自考-國際商務(wù)英語(復(fù)習(xí)資料)

精選文檔精選文檔可編輯可編輯精選文檔精選文檔可編輯可編輯InternationalBusinessEnglishLesson1InternationalBusiness/國際商務(wù)BusinessKnowledge:ThemajordifferencesbetweeninternationalbusinessanddomesticbusinessDifferencesinlegalsystems法律體系Differencesincurrencies貨幣DifferencesinculturalbackgroundDifferentinnaturalandeconomicconditionsThemajortypesofinternationalbusinessTradeCommoditytrade商品貿(mào)易ServicetradeInvestmentForeigndirectinvestmentPortfolioinvestment證券投資OthertypesLicensingandfranchising許可經(jīng)營和特許經(jīng)營Managementcontractandcontractmanufacturing 管理合同和承包生產(chǎn)TurnkeyprojectandBOTTradeTerms:Customsarea關(guān)稅區(qū):Conversion貨幣兌換Visibletrade有形貿(mào)易:Theformofcommoditytrade,i.e.exportingandimportinggoodsproducedormanufacturedinonecountryforconsumptionorresaleinanother.（includingcashtransaction-bymeansofmoneyandmarket,andcountertrade）Invisibletrade無形貿(mào)易 :Theformoftransportation,communication,banking,insurance,consulting,informationetc.iscalledinvisibletradeorserviceindustries.FDI外國直接投資 :Foreigndirectinvestments.Returnsthroughcontrollingtheenterprisesorassetsinvestedinahostcountry./ P.256.Onecountryacquiresassetsinaforeigncountryforthepurposeofcontrollingandmanagingthem.Portfolioinvestment證券投資:Purchasesofforeignfinancialassetsforapurposeotherthancontrolling.Stocks股票:Capitalstocksorbonds.Bonds債券:Thepapersissuedbyagovernmentorafirmwithpromisetopaybackthemoneylentorinvestedtogetherwithinterest.Maturity（票據(jù)等）到期Certificateofdeposit大額存單Licensing許可經(jīng)營 :Inlicensing,afirmleasestherighttouseitsintellectualpropertytoafirminanothercountry.Theychooselicensingbecausetheydonothavetomakecashpaymentstostatbusiness,andcansimplyreceiveincomeintheformofroyalty（許可費(fèi)） .Franchising特許經(jīng)營 :Underfranchising,franchiseeisallowedtooperateinthenameofanother,franchiserwhoprovidestheformerwithtrademarks,brandnames,logosandoperatingtechniquesforroyalty.TradeMark商標(biāo)Patent專利Royalty專利（許可）使用費(fèi)，版稅Copyright版權(quán)Licenser許可方Licensee被許可方Franchiser特許方:Afirmwhoprovidesthefranchiseewithtrademarks,brandnames,logosandoperatingtechniquesforroyalty.Franchisee被特許方 :Afirmisallowedtooperateinthenameofanother.Managementcontract管理合同 :Underamanagementcontract,onecompanyoffersmanagerial orotherspecialized servicestoanotherwithinaparticularperiodforaflatpaymentorapercentageoftherelevantbusinessvolume.Valuechain價(jià)值鏈Turnkeyproject“交鑰匙” 工程:Foraninternationalturnkeyproject,afirmsignsacontractwithaforeignpurchaserandundertakesallthedesigning,contractingandfacilityequippingbeforehandingitovertothelatteruponcompletion.BOT建設(shè)、經(jīng)營和移交 :Build,Operate,TransferExpertise專門知識(shí)Bonus紅利、獎(jiǎng)金、津貼Royalty許可使用費(fèi)Internationalinvestment國際投資 :Supplyingcapitalbyresidentsofonecountrytoanother.Contractmanufacturing承包生產(chǎn)GATT關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定 :GeneralAgreementonTariffsandTradeInternationalbusiness國際商務(wù) :Transactionbetweenpartiesfromdifferentcountries.Sometimesbusinessacrossthebordersofdifferentcustomsareasofthesamecountryisalsoregardedasimportandexport.Intellectualproperty知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)Oildeposit:石油儲(chǔ)備 =oilreservesthereservesofnaturalresources自然資源儲(chǔ)備Personaladvancement個(gè)人的晉升，個(gè)人素質(zhì)的提高以及個(gè)人事業(yè)的進(jìn)步等。Answerthefollowingquestions:Whatdoesinternationalbusinessreferto?Pleasetellthedifferencebetweeninternationalbusinessanddomesticbusiness.A:Internationalbusinessreferstotransactionbetweenpartiesfromdifferentcountries.Sometimesbusinessacrossthebordersofdifferentcustomsareasofthesamecountryisalsoregardedasimportandexport.Somemajordifferencesbetweeninternationalbusinessanddomesticbusinessisfollowing:DifferencesinlegalsystemsDifferencesincurrenciesDifferencesinculturalbackgroundDifferentinnaturalandeconomicconditionsPleaseexplainthedifferencesbetweenvisibletradeandinvisibletrade.Whichisbecomingmoreandmoreimportantandaccountsforanincreasingproportionininternationaltrade?A:Visibletradeistheformofcommoditytrade.Theformoftransportation,communication,banking,insurance,consulting,informationetc.iscalledinvisibletradeorserviceindustries.Thelaterisbecomemoreandmoreimportant.Canyoucitesomeexamplestoillustrateculturaldifferencesininternationalbusiness?A:Culturaldifferencesincludinglanguage,customs,traditions,religion,value,behavioretc.Pleaseelaborate(詳細(xì)說明) onthetwocategories(種類) ofinternationalinvestment.Whatistheirmajordifference?A:FDI(Foreigndirectinvestment)ismadeforreturnsthroughcontrollingtheenterprisesorassetsinvestedininahostcountry./外國直接投資：通過控制其它投資在他國的企業(yè)和資產(chǎn)獲得回報(bào)。Portfolioinvestmentreferstopurchasesofforeignfinancialassetsforapurposeotherthancontrolling.Suchfinancialassetsmaybestocks,bondsorcertificatesofdeposit./證券投資：不以控制為目的而購買外國的金融資產(chǎn)，如：股票、債券和定期存款單。Whatislicensing?Whydofirmssometimeschooseitasameansofenteringaforeignmarket?A:Inlicensing,afirmleasestherighttouseitsintellectualpropertytoafirminanothercountry./國際許可即：一家公司允許國外的公司使用它的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)。Theychooselicensingbecausetheydonothavetomakecashpaymentstostatbusiness,andcansimplyreceiveincomeintheformofroyalty. 可直接收取知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)費(fèi)，不必現(xiàn)金開辦新業(yè)務(wù)Besides,theycanbenefitfromlocationaladvantagesofforeignoperationwithoutanyobligationsinownershipormanagement. 享有當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)營優(yōu)勢(shì)，而在所有權(quán)和經(jīng)營上不承擔(dān)義務(wù)Theuseoflicensingisparticularlyencouragedbyhighcustomsdutyandnon-tariffbarriersonthepartofthehostcountry. 當(dāng)東道國的關(guān)稅高或非關(guān)稅壁壘多時(shí)，國際許可經(jīng)營更受歡迎。精選文檔精選文檔可編輯可編輯精選文檔精選文檔可編輯可編輯Whatisfranchising?Howisitdifferentfromlicensing?A:Underfranchising,franchiseeisallowedtooperateinthenameofanother,franchiserwhoprovidestheformerwithtrademarks,brandnames,logosandoperatingtechniquesforroyalty./在特許經(jīng)營情況下，特許使用方以特許授予方的名義開展業(yè)務(wù)， 后者向前者提供商標(biāo)、品牌、公司經(jīng)營技巧等而獲取特許使用費(fèi)。Incomparisonwiththerelationbetweenthelicenserandthelicensee,thefranchiserhasmorecontroloverandprovidesmoresupportforthefranchisee.Whatisamanagementcontract?Underwhatconditionsisitmostapplicable?A:Underamanagementcontract,onecompanyoffersmanagerialorotherspecializedservices （管理或其它專門服務(wù)） toanotherwithinaparticularperiodforaflatpaymentorapercentageoftherelevantbusinessvolume （相關(guān)業(yè)務(wù)總價(jià)值的百分比）.Whenagovernmentforbidsforeignownershipincertainindustriesitconsiderstobeofstrategicimportancebutlackstheexpertiseforoperation,managementcontractsmaybeapracticalchoiceenablingaforeign companytooperateintheindustrywithoutowningtheassets.Whatisaninternationalturnkeyproject?InwhatwayisitsvariantBOTdifferentfromit?A:Foraninternationalturnkeyproject,afirmsignsacontractwithaforeignpurchaser （夕卜國買方） andundertakesallthedesigning,contracting andfacilityequipping （裝配設(shè)備） beforehandingitovertothelatteruponcompletion.ForaBOTproject,afirmoperatesafacilityforaperiodoftimeafterbuildingitupbeforefinallytransferringittoaforeigncompany.MakingprofitfromoperatingtheprojectforaperiodisthemajordifferencebetweenBOTandthecommonturnkeyprojectTranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish:.國際貿(mào)易一般指不同國家的當(dāng)事人進(jìn)行的交易， 它涉及到許多因素，因而比國內(nèi)貿(mào)易要復(fù)雜得多。Internationalbusinessreferstotransactionbetweenpartiesformdifferentcountries.Itinvolvesmorefactorsandthusismorecomplicatedthedomesticbusiness..隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化進(jìn)程的發(fā)展，很少人和公司能完全獨(dú)立于國際商務(wù)之外而存在。 因此，在此方面具有一定的知識(shí)是十分必要的，這既有益于企業(yè)的發(fā)展又有益于個(gè)人的進(jìn)步。Withthedevelopmentofeconomicglobalization,fewpeopleorcompaniescancompletelystayawayfrominternationalbusiness.Therefore,someknowledgeinthisrespectisnecessarybothforthebenefitofenterprisesandpersonaladvancement..其他參與國際貿(mào)易的形式有管理合同、承包生產(chǎn)和“交鑰匙”工程。Otherformsforparticipatingininternationalbusinessaremanagementcontract,contractmanufacturingandturnkeyproject..國際貿(mào)易最初以商品貿(mào)易的形式出現(xiàn)， 即在一國生產(chǎn)或制造商品而出口或進(jìn)口到另一國進(jìn)行消費(fèi)或轉(zhuǎn)售。Internationalbusinessfirsttooktheformofcommoditytrade,i.e.exportingandimportinggoodsproducedormanufacturedinonecountryforconsumptionorresaleinanother..除了國際貿(mào)易和投資，國際許可和特許經(jīng)營有時(shí)也是進(jìn)入國外市場(chǎng)的一種方式。Besidestradeandinvestment,internationallicensingandfranchisingaresometimestakenasameansofenteringaforeignmarket.Lesson2IncomeLevelandtheWorldMarket /收入水平和世界市場(chǎng)BusinessKnowledge:GNPandGDPPercapitaincomeandpercapitaGDPHigh-income,middleincomeandlow-incomecountriesStandardsforclassificationRepresentativecountries 精選文檔 精選文檔 可編輯可編輯精選文檔精選文檔可編輯可編輯(4)(4)TriadandQuadNIEs(亞洲四小虎) :NewlyIndustrializedEconomiesUnitedStatesWesternEurope西歐JapanCanadaOtherimportantmarketsforChinaTradeTerms:GNP國民生產(chǎn)總值 :Grossnational Product.Themarketvalueofgoodsandservicesproducedbytheproperty andlaborownedbytheresidents ofaneconomy./一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)體憑借其居民擁有的資產(chǎn)和勞動(dòng)力所生產(chǎn)的貨物和服務(wù)的市場(chǎng)價(jià)值。GDP國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值 :GrossDomesticProduct.Themarketvalueofallgoodsandservicesproducedwithinthegeographicareaofaneconomy./一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)體地理區(qū)域內(nèi)所生產(chǎn)的所有實(shí)物產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)的價(jià)值。Nationalincome國民收入Percapitaincome人均收入PercapitaGDP人均國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值 :ItiscalculatedbydividingitstotalGDPbyitspopulation,whichrevealstheaverageincomelevelofconsumers.PPP購買力平價(jià) :PurchasingpowerparityConsumerism消費(fèi)主義Incomedistribution收入分布 :Theproportions(比例) ofitsrich,middleincomeandpoorpeople.Infrastructure基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施Staplegoods大路貨Invoice(開)發(fā)票Creditorcountry債權(quán)國OECD經(jīng)合組織， 經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與開發(fā)組織 :OrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment.TheCommonwealthofIndependentStates 獨(dú)聯(lián)體，獨(dú)立國家聯(lián)合體ASEAN東盟，東南亞國家聯(lián)盟 :AssociationofSoutheastAsianNationals.17.Factorsofproduction生產(chǎn)要素Answerthefollowingquestions:ExplaintheconceptsofGNPandGDPrespectivelyandpointouttheirmajordifference.Canweusetheminterchangeably?A:GNP(GrossnationalProduct)referstothemarketvalueofgoodsandservicesproducedbythepropertyandlaborownedbytheresidentsofaneconomy.GDP(GrossDomesticProduct)measuresthemarketvalueofallgoodsandservicesproducedwithinthegeographicareaofaneconomy.ThedifferencebetweenthemisthatGNPfocusesonownershipofthefactorsofproductionwhileGDPconcentratesontheplacewhereproductiontakesplace.ThedifferencebetweenGNPandGDPcanbeignoredsinceitverysmallinmostcases.Therefore,wecanusetheminterchangeably.InwhatdifferentwaysareGDPandpercapitaincomesignificantinassessingthepotentialofaparticularmarket?A:TotalGDPindicatestheoverallsizeofaneconomy,whichisimportantinmarketassessmentfordurableequipmentorbulkgoods(grain,steelorcement).PercapitaGDPrevealstheaverageincomelevelofconsumers,whichisimportantwhenmarketingconsumerdurables.Whataremeantbyhighincome,middleincome,andlow-incomecountriesaccordingtotheWorldBank?Citesomeexamplesforeachgroup.A:High-incomecountries:thoseenjoyingannualpercapitaincomeof$9386andabove.Inthisgroupcomprisethreetypesofcountries;mostmembersofOECD,richoilproducingcountriesoftheMiddleEast,small-industrializedcountriesorregions./包括經(jīng)合組織的大多數(shù)成員國、中東石油生產(chǎn)國、工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)的小國和地區(qū)。Middle-incomecountries:thosewithannualpercapitaincomebelow$9386butabove$765.IncludedinthiscategoryismostEastEuropeancountriesandmostmembersoftheCommonwealthofIndependentStates,sixOECDmembers,quiteanumberofLatinAmericancountriesandsomecomparativelydevelopedcountriesinAsia,SouthAfricaandoil-producingcountriesinAfrican./東歐的大多數(shù)國家、大多數(shù)獨(dú)聯(lián)體國家、經(jīng)合組織的留個(gè)成員國、相當(dāng)數(shù)量的拉美國家。Low-incomecountries:thosethathavepercapitaincomesofonly$765orevenless.MostAfricancountries,someAsiancountriesandafewLatinAmericancountriesareincludedinthisgroup.Whyarehigh-incomecountriesimportanttotradeandinvestment?Shouldweneglectlow-incomecountriesininternationalbusiness?A:High-incomecountriesoftenhavegoodinfrastructure （基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施）,highpurchasingpower,andadvancedtechnology,efficientmanagement （有效管理）andfavorableenvironmentfortradeandinvestment.Theyofferprimemarketsforexpensiveconsumergoodsandarebothattractivesourcesanddestinationsofinvestment. 是高檔消費(fèi)品的主要市場(chǎng)， 在吸引外資/對(duì)外投資都處于有利地位。Ininternationaltradethelow-incomecountriesshouldnotbeneglected,becausetheyconstitutemarketsforlower-pricedstaplegoods（價(jià)格低的大宗商品），providecheaplaborandareoftenrichinresources.Oncetapped,thebusinesspotentialofthesecountrieswillonedaybecomerealbusinessopportunities./ 一經(jīng)開發(fā)，商業(yè)潛力有一天會(huì)成為實(shí)際的商業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)WasChinaalow-incomecountryafewyearsago?Howaboutnow?A:Chinawithapercapitaincomeofover$1100isamiddle-incomecountrythoughitwasalow-incomecountryjustafewyearsago.Whatdoestheterm"Triad"refersto （三方組合）？WhatismeantbyQuad（四方組合）？A:ThetermTriadreferstothethreerichestregionsoftheworld;theUnitedStates,theEuropeanUnionandJapanthatofferthemostimportantbusinessopportunities.ThescopeofTriadtoincludeCanadaandnamethebroadenedgroupingQuad.HowmuchdoyouknowaboutOECD?Pleasemakeabriefaccount.A:OECDmeansOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment.Theorganizationisincluded29members,23ofthemarehigh-incomecountriesand6aremiddle-incomecountries.TheheadquartersisinParis.WhatisthebestpolicyforChinatodevelopbusinessopportunities?A:SofarasChinaisconcerned,othermarketsweshouldpayparticularattentiontoarethosearoundus （應(yīng)特別關(guān)注的其它市場(chǎng)還有周邊地區(qū)，如）:theFourTigers（亞洲四小虎），theASEANcountries,Russia,IndiaandabitfartherawayAustralia.Thesecountriesorregionseitherhaverichconsumersandoffergoodbusinessopportunitiesoraredevelopingfastwithverypromisingmarketpotential.Andtheirgeographicalproximity （地理上接近） toChinaisagreatadvantageforusindevelopingbusinessrelationswiththem.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish:.民生產(chǎn)總值和國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值是表明一國收入的兩個(gè)重要概念。區(qū)別在于前者強(qiáng)調(diào)的是生產(chǎn)要素的所屬權(quán)而后者著重于進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)的國家。GNPandGDParetwoimportantconceptsusedtoindicateacountry 'stotalincome.Thedifferencebetweenthemisthattheformerfocusesonownershipofthefactorsofproductionwhilethelatterconcentratesonthecountrywhere productiontakesplace..要評(píng)估某一市場(chǎng)的潛力，人們往往要分析其收入水平，因?yàn)樗鼮槟抢锞用竦馁徺I力高低提供了線索。Inassessingthepotentialofacountryasamarket,peopleoftenlookatpercapitaincomesinceitprovidescluesaboutthepurchasingpowerofitsresidents...世界各國被世界銀行分為三大領(lǐng)域：高收入國家，中等收入國家和低收入國家。CountriesoftheworldaredividedbytheWorldBankintothreecategoriesofhigh-income,middle-incomeandlow-incomeeconomies..中國現(xiàn)在年人均收入為 1100美元以上，但幾年前它還是個(gè)低收入國家。Chinawithapercapitaincomeofover$1100isamiddle-incomecountrythoughitwasalow-incomecountryjustafewyearsago..就中國來說，周圍還有其他應(yīng)特別關(guān)注的市場(chǎng)，如亞洲四小虎、東盟國家、俄羅斯等國，這些國家都具有前景看好的市場(chǎng)潛力，能為中國提供很好的商機(jī)。AsfarasChinaisconcerned,othermarketsweshouldpayparticularattentiontoarethosearoundus:theFourTigers,theASEANcountries,Russia,etc.ThesecountrieswithverypromisingmarketpotentialandcanoffergoodbusinessopportunitiestoChina.Lesson3RegionalEconomicIntegration/ 地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化BusinessKnowledge:Majorobjectivesofregionalintegration*ForlevelsofregionaleconomicintegrationFreetradeareaCustomsunionCommonmarketEconomicunionEuropeanUnion(EU)Asia-PacificEconomicCooperation(APEC)OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries(OPEC)TradeTerms:Economicintegration經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化Freetradearea自由貿(mào)易區(qū) :Themembersremovebarrierstotradeamongthemselveswhilestilladoptseachownexternalpolicy./ 自由貿(mào)易區(qū)掃除了成員間商品、服務(wù)自由流動(dòng)的障礙。Customsunion關(guān)稅同盟:Themembersremovebarrierstotradeamongthemselvesandadoptthesameexternalpolicy./ 除消除成員間的貿(mào)易壁壘外，所有成員對(duì)外實(shí)行相同的貿(mào)易政策。Tariffrates關(guān)稅稅率SettlementNAFTA北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定 :NorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreementCommonmarket共同市場(chǎng) :Themembersremovebarriersnotonlytotradebutalsotofactorsofproductionandadoptthesameexternalpolicy.Banknotescirculation貨幣流通Cartel卡塔爾APEC亞太經(jīng)合組織，亞洲太平洋經(jīng)濟(jì)合作組織 :AsiaPacificEconomicCooperationOPEC石油輸出國組織 :OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountriesEuropeanCommission歐盟委員會(huì)Councilofministers部長理事會(huì)Dual-MinisterialMeeting雙部長會(huì)議QuotaRestrictions配額限制EconomicUnion(EU)經(jīng)濟(jì)同盟 :Themembersremovebarriersnotonlytotradebutalsotofactorsofproduction,adoptthesameexternalpolicyandharmonizetheirtaxation,governmentexpenditure,industrypoliciesandusethesamecurrency.EU歐盟，歐洲聯(lián)盟 :EuropeanUnionEC歐共體，歐洲共同體 :EuropeanCommunityBenelux荷比盧(比利時(shí)、荷蘭和盧森堡三國) :Belgium,Netherlands,LuxemburgMercosur南方共同市場(chǎng) :SouthernConeCustomsUnionECSC歐洲煤鋼共同體 :EuropeanCoalandSteelCommunityEEC歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)共同體 :EuropeanEconomicCommunityEURATOM歐洲原子能共同體，歐洲原子能聯(lián)營:EuropeanAtomicEnergyCommunitySOM高官會(huì)議 :SeniorOfficialsMeetingTILF貿(mào)易投資便利化自由化 :TradeandinvestmentliberationandfacilitationECOTECH經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)合作 :EconomicandtechnicalcooperationPoliticalentity政治實(shí)體Sovereignstate 主權(quán)國家Multi-polarization多極化Sub-committee 分委員會(huì)NTA新跨大西洋議程 :NewTransatlanticAgenda精選文檔精選文檔可編輯可編輯精選文檔精選文檔可編輯可編輯TABD跨大西洋商業(yè)對(duì)話 :TransatlanticBusinessDialogueTACD跨大西洋消費(fèi)者對(duì)話 :TransatlanticConsumerDialogueTerritoryeconomies區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)體PacificRim環(huán)太平洋圈InformalMeetingofEconomicLeaders領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人非正式會(huì)議Answerthefollowingquestions:Whatisafreetradearea?Makeabriefaccountofthemostnotablefreetradeareaintheworld.A:Freetradeareaistheloosestformintheregionaleconomicintegration (經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化程度最低) .Membersinthisformremovesbarrierstotheflowofgoodsandservicesamongthemselveswhileeachmemberstilladoptsitsownpolicyasregardstotradewithoutsiders.ThemostnotableoneistheNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement(NAFTA),thelargestfreemarketformedbytheUnitedStates,CanadaandMexicoin1991withover360millionconsumersandtotalGDPofmorethan6trillionUSdollars.Inwhatwayisacustomsuniondifferentfromafreetradearea?A:TheCustomsUniongoesastepfurtherbyadoptingthesametradepolicyforallthememberstowardcountriesoutsidetradebarriersamongthemselves.theirorganizationinadditiontoabolishingthememberstowardcountriesoutsidetradebarriersamongthemselves.Importsfromothercountriesaresubjecttothesametariff.Whatarethecharacteristicsofacommonmarket?Whichorganizationremainedacommonmarketforsomeyearsinthepast?ofacommonmarket?WhichorganizationA:Thecommonmarketisfurtherupthescaleofregionaleconomicintegration.adoptionofcommonexternalBesidesfreemovementofgoodsandservicesandtradepolicy,factorsofproductionsuchaslabor,capitalandtechnologyarefreetomoveamongmemberssothattheycanbeutilizedinamoreefficientandproductiveway.Inthepast,theEuropeanCommunityremainedacommonmarketforsomeyears.regionaleconomicintegration.adoptionofcommonexternalHowmuchdoyouknowaboutaneconomicunion?Canmembersofaneconomicunionkeepalloftheirnationalsovereignty?A:Theeconomicunionisthehighestformofeconomicintegration,which ischaracterizedbyintegration ofthedomesticpoliciesofitsmembersinrespectof(在?一方面)economy,financeetc.inadditiontoabsenceoftradebarriers,practiceofcommonexternalpolicyandfreeproductionfactormobility.ThemembersofanEconomicUnionarerequirednotonlytoharmonize (保持一致)theirtaxation,governmentexpenditure,industrypolicies,etc.,butalsousethesamecurrency.Thememberarerequiredtosurrendersomeoftheirnationalsovereignty,whichiserodingthetraditionoftheworldpoliticalsystembasedontheautonomyandsupremepowerofsovereignstates.MakeabriefaccountoftheoriginanddevelopmentoftheEU(EuropeanUnion).A:Thefirstcommunity,theEuropeanCoalandSteelCommunity(ECSC)wasestablishedin1952,whichsetthestageformoreambitiousintegrationefforts.ThesigningofthemonumentalTreatyofRomein1957markstheestablishmentoftheEuropeanEconomicCommunitywiththeaimofgraduallyrealizingthefreemovementofgoods,services,laborandcapitalaswellastheharmonizationofeconomicpoliciesofthemembercountries.Tenyearslaterin1967,theEuropeanCommunitywasformedbymergingEEC,ECSCandEuropeanAtomicEnergyCommunity(EURATOM).1992itbecameatruecommonmarketasenvisagedbythe SingleEuropeanAct.ThenonJanuary1,1994theEuropeanUnion(EU)cameintobeingonthestrengthoftheMaastrichtTreaty.Fromthebeginningof1999mostofthemembersbegantousethecommonEuropeancurrencyforaccountingandsettlementandin2002,eurobanknotesandcoinswereputintocirculation.WhatisthemostpowerfulinstitutionoftheEU?WhatistheexecutivebodyoftheEU?Howdoesitoperate?A:ThemostpowerfulinstitutionoftheEUistheCouncilofMinisters.ItsexecutivebodyistheEuropeanCommissioncomposedof20commissionersoverseeing23departmentsinchargeofdifferentaffairs.Decisionsofthecouncilaremadebyvotesallocatedtomembercountriesonthebasisoftheirsize.Differentministersattendthecouncilmeetingdependingonthemattersdiscussed.Thecouncilevenhasthepowertopasslegislation.ExplainbrieflythefivelayerorganizationalstructureofAsia-PacificEconomicCooperation.A:a.theInformalMeetingofEconomicleadersDual-MinisterialMeetingMinistersResponsibleforTradeTheSeniorOfficialsMeeting(SOM)SubordinatecommitteesunderSOM:CommitteeofTradeandInvestment,EconomicCommittee,EconomicandTechnicalCooperationSub-committeeofSOMandBudgetManagementCommittee.WhatarethetenetandobjectivesofAPEC?Whatdoitstwowheelsmean?A:ThetenetandobjectivesofAPECareinter-dependence,mutualbenefits,adheringtoanopenandmultilateraltradingsystemandreductionofregionaltradebarriers.Itstwowheelsmeantradeandinvestmentliberationandfacilitation(TILF)andeconomicandtechnicalcooperation(ECOTECH).WhatarethenatureandobjectivesofOPEC?A:OPECisacommoditycartel.Ittriedtolimittheoverallcrudeoilsupplyoftheworldforthepurposeofmaintaininghigheroilprices.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish:.過去的幾十年，地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化越來越重要。Thepastdecadeswitnessedincreasinglygrowingimportanceofregionaleconomicintegration..最著名的自由貿(mào)易區(qū)是北美自由貿(mào)易區(qū)， 它是由美國、加拿大和墨西哥于1991年建立的。ThemostnotablefreetradeareaistheNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement(NAFTA),thelargestfreemarketformedbytheUnitedStates,CanadaandMexicoin1991..經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)盟成員國不僅要在稅收、 政府開支、企業(yè)策略等方面保持一致， 而且還應(yīng)使用同一貨幣。ThemembersofanEconomicUnionarerequirednotonlytoharmonizetheirtaxation,governmentexpenditure,industrypolices,etc.,butalsousethesamecurrency..歐洲委員會(huì)是歐盟的管理機(jī)構(gòu)之一， 此機(jī)構(gòu)將提議呈交給部長理事會(huì)做決定， 并監(jiān)督各成員國根據(jù)所制定的條約履行自己的義務(wù)。TheEuropeanCommissionisoneofthegoverningorgansoftheEuropeanUnion.ItisthebodythatputsproposalstotheCouncilofMinisterfordecisionandseesthatthememberscarryouttheirdutiesunderthetreaty..APEC建立于在澳大利亞首都堪培拉召開的一次部長級(jí)會(huì)議上。 當(dāng)時(shí)有12位成員國出席，分別為澳大利亞、美國、加拿大、日本、新西蘭和東盟六國。APECwassetupattheMinisterialMeetingheldintheAustraliancapitalCanberraattendedby12membersofAustralia,theUnitedStates,Canada,Japan,RepublicofKorea,NewZealandandsixASEANcountries.Lesson4EconomicGlobalization/ 經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化BusinessKnowledge:EconomicglobalizationasanobjectivetrendBasicfeature*AdvantagesandnegativeimpactsMultinationalcorporationsOrganization-parentandaffiliatesCharacteristicsEnormousinsizeWidegeographicalspreadLongevityandrapidgrowth

C.Need,goalsandrolesProfitSecurityAsvehiclesforcross-bordertransferresourcesD.FourtypesMulti-domesticcorporationGlobalcorporationTransnationalcorporationWorldcompanyTradeTerms:Shareholders股東Economicglobalization經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化Boardofdirectors董事會(huì)Inputs投入Economicenvironment經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境ParentMNCheadquarter跨國公司母公司，總部AffiliateMNC子公司，分支機(jī)構(gòu)，附屬機(jī)構(gòu)Branchcompany分公司Subsidiarycompany 子公司Day-to-dayrunning 日常管理MNC跨國公司 =TNC:Multinationalcorporation,aremadeupofvastnumbersofforeignsubsidiaries,companiesinwhichover50percentisownedbytheparentcompany.Homecountry母國:Thecountrywheretheheadquarteroftheinvestorislocated.…母公司所在地：ThecountrywheretheparentcompanyofaMNElocates.Hostcountry東道國:Thehostcountryisaforeigncountrywheretheinvestoroperates.…東道國：ThecountrywhereanaffiliateMNClocates.MNE跨國企業(yè) :Multinationalenterprise:Atypicalmultinationalenterpriseshallorpartly）,bedefinedasabusinessorganizationwhichowns（whetherwhollycontrolsandmanagesassets,oftenincludingproductiveresources,inmorethanonecountry,throughitsmembercompaniesincorporatedseparatelyineachofthesecountries.Eachmembercompanyisknownasamultinationalcorporation.orpartly）,Economiesofscale規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)Increaseandgrowth數(shù)量的增多和規(guī)模的增大Revenueadjustedforinflation（除去通貨膨脹后的）實(shí)際收入Answerthefollowingquestions:Whatarethebasicfeatureandmajorroleofeconomicglobalization?TOC\o"1-5"\h\zA:Thebasicfeatureofeconomicglobalizationistofreeflowofcommodity,capital （資本）,technology,service,andinformationintheglobalcontextforoptimizedallocation（以求最優(yōu)配置） .Mentionsomeoftheprosandconsofeconomicglobalization.Whatistherightattitudetowardsit?（有利和不利方面 ）A:Theprosisthatwiththebasicfeatureoffreeflowofcommodity,capital,technology,service,andinformationintheglobalcontextforoptimizedallocation,economicglobalizationisgivingnewimpetusandprovidingopportunitiestoworldeconomicdevelopmentandmeanwhilemakingthevariouseconomiesmoreandmoreinterdependent.Whiletheconsofeconomicglobalizationisdifferentcountriesandpeoplesdonotenjoybalancedbenefits.Therightattitudetowardsitisfollowthetrendclosely,availingtheopportunitiesitofferstodevelopourselvesandavoidingitspossibleimpacts.Whatistheformaldefinitionofamultinationalenterprise （MNE：跨國公司） ?Howcanyoutellwhetheramultinationalcorporationisaparentorjustanaffiliate?A:Amultinationalenterpriseshallbedefinedasabusinessorganizationthatowns（whetherwhollyorpartly）,controlsandmanagesassetsinmorethanonecountry.IftheMNCistheoriginalinvestingcorporation,itisknownastheparentMNC,which精選文檔精選文檔可編輯可編輯精選文檔精選文檔可編輯可編輯 精選文檔 精選文檔 可編輯可編輯isnormallyalsotheinternationalheadquartersoftheMNE.IftheMNCisestablishedasaresultofinvestmentsbytheMNE,whetherthroughtheparentorthroughanotherofitsalreadyestablishedMNC,itisanaffiliateMNC.DescribebrieflythecharacteristicsofMNEs （跨國企業(yè)）A:ThecharacteristicsofMNEsisasfollow:MNEsaregenerallyenormousinsize組織龐大Wi