）Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)Howcanalinguistmakehisanalysisscientific?學(xué)，第二章：語音Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1.PitchvariationisknownasA.intonationB.tonewhenitspatternsareimposedonsentences.D.voice1.PitchvariationisknownasA.intonationB.tonewhenitspatternsareimposedonsentences.D.voiceC.pronunciation2.ConventionallyaA.allophone isputinslashes2.ConventionallyaA.allophone isputinslashes(//).phone C.phonemeD.morpheme3.Anaspiratedp,anunaspiratedpandanunreleasedparephoneme.A.analoguesB.tagmemesC.morphemesofthep3.Anaspiratedp,anunaspiratedpandanunreleasedparephoneme.A.analoguesB.tagmemesC.morphemesofthepD.allophonesD.uvula5.Thediphthongsthataremadewithamovementofthetonguetowardsthecenterareknownas _diphthongs.B.closingA.wideC.narrowD.uvula5.Thediphthongsthataremadewithamovementofthetonguetowardsthecenterareknownas _diphthongs.B.closingA.wideC.narrowD.centering4.TheopeningbetweenthevocalcordsissometimesreferredtoasA.glottis B.vocalcavity C.pharynxA.AphonemeisagroupofsimilarsoundscalledA.minimalpairsB.allomorphsC.phonesD.allophonesWhichbranchofphoneticsconcernstheproductionofspeechsounds?A.AcousticphoneticsB.ArticulatoryphoneticsC.AuditoryphoneticsD.NoneoftheaboveWhichoneisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtoplacesofarticulation?D.[p]A.[n] B.[m] C.[b]9.Whichvowelisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtothecharacteristicsofvowels?D.[p]A.[i:] B.[u] C.[e] D.[i]Whatkindofsoundscanwemakewhenthevocalcordsarevibrating?A.VoicelessB.VoicedC.GlottalstopD.ConsonantDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)Suprasegmentalphonologyreferstothestudyofphonologicalpropertiesofunitslargerthanthesegment-phoneme,suchassyllable,wordandsentence.Theairstreamprovidedbythelungshastoundergoanumberofmodificationtoacquirethequalityofaspeechsound.Twosoundsareinfreevariationwhentheyoccurinthesameenvironmentanddonotcontrast,namely,thesubstitutionofonefortheotherdoesnotproduceadifferentword,butmerelyadifferentpronunciation.[p]isavoicedbilabialstop.Acousticphoneticsisconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.Allsyllablesmusthaveanucleusbutnotallsyllablescontainanonsetandacoda.Whenpurevowelsormonophthongsarepronounced,novowelglidestakeplace.Accordingtothelengthortensenessofthepronunciation,vowelscanbedividedintotensevs.laxorlongvs.short.ReceivedPronunciationisthepronunciationacceptedbymostpeople.Themaximalonsetprinciplestatesthatwhenthereisachoiceastowheretoplaceaconsonant,itisputintothecodaratherthantheonset.Fillintheblanks.(20%)Consonantsoundscanbeeither or ,whileallvowelsoundsare .Consonantsoundscanalsobemadewhentwoorgansofspeechinthemoutharebroughtclosetogethersothattheairispushedoutbetweenthem,causingThequalitiesofvowelsdependuponthepositionofthe andthelips.Oneelementinthedescriptionofvowelsisthepartofthetonguewhichisatthehighestpointinthemouth.Asecondelementisthe towhichthatpartofthetongueisraised.ConsonantsdifferfromvowelsinthatthelatterareproducedwithoutInphonologicalanalysisthewordsfail/veilaredistinguishablesimplybecauseofthetwophonemes/f/-/v/.ThisisanexampleforillustratingInEnglishthereareanumberof ,whichareproducedbymovingfromonevowelpositiontoanotherthroughinterveningpositions. referstothephenomenonofsoundscontinuallyshowtheinfluenceoftheirneighbors. isthesmallestlinguisticunit.Speechtakesplacewhentheorgansofspeechmovetoproducepatternsofsound.Thesemovementshaveaneffectonthe comingfromthelungs.Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)SoundassimilationSuprasegmentalfeatureComplementarydistributionDistinctivefeaturesAnswerthefollowingquestions.(20%)Whatisacousticphonetics? (中國人民大學(xué)， 2003)Whatarethedifferencesbetweenvoicedsoundsandvoicelesssoundsintermsofarticulation?(南開04)Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)Writethesymbolthatcorrespondstoeachofthefollowingphoneticdescriptions;thengiveanEnglishwordthatcontainsthissound.Example:voicedalveolarstop[d]dog.(青島海洋大學(xué)，1999)voicelessbilabialunaspiratedstoplowfrontvowellateralliquidvelarnasalvoicedinterdentalfricative第三章：詞匯Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1.Nouns,verbsandadjectivescanbeclassifiedas A.lexicalwordsB.grammaticalwordsC.functionwordsD.formwordsMorphemesthatrepresenttense,number,genderandcasearecalled morpheme.A.inflectional B.freebound D.derivationalThereare morphemesintheworddenationalization.A.three B.four C.five D.sixInEnglish-iseand-tionarecalled .A.prefixes B.suffixes C.infixes D.stemsThethreesubtypesofaffixesare:prefix,suffixand .A.derivationalaffixB.inflectionalaffixC.infixback-formationisawayinwhichnewwordsmaybeformedfromalreadyexistingwordsbysubtractinganaffixwhichisthoughttobepartoftheoldword.A.affixation B.back-formationC.insertion D.additionThewordTBisformedinthewayof .A.acronymy B.clipping C.initialismThewordslikecomsatandsitcomareformedby .blendingB.clippingC.back-formationThewordTBisformedinthewayof .A.acronymy B.clipping C.initialismThewordslikecomsatandsitcomareformedby .blendingB.clippingC.back-formationThestemofdisagreementsis A.agreement B.agree C.disagreeAllofthemaremeaningfulexceptfor .A.lexeme B.phoneme C.morphemeD.blendingA.D.acronymyD.disagreementD.allomorphDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11.Phonetically,thestressofacompoundalwaysfallsonthefirstelement,whilethesecondelementreceivessecondarystress.Foreasinforetellisbothaprefixandaboundmorpheme.Basereferstothepartofthewordthatremainswhenallinflectionalaffixesareremoved.Inmostcases,prefixeschangethemeaningofthebasewhereassuffixeschangetheword-classofthebase.Conversionfromnountoverbisthemostproductiveprocessofaword.Reduplicativecompoundisformedbyrepeatingthesamemorphemeofaword.Thewordswhimper,whisperandwhistleareformedinthewayofonomatopoeia.Inmostcases,thenumberofsyllablesofawordcorrespondstothenumberofmorphemes.Back-formationisaproductivewayofword-formations.Inflectionisaparticularwayofword-formations.Fillintheblanks.(20%)TOC\o"1-5"\h\zAn ispronouncedletterbyletter,whilean ispronouncedasaword.Lexicon,inmostcases,issynonymouswith .Orthographically,compoundsarewritteninthreeways: , and .Allwordsmaybesaidtocontainaroot .Asmallsetofconjunctions,prepositionsandpronounsbelongto class,whilethelargestpartofnouns,verbs,adjectivesandadverbsbelongsto class. isareverseprocessofderivation,andthereforeisaprocessofshortening. isextremelyproductive,becauseEnglishhadlostmostofitsinflectionalendingsbytheendofMiddleEnglishperiod,whichfacilitatedtheuseofwordsinterchangeablyasverbsornouns,verbsoradjectives,andviceversa.Wordsaredividedintosimple,compoundandderivedwordsonthe level.Awordformedbyderivationiscalleda ,andawordformedbycompoundingiscalleda .Boundmorphemesareclassifiedintotwotypes: and .Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)BlendingAllomorphClosed-classwordMorphologicalruleAnswerthefollowingquestions.(20%)HowmanytypesofmorphemesarethereintheEnglishlanguage?Whatarethey?(廈門大學(xué)，2003 )WhatarethemainfeaturesoftheEnglishcompounds?Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)MatchthetermsunderCOLUMNIwiththeunderlinedformsfromCOLUMNII(武漢大學(xué)，2004)I II(1)acronyma.foe⑵freemorphemeb.subconscious⑶derivationalmorphemec.UNESCO⑷inflectionalmorphemed.overwhelmedprefixe.calculation第四章：句法I.Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1.ThesentencestructureisA.onlylinearC.complexB.onlyhierarchicalD.bothlinearandhierarchical2.ThesyntacticrulesofanylanguageareA.large B.smallinnumber.C.finiteD.infinite3.Therulesaretherulesthatgroupwordsandphrasestoformgrammaticalsentences.A.lexicalC.linguisticB.morphologicalD.combinationalwhenitdoesnotconformtothegrammaticalknowledgeinthemindofnativespeakers.A.right B.wrong4.AsentenceisconsideredC.grammaticalD.ungrammatical5.Aintheembeddedclausereferstotheintroductorywordthatintroducestheembeddedclause.A.coordinatorB.particleC.prepositionD.subordinator6.PhrasestructureruleshaveA.recursiveproperties.B.grammaticalC.socialD.functional7.PhrasestructurerulesallowustobetterunderstandA.B.C.howwordsandphrasesformsentences.whatconstitutesthegrammaticalityofstringsofwordshowpeopleproduceandrecognizepossiblesentencesD.alloftheabove.8.TheheadofthephraseA.thecitycityB.RomethecityRomeC.??isD.thecityRome9.ThephraseA.endocentric“ontheshelflongsB.exocentrictobeconstruction.C.subordinateD.coordinate10.Thesentence“Theywerewantedtoremainquietandnottoexposethemselves.isasentence.A.simpleB.coordinateC.compoundD.complexWOR格式WOR格式專業(yè)資料整理專業(yè)資料整理WOR格式WOR格式Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)Universallyfoundinthegrammarsofallhumanlanguages,syntacticrulesthatcomprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeakerareknownaslinguisticcompetence.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,butthereisnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend.Inacomplexsentence,thetwoclausesholdunequalstatus,onesubordinatingtheother.Constituentsthatcanbesubstitutedforoneanotherwithoutlossofgrammaticalitybelongtothesamesyntacticcategory.Minorlexicalcategoriesareopenbecausethesecategoriesarenotfixedandnewmembersareallowedfor.InEnglishsyntacticanalysis,fourphrasalcategoriesarecommonlyrecognizedanddiscussed,namely,nounphrase,verbphrase,infinitivephrase,andauxiliaryphrase.InEnglishthesubjectusuallyprecedestheverbandthedirectobjectusuallyfollowstheverb.Whatisactuallyinternalizedinthemindofanativespeakerisacompletelistofwordsandphrasesratherthangrammaticalknowledge.Anounphrasemustcontainanoun,butotherelementsareoptional.Itisbelievedthatphrasestructurerules,withtheinsertionofthelexicon,generatesentencesatthelevelofD-structure.Fillintheblanks.(20%)A sentenceconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsasubjectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence.A isastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.A maybeanounoranounphraseinasentencethatusuallyprecedesthepredicate.Thepartofasentencewhichcomprisesafiniteverboraverbphraseandwhichsayssomethingaboutthesubjectisgrammaticallycalled .A sentencecontainstwo,ormore,clauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintotheother.Inthecomplexsentence,theincorporatedorsubordinateclauseisnormallycalledan clause.Majorlexicalcategoriesare categoriesinthesensethatnewwordsareconstantlyadded. conditiononcaseassignmentstatesthatacaseassignorandacaserecipientshouldstayadjacenttoeachother.between aresyntacticoptionsofUGthatallowgeneralprinciplestooperatebetweeninonewayoranotherandcontributetosignificantlinguistic variationsand

amongnaturallanguages.Thetheoryof conditionexplainsthefactthatnounphrasesappearonlyinsubjectandobjectpositions.Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)SyntaxICanalysisHierarchicalstructureTracetheoryAnswerthefollowingquestions.(20%)Whatareendocentricconstructionandexocentricconstruction? (武漢大學(xué)，morebeautifulflowers”bymeans2004morebeautifulflowers”bymeansDistinguishthetwopossiblemeaningsofICanalysis.(北京二外國語大學(xué)， 2004)Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)DrawatreediagramaccordingtothePSrulestoshowthedeepstructureofthesentence:Thestudentwrotealetteryesterday.第五章：意義I.Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1.Thenamingtheoryisadvancedby A.Plato B.BloomfieldC.GeoffreyLeechD.Firth2.Weshallknowawordbythecompanyitkeeps.ThisstatementrepresentsA.theconceptualistviewC.thenamingtheoryB.contexutalismD.behaviorismWhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Senseisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform.Senseisabstractanddecontextualized.Senseistheaspectofmeaningdictionarycompilersarenotinterestedin.“CanIborrowyourbike? ” “Youhaveabike. ”A.issynonymouswithC. B.isinconsistentwithentails D.presupposes isawayinwhichthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.A.Predicationanalysis B.ComponentialanalysisC.Phonemicanalysis D.Grammaticalanalysis“Alive”and“dead”are .A.gradableantonyms B.relationalantonymsC.complementaryantonyms D.Noneoftheabove dealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.A.Reference B.Concept C.Semantics D.Sense referstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform.A.Polysemy B.SynonymyC.Homonymy D.HyponymyWordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalled .A.homonyms B.polysemies C.hyponyms D.synonymsWOR格式WOR格式資資WOR格式WOR格式專業(yè)資料整理專業(yè)資料整理Thegrammaticalityofasentenceisgovernedby .A.grammaticalrulesB.selectionalrestrictionsC.semanticrulesD.semanticfeaturesDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)DialectalsynonymscanoftenbefoundindifferentregionaldialectssuchasBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishbutcannotbefoundwithinthevarietyitself,forexample,withinBritishEnglishorAmericanEnglish.Senseisconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience,whilethereferencedealswiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Linguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituations.Insemantics,meaningoflanguageisconsideredastheintrinsicandinherentrelationtothephysicalworldofexperience.Contextualismisbasedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfromorreducemeaningtoobservablecontexts.Behavioristsattemptedtodefinethemeaningofalanguageformasthesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer.Themeaningofasentenceisthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents.Mostlanguageshavesetsoflexicalitemssimilarinmeaningbutrankeddifferentlyaccordingtotheirdegreeofformality.“Itishot.”-placeisnopredicationbecauseitcontainsnoargument.Ingrammaticalanalysis,thesentenceistakentobethebasicunit,butinsemanticanalysisofasentence,thebasicunitispredication,whichistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.Fillintheblanks.(20%) canbedefinedasthestudyofmeaning.Theconceptualistviewholdsthatthereisno linkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto. meanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalled .Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,butdifferentinspellingandmeaning,theyarecalled . oppositesarepairsofwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthetwoitems. analysisisbaseduponthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedividedintomeaningcomponents.Whetherasentenceissemanticallymeaningfulisgovernedbyrulescalled

restrictions,whichareconstraintsonwhatlexicalitemscangowithwhatothers.A(n) isalogicalparticipantinapredication,largelyidenticalwiththenominalelement(s)inasentence.Accordingtothe theoryofmeaning,thewordsinalanguagearetakentobelabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor.Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)EntailmentPropositionComponentialanalysisReferenceAnswerthefollowingquestions.(20%)Whatarethesenserelationsbetweenthefollowinggroupsofwords?Dogs,cats,pets,parrots;trunk,branches,tree,roots (青島海洋大 1999學(xué)， )（武漢大學(xué)，2004（武漢大學(xué)，2004）Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)Foreachgroupofwordsgivenbelow,statewhatsemanticpropertyorpropertiesaresharedbythe(a)wordsandthe(b)words,andwhatsemanticpropertyorpropertiesdistinguishbetweentheclassesof(a)wordsand(b)words.a.bachelor,man,son,paperboy,pope,chiefb.bull,rooster,drake,rama.table,stone,pencil,cup,house,ship,k,alcohol,rice,soupa.book,temple,mountain,road,tractor（青島海洋1999（青島海洋1999）b.大學(xué)，

第七章：語言、文化和社會(huì)[注：第六章無測(cè)試題]Choosethebestanswer.(20%) isconcernedwiththesocialsignificanceoflanguagevariationandlanguageuseindifferentspeechcommunities.A.PsycholinguisticsC.AppliedlinguisticsB.SociolinguisticsD.GenerallinguisticsThemostdistinguishablelinguisticfeatureofaregionaldialectisits useofwordsB.useofstructuresC.accentD.morphemes isspeechvariationaccordingtotheparticularareawhereaspeakercomesfrom.A.RegionalvariationC.SocialvariationB.LanguagevariationD.Registervariation4. arethemajorsourceofregionalvariationoflanguage.A.GeographicalbarriersB.Loyaltytoandconfidenceinone'snativespeechPhysicaldiscomfortandpsychologicalresistancetochangeSocialbarriers5. meansthatcertainauthorities,suchasthegovernmentchoose,aparticularspeechvariety,standardizeitandspreadtheuseofitacrossregionalboundaries.A.LanguageinterferenceC.LanguageplanningB.LanguagechangesD.Languagetransfer6. inaperson sspeechorwritingusuallyrangesonacontinuumfromcasualorcolloquialtoformalorpoliteaccordingtothetypeofcommunicativesituation.A.RegionalvariationC.VariationinconnotationsB.ChangesinemotionsD.Stylisticvariation7.A isavarietyoflanguagethatservesasamediumofcommunicationamonggroupsofpeoplefordiverselinguisticbackgrounds.A.linguafranca B.registerC.Creole D.nationallanguage8.Although aresimplifiedlanguageswithreducedgrammaticalfeatures,theyarerule-governed,likeanyhumanlanguage.A.vernacularlanguages B.creolesC.pidgins D.sociolectsWOR格式WOR格式專業(yè)資料整理專業(yè)資料整理WOR格式WOR格式專業(yè)資料整理專業(yè)資料整理Innormalsituations, speakerstendtousemoreprestigiousformsthantheir counterpartswiththesamesocialbackground.female;male B.male;female C.old;young D.young;oldAlinguistic referstoawordorexpressionthatisprohibitedbythe“polite”societygeneralfromuse.A.slang B.euphemism C.jargon D.tabooDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)Languageasameansofsocialcommunicationisahomogeneoussystemwithahomogeneousgroupofspeakers.cannThegoalofsociolinguisticsistoexplorethenatureoflanguagevariationandlanguageuseamongavarietyofspeechcommunitiesandindifferentsocialsituations.cannFromthesociolinguisticperspective,theterm “speechotbevarietyusedtorefertostandardlanguage,vernacularlanguage,dialectorpidgin.Themostdistinguishablelinguisticfeatureofaregionaldialectisitsgrammarandusesofvocabulary.Aperson'ssocialbackgroundsdonotexertashapinginfluenceonhischoiceoflinguisticfeatures.Everyspeakerofalanguageis,inastrictersense,aspeakerofadistinctidiolect.Alinguafrancacanonlybeusedwithinaparticularcountryforcommunicationamonggroupsofpeoplewithdifferentlinguisticbackgrounds.Apidginusuallyreflectstheinfluenceofthehigher,ordominant,languageinitslexiconandthatofthelowerlanguageintheirphonologyandoccasionallysyntax.Bilingualismanddiglossiameanthesamething.Theuseofeuphemismshastheeffectofremovingderogatoryovertonesandthedisassociativeeffectassuchisusuallylong-lasting.Fillintheblanks.(20%)Thesocialgroupisolatedforanygivenstudyiscalledthespeech .Speech referstoanydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakerorgroupofspeakers.Fromthesociolinguisticperspective,aspeechvarietyisnomorethana varietyofalanguage.Languagestandardizationisalsocalledlanguage .Socialvariationgivesriseto whicharesubdivisibleintosmallerspeechcategoriesthatreflecttheirsocioeconomic,educational,occupationalbackground,etc. variationinaperson 'sspeechorwritingusuallyonrangecontinuumfromcasualorcolloquialtoformalorpoliteaccordingtothetypeofcommunicativesituation.Aregionaldialectmaygainstatusandbecomestandardizedasthenationalor languageofacountry.Thestandardlanguageisa ,sociallyprestigiousdialectoflanguage.Languagevarietiesotherthanthestandardarecallednonstandard,or languages.Apidgintypicallylacksin morphemes.Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)31.Linguafranca32.Regionaldialect33.Register34.SociolinguisticsAnswerthefollowingquestions.(20%)IsAmericanEnglishsuperiortoAfricanEnglish?Whyorwhynot? (中國人民大學(xué)，2003)Ifwetakeitasrulethatlanguageisintimatelyrelatedtoculture,thenhowdothekinshipwords,suchasuncleandaunt,reflect theculturaldifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinese? (東北師范大學(xué)， 2004)Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)Explainthedifferencesbetweenregistersandregional/socialdialects.Giveexamplesifnecessary. (東北師范大學(xué)， 2005)第八章：語言的使用Choosethebestanswer.(20%)Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaning isconsidered.A.reference B.speechact C.practicalusage D.contextAsentenceisa concept,andthemeaningofasentenceisoftenstudiedinisolation.A.pragmatic B.grammatical C.mental D.conceptualIfwethinkofasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomesa(n) .A.constative B.directive C.utterance D.expressiveWhichofthefollowingistrue?Utterancesusuallydonottaketheformofsentences.Someutterancescannotberestoredtocompletesentences.Noutterancescantaketheformofsentences.Allutterancescanberestoredtocompletesentences.Speechacttheory