黑龍江大學(xué)跨文化交際英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)總結(jié)

黑龍江大學(xué)跨文化交際英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)總結(jié)跨文化考試總結(jié)考試構(gòu)成：一、單選1*10=10分。(Choosetheonethat)其中有一部分是書(shū)中的概念。二、判斷1*10=10分。(A—>true,B—>false)課后習(xí)題第二大題，其中某些題是變動(dòng)的。要注重理解。三、搭配1*20=20分。matching四組搭配，概念的對(duì)應(yīng)，每一章課后的summary中的黑體字。四、閱讀理解1*20=20分。四篇。與課文中的專(zhuān)有詞有關(guān)。五、完型填空1*10=10分。六、案例分析3*5=15分。五個(gè)案例。書(shū)中案例有四個(gè)，課外一個(gè)。七、寫(xiě)作15分。150+words?？梢詼?zhǔn)備一些跨文化、交際的文章。四十分鐘的寫(xiě)作時(shí)間。8:00——8:40.作文提前收！注：前六大題是客觀題即選擇，只有寫(xiě)作是主觀題。課后題：(課后題第一第二大題老師也讓多多關(guān)注，我這里就不多寫(xiě)啦，除了課后第一第二大題，我這里都全啦)1、P28——P302、P58——P613、P95——P974、P124——P1265、P159——P1626、P194——P197 7、 P237——P240 8、 P270——P272 9、P304——P304——P306所有概念關(guān)鍵詞+考試范圍內(nèi)的CASE：Chapter1CultureKeywords(1)Culture(fromintellectualperspective):Cultureis“theartsandothermanifestationsofhumanintellectualachievementregardedcollectively"(從知性角度定義文化：作為整體的人類(lèi)智力成就的藝術(shù)和 其 他 表現(xiàn)。) (2)Culture(fromanthropologicperspective):Cuitureconsistsofpatterns,explicitandimplicit,ofandforbehavioracquiredandtransmittedbysymbols,constitutingthedistinctiveachievementofhumangroups,includingtheirembodimentsinartifacts;theessentia1coreofcultureconsistsoftraditionalideasandespeciallytheirattachedvaluesv.(從人類(lèi)學(xué)角度定義文化：文化由清晰和模糊的行為模式構(gòu)成，這些模式通過(guò)符號(hào)獲得并傳播，這些符號(hào)由人類(lèi)群體的特別成就構(gòu)成，包括具體的人工制品。文化的基本核心由傳統(tǒng)思想和與其相關(guān)的價(jià)值觀構(gòu)成。) (3)Culture(frompsychologicalperspective):cultureisthecollectiveprogrammingofhemindwhichdistinguishesthemembersofonecategoryofpeoplefromanothero(從心理學(xué)角度定義文化：文化是使一個(gè)人類(lèi)群體成員區(qū)別于其他人類(lèi)群體的思維的總體規(guī)劃。)Culture(fromsocialogicalperspective):Cultureisdefinedasapatternoflearned,group-relatedperception一includingbothverbalandnonverballanguage,attitudes,values,beliefsystem,disbeliefsystems,andbehavior.(從社會(huì)學(xué)角度定義文化：文化是一種可習(xí)得的、基于群體的認(rèn)知模式一一包括言語(yǔ)與非言語(yǔ)符號(hào)、態(tài)度、價(jià)值觀、信仰和非信仰系統(tǒng)以及行為。 )Culture(frominterculturalcommunicationperspective):isthedepositofknowledge,experience,belief,values,actions,attitudes,hierarchies,religions,notionsoftime,roles,spatialrelations,conceptsoftheuniverse,andartifactsacquiredbyagroupofpeopleinthecourseofgenerationsthroughindividualandgroupstriving.(從跨文化交際學(xué)角度定義文化：文化是個(gè)人和群體在種族發(fā)展過(guò)程中所獲得的知識(shí)、經(jīng)驗(yàn)、信仰、價(jià)值觀、行為、態(tài)度、階級(jí)、宗教、時(shí)間觀、角色、空間觀、宇宙觀和藝術(shù)品的集合。 ) (6)CultureIdentity:referstoonessenseofbelongingtoaparticularcultureorethniCgroup.(文化身份：認(rèn)為自己歸屬于某一文化或民族群體的感(7)Subculturereferstoaculturethatexistswithindominantculture,andisoftenbasedoneconomicorsocialclass,ethnicity,race,orgeographicregion.（亞文化：指存在于主流文化中的文化，其劃分通?；诮?jīng)濟(jì)地位、社會(huì)階層、民族、種族或地 理 區(qū) 域。）Subculturesexistwithindominantculture,andareoftenbasedoneconomicorsocialclass,ethnicity,race,orgeographicregion.（8）Co-culture:referstogroupsorsocialcommunitiesexhibitingcommunicationcharacteristics,perceptions,values,beliefs,andpracticesthataresignificantlydifferentenoughtodistinguishthemfromtheothergroups,communities,andthedominantcuIture.（共文化：指具有獨(dú)特的交際特征、感知特點(diǎn)、價(jià)值觀、信仰和行為，區(qū)別于其他群體、社團(tuán)以及主流文化的群體或社團(tuán)。） （9）Subgroup:usuallydoesnotinvolvethesamelargenumberofpeopleandisnotnecessarilythoughtofasaccumulatingvaluesandpatternsofbehaviorovergenerationsinthesamewayasculturesdo.（亞群體：相對(duì)于亞文化和共文化群體，亞群體通常規(guī)模不大，也不一定有文化群體世代相傳積累的價(jià)值觀念和行為模式。）Case2:WhiteDressCaseanalysis:TheIndianwomenmightthinktheweddingceremonyisafuneraliftheyseethewesternbrideinwhitegown.Thecasereflectsthesimilesandmetaphorsinthetext.Cultureislikeaniceberg:wecanidentifythecolorofthedresswornbywomenindifferentcultures,butwedonotknowthevaluesunderneath.Cultureislikethewaterafishswimsin：peopleweardressofdifferentcolorsfordifferentcontextbuttheyusuallytakeitforgrantedandneveraskwhy.?⑹CuitureIdentity:referstoonessenseofbelongingtoaparticularcultureorethniCgroup.（文化身份：認(rèn)為自己歸屬于某一文化或民族群體的感覺(jué)。）Case4:Coconut-skating（用椰油保養(yǎng)地板的方法）Caseanalysis:Thecasereflectsthecharacteristicsofculture.Wecantellfromthecasethatcultureispervasiveanditslearned.Peoplemayinventdifferentwaysforthingsevenassimpleastheissueoffloormoping.ThePhilippinewomanmusthavelearnedthiswayofmoppingfromherownculture.Chapter2CommunicationandInterculturalCommunicationKeywords（1）Sender/Source:Asender/sourceisthepersonwhotransmitsamessage.（信息發(fā)出者/信息源：信息發(fā)出者/信息源指?jìng)鬟f信息的人。） （2）Message:Amessageisanysignalthattriggerstheresponseofareceiver.（信息：信息指引起信息接受者反應(yīng)的任何信號(hào)。） （3）Encoding:Itreferstotheactivityduringwhichthesendermustchoosecertainwordsornonverbalmethodstosendanintentionalmessage.（編碼：編碼指信息發(fā)出者選擇言語(yǔ)或用非言語(yǔ)的方式發(fā)出有目的的信息的行為。 ） （4）Channel/Medium：Itisthemethodusedtodeliveramessage. （渠道/媒介：渠道/媒介指發(fā)送信息的方法。） （5）Receiver:Areceiverisanypersonwhonoticesandgivessomemeaningtoamessage. （信息接受者：信息接受者指信息接收者是指注意到信息并且賦予信息某些含義的人。） （6）Decoding:Itistheactivityduringwhichthereceiverattachesmeaningtothewordsorsymbolshe/shehasreceived.（解碼：解碼指信息接受者賦予其收到的言語(yǔ)或符號(hào)信息意為。) (7)Feedback:Theresponseofareceivertoasender,smessageiscalledfeedback.(反饋：反饋指信息接收者對(duì)信息源信息所做出的反應(yīng)。) (8)Noise:Itisatermusedforfactorsthatinterferewiththeexchangeofmessages,includingexternalnoisephysiologicalnoise,psychologicalnoiseandsemanticnoise.(干擾：干擾指妨礙信息交流的各種因素。包括外界干擾，生理干擾，心理干擾和語(yǔ)義干擾。) (9)Context:Acontextisthesettingorsituationwithinwhichcommunicationtakesplace,includingphysicalcontext,socialcontextandinterpersonalcontext.(語(yǔ)境：語(yǔ)境指交際發(fā)生的環(huán)境，包括自然語(yǔ)境，社會(huì)語(yǔ)境和人際語(yǔ)境。) (10)Interculturalcommunication:Itisthecommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionandsymbolsystemaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.(跨文化交際：跨文化交際指的是那些在文化認(rèn)知和符號(hào)系統(tǒng)上存在差異的人們之間的交際。這些差異足以改變整個(gè)交際事件。) (11)Internationalcommunication:ittakesplacebetweennationsandgovernmentsratherthanindividuals;itisquiteformalandritualized.(國(guó)際交流：國(guó)際交流是指發(fā)生在國(guó)家和政府之間而非發(fā)生在個(gè)人之間的交際；此種交際非常正式和儀式化。)(12)Interracialcommunication:Itoccurswhenthesenderandthereceiverexchangingmessagesarefromdifferentraces.(跨種族交際:跨種族交際是指交流信息的信息源和信息接受者來(lái) 自不同的 種族 的交際。) (13)Interethniccommunication:Itisthecommunication betweenor amongpeople from different ethnicgroupsinacountryorculture.(跨民族交際：跨民族交際是指來(lái)自一個(gè)國(guó)家或文化內(nèi)部的不同民族群體的人們之間的交際。) (14)Intraculturalcommunication:itisdefinedascommunicationbetweenoramongmembersofthesameculture.(文化內(nèi)交際：文化內(nèi)交際是指同一文化內(nèi)部的成員之間的交際。) (15)Communication:isderivedfromtheLatinwordcommunicare,meaningtosharewithortomakecommon,asingivingtoanotherpartorshareofyourthouCase12:WhyDonghts,hopes,andknowledge.Case12:WhyDontYouEatthePizza?Thiscasecanreflecttheproblemsappearing during intercultural communication and howignoringculturaldifferencescanaffectcommunication.InMalaysia, where mostpeople are Muslims, peoplethinktheleft hand isusedonly for cleaning the bodyandthusit isdirtyandcan not beused to passfood.Knowingnothingabouttheculturaldifference,theAmericanstudentputshimselfinanembarrassingsituation.Chapter3CulturesInfluenceonPerceptionKeywords(1)Sensation:Itistheneurologicalprocessbywhichpeoplebecomeawareoftheirenvironment.(感覺(jué)：感覺(jué)是人們意識(shí)到周?chē)h(huán)境的神 經(jīng) 過(guò)程。) (2)Perception:Itistheprocessbywhichwebecomeawareofobjects,events,andespeciallypeopleandtheirbehaviorsthroughourvarioussensesandinvolveshigher-ordercognitionintheinterpretationofthesensoryinformation.(知覺(jué)：知覺(jué)是一種人們通過(guò)各種感覺(jué)來(lái)覺(jué)察事物、事件、人和人的行為的過(guò)程。它是解釋感覺(jué)信息更為高階的 認(rèn) 知 過(guò)程。） （3）Selection:Itisaprocessinwhichwescreenoutwhatweneedfromallthestimuliandinformationaroundus.（選擇：選擇是從周?chē)x擇的刺激信息中篩選出所需要的信息的過(guò)程。） （4）Organization:Itistheprocessduringwhichweneedtoorganizeandimposestructureonwhatweobserveinameaningfulway.（組織： 組織是把從周?chē)x擇的刺激信息，以一種有意義的方式整理，組合的過(guò)程。） （5）Interpretation:Itreferstoattachingmeaningtosensedataandissynonymouswithdecoding.（釋義：釋義是賦予感覺(jué)信息意義的過(guò)程，類(lèi)似于解碼過(guò)程。）Case 16: DifferentResponses toNoise Thiscasecanreflectdifferentculturecangivedifferentinfluenceson human sensation.Notwo ofpeople canassumethattheirsensationsarethesame,especiallywhentheycome from differentcultures.Different socialrealityandlivingconditionscanequipthemwithdifferentwaytosensetheworld.Soitisverycommonforthemtohavetotallydifferentsensationseventowardsthesamecondition.Inthiscase,theGermanprofessorandJapaneseprofessorhaveverydifferentresponsetothenoiseproducedbythesamemotorfortheheatingsystembecauseoftheirculturesandlivinghabits.Chapter4InterculturalCommunicationBarriersKeywords(1)Anxiety:Itoccursbecauseofnotknowingwhatoneisexpectedtodo,andfocusingonthatfeelingandnotbetotallypresentinthecommunicationtransaction.(焦慮：當(dāng)人們不知道如何迎合他人對(duì)自己的期待，過(guò)多的關(guān)注自己情緒以至不能全心投入到交際事物中去時(shí)，就會(huì)產(chǎn)生焦慮。) (2)Uncertainty:Itreferstoourcognitiveinabilitytoexplainourownorothersfeelingsandbehaviorsininteractionsbecauseofanambiguoussituationthatevokesanxiety.(不確定：不確定是指人們無(wú)法從認(rèn)知的角度去解釋交際活動(dòng)中自己或他人的感覺(jué)及行為，這種認(rèn)知角度解釋能力的欠缺是某種引起焦慮的含糊情境導(dǎo)致的。) (3)Assumingsimilarityinsteadofdifference:Itreferstotheideathatpeoplecomingfromanotherculturearemoresimilartoyouthantheyactuallyareorthatanotherpersonssituationismoresimilartoyoursthanitinfactis.（假定一致性：假定一致性是指認(rèn)為來(lái)自另一文化的他人和自己相似或他人的處境與自己的處境相似，而事實(shí)上卻并非如止匕。） （4）Ethnocentrism:Itreferstonegativelyjudgingaspectsofanotherculturebythestandardsofonesownculture.（種族或民主中心主義：是指從本國(guó)文化的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)出發(fā)，消極地審視另一文化。） （5）Stereotypes:Theyrefertonegativeorpositivejudgmentsmadeaboutindividualsbasedonanyobservableorbelievedgroupmembership.（文化定勢(shì)：文化定勢(shì)指基于明顯的或受到認(rèn)可的群體身份，對(duì)目標(biāo)群體中的個(gè)體成員所持有的正面或反面的判斷。） （6）Prejudice:Itreferstotheirrationaldislike,suspicion,orhatredofaparticulargroup,race,religion,orsexualorientation.（偏見(jiàn)：偏見(jiàn)是指對(duì)于某一特定群體、種族、宗教、或性取向的無(wú)端地憎惡和懷疑。） （7）Racism:Itreferstoanypolicy,practice,belief,orattitudethatattributescharacteristicsorstatustoindividualsbasedontheirrace.（種族主義：種族主義是指基于種族把性格特點(diǎn)或地位歸因于個(gè)人的任一政策、做法、信 仰 或 態(tài)度。）Case21:ADanishWomaninNewYorkThiscasecanreflectassumingsimilarityinsteadofdifference.Whencommunicatingwithpeoplefromanotherculture,oneislikelytoregardandtreatotherpeopleas“hispeoplevandtoassumetheremustbeonlyonewayofdoingthings：thatis"hisway”.Inthiscase,theDanishwomanassumesthatherbehaviorofleavingthebabyalone,whichiscommoninDenmark,isalsoappropriateinNewYork.Here,sheassumeswhatissuitableinherowncultureisalsoindisputableinanotherculture.Thatiswhythesmallconflicthappens.Case23:Girl-nessThiscasecanreflectoneofthetranslationproblems：thelackofconceptualequivalence,whichreferstoabstractideasthatmaynotexistinthesamefashionindifferentlanguages.Differentculturesmayattachdifferentmeaningstothesamethingorperson.Concerningthiscase,weshouldknowwhatyoungfemalescallthemselvesisverydifferentinChinafromtheStates.InChina,“girl”meanssomeonewhoisyoungandsingle.Inaway,itmakesafemalesoundmoredesirabletobecalledagirlratherthanawoman.Formostpeople, uwoman“meanssomeonewhoismarriedandwhoprobablyisnotyoung.Infact,mostsingleChinesefemales,suchasuniversitystudents,wouldbeinsultedtobecalled“women”?WhileintheWest,informal,publicsettings,itiscustomarytocallanywomanwhoispastpubertyawoman,eventhoughshemaynotbelegallyoldenoughtovote,marry,purchasealcoholicbeverages,driveacar,orsignacontract.Thisterminologybeeamewidespreadduringthe uwomensliberationmovementinthe1960s”?Thetermgirl“issometimesinterpretedtobedemeaningordisrespectful.Case24:AnUnfairDecisionThiscasereflectsprejudice,whichinvolves an unfair, biased, or intolerantattitudetowardsanothergroupofpeople.Inthiscase,Mr.Biasdecided to select someone else,insteadofapplicantfromthecountryLevadel,fortheposition.ThatisjustbecauseheholdsprejudicetowardspeoplefromthecountryLevadel.Chapter5VerbalInterculturalCommunicationKeywords(1)Verbalinterculturalcommunicationhappenswhenpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgroundscommunicatewitheachotherbyusinglanguage.來(lái)自不同文化背景的人用言語(yǔ)進(jìn)行的交際即言語(yǔ) 跨 文 化 交際(2)Dialectisaformoflanguagepeculiartoagroupofpeople,asdistinguishedfromtheliterary

languageofthewholepeople.方言是某一群體特有的語(yǔ)言，與

整個(gè)群體的言語(yǔ)不

同。(3)Sociolectreferstovariationintermsofs

ocialclassorstyle.(社會(huì)方言指由于社會(huì)階級(jí)或言語(yǔ)風(fēng)格不

同 而 產(chǎn) 生 的 方言。) (4)Pidginisaspeciallanguagevarietythatmixesorlendslanguagesforrestrictedpurposessuchastrading.洋涇浜，是一種特殊的語(yǔ)言變體，指為貿(mào)易等目的將兩種或幾種語(yǔ)言混合使用。(5)Whenapidginlanguagebeginstoacquirenativespeakersandbecomesthepermanentlanguageofaregion,itiscalledaCreole.當(dāng)有人以洋涇浜為母語(yǔ)，并成為某一地區(qū)永久的語(yǔ)言是，它就成為克里奧耳語(yǔ)或混合語(yǔ)(6)Linguafrancareferstoaspecificlanguagethatisusedasaninternationalmeansofcommunication.通用語(yǔ)指作為國(guó)際間交流手段的一種特殊語(yǔ)言。(7)Tabooreferstoprohibitionofasetofbehaviorsthatshouldbeavoidedbecausetheyareoffensiveandimpolite.禁忌語(yǔ)指被禁止或避免的具有冒犯性的不禮貌行為o (8)EuphemismisTabooslinguisticcounterpartbecauseitsubstitutestheoffensiveanddisturbingvocabulary.委婉語(yǔ)是替代具有冒犯性的不禮貌的禁忌語(yǔ)詞語(yǔ)。 (9 )Jargonreferstothespecialortechnicalvocabulariesdevelopedtomeetthespecialneedsofparticularprofessionssuchasmedicineandlaw.行話指演變而來(lái)的專(zhuān)門(mén)的或科技詞匯，用以滿(mǎn)足特殊職業(yè)的特殊需要，例如醫(yī)藥和法律。Case25:SuccessStoryOneofthesourcesofthefrustrationandmisunderstandingsthatoccurredinthiscasewasdifferentnotionsofwhatwasverballyrelevant.Inthiscase,Marywasexpectingamuchmoredirectresponsetoherquestion.Ms.Goshima,however,wasuncomfortablewiththequestionandfeltherresponseshouldbeveryindirectandestablishapropersenseofmodestybeforerevealingtheanswertothequestion.IfMaryhadbeenmorepatient,shewouldhaveeventuallyheardtheanswertoherquestion,butshewasnotreallypayingattentionwhenitfinallycamebecauseshefeltthatMs.Goshima'scommentsweren'treallyrelevanttoherquery.Chapter6Nonverba1InterculturalCommunicationKeywords（1）Nonverbalcommunication:Itreferstothemessagessentwithoutusingwords.（非言語(yǔ)交際：不運(yùn)用言語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言傳遞信息被稱(chēng)為非言語(yǔ)交際。）（2）Proxemics:Itreferstothestudyofspatialrelations.（時(shí)空行為：時(shí)空行為對(duì)空間關(guān)系的研究。） （3）Kinesics:Itreferstogestures,facialexpressions,eyecontact,bodypositions,bodymovement,andformsofgreetingandtheirrelationtocommunication.（身勢(shì)語(yǔ)行為：身勢(shì)語(yǔ)（也稱(chēng)體態(tài)語(yǔ)），指手勢(shì)、面目表情、眼神交流、身體姿勢(shì)、肢體運(yùn)動(dòng)和問(wèn)候方式以及和他們與交際的關(guān)系。） （4）Chronemics:Itisthestudyofhowpeopleperceiveandusetime.（時(shí)間行為：對(duì)于人們?nèi)绾卫斫夂屠脮r(shí)究。) (5)Paralanguage:Itisthesetofaudiblesoundsthataccompanyorallanguagetoaugmentitsmeaning.(輔助語(yǔ)行為：為增強(qiáng)其含義，伴隨言語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言產(chǎn)生的可聽(tīng)到的聲音符號(hào) 系統(tǒng)。) (6)Haptics:Itreferstocommunicatingthroughtheuseofbodilycontact.(觸覺(jué)行為：指通過(guò)身體接觸來(lái)交流。) (7)Chromatics:Itreferstothestudyofcoloruseinaffectingpeoplesperceptions,behaviorsandimpressionsofothers.(色彩學(xué)：色彩學(xué)指對(duì)于影響人們認(rèn)知、行為和他人印象的色彩的研究。) (8) Olfactics: It is the study of communicationviasmell.(氣味行為：研究氣味對(duì)于交流的影響的學(xué)科。) (9) Oculesics: It is the study of communicationssentbytheeyes.(目光語(yǔ)：對(duì)于由眼睛所傳達(dá)的信息的研究。不同的文化對(duì)于交際時(shí)眼神的接觸有不同的要求。)(10)Silencecuesaffectinterpersonalcommunicationbyprovidinganintervalinanongoinginteractionduringwhichtheparticipantshavetimetothink,checkorsuppressanemotion,encodealengthyresponse,orinaugurateanotherlineofthought.(11)Attirereferstoclothingandphysicalappearance.italsoservesasnonverbalsymbols. Case33:AreAmericansIndifferent?Thiscasecanreflectdifferentnonverbalcommunicationpatternsexistintheactualinterculturalcommunication,especiallyfacialexpressiondifferaccordingtodifferentcultures.ComparedtomostChinese,Americansliketosmilealotandtohavecausalandrichfacialexpressionsintheirdailylives,eventhoughtheyhavesomemisfortune.Inthiscase,becauseofthedifferentopinionsaboutfacialexpressionsininterculturalcommunication,theAmericanladytalkedaboutherfatherssicknessanddeathinasmilingwaytoshowshestillhastheoptimisticwaytotreatthefuturelife,whichismisunderstoodasbeingindifferentandselfishbytheChinese. Case36:DontPutYourHandonMyArmThiscasecanreflectdifferentcultureshavedifferentopinionstospatialrelations.Differentcultureshaveverydifferentopinionsaboutanindividualsunconsciouslystructuringthemicrospaceimmediatelysurroundingthephysicalbody.Someculturescanhaverdativelyclosedistancewhencommunicatingwhileotherculturescannot.Somewesternculturesconsiderbodytouchbetweenpeopleofthesamegendertobecultura1 tabooand asymbol of being homosexual.Inthiscase, Samisfromwestern cultures andknows thesocialtabooofbodytouchveryclearly,sohewouldnt letothers misunderstand Marks closebody distance and touchwithhim, eventhoughMarkfromChiledoesntknowtheculturaltabooatall. Chapter7CulturalPatternsKeywords（1）Culturalpattern:Sharedbeliefs,values,norms,andsocialpracticesthatarestableovertimeandthatleadtoroughlysimilarbehaviorsacrosssimilarsituationsareknownasculturalpatterns.（文化模式是指在相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的共有的信仰、價(jià)值觀、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和社會(huì)實(shí)踐，這些文化模式在相似的情形下會(huì)使人產(chǎn)生相似的行為。） （2）Context ：Itistheinformationthatsurroundsanevent,andisinextricablyboundupwiththemeaningoftheevent.（語(yǔ)境是指事件發(fā)生時(shí)周?chē)男畔?，?duì)事件的意義解讀具有重要參考價(jià)值。） （3）Highcontextcommunication:isoneinwhichmostoftheinformationisalreadyintheperson,whileverylittleisinthecoded,explicitlytransmittedpartofthemessage.（高語(yǔ)境交際是指在交際過(guò)程中大部分的信息靠交際人本身傳遞，只有少量信息被明確地用語(yǔ)言的形式傳遞。） （4）Lowcontextcommunication:isoneinwhichthemassoftheinformationisvestedintheexplicitcode.（低語(yǔ)境交際是指大量的信息通過(guò)明確的語(yǔ)言編碼被傳遞的交際。） （5）Uncertaintyavoidance：dealswiththedegreetowhichmembersofaculturetrytoavoiduncertainty.（不確定性規(guī)避指某一文化的成員對(duì)于不確定性因素的規(guī)避程度。）（6）Powerdistance：istheextenttowhichthelesspowerfulmembersofinstitutionsandorganizationsacceptthatpowerisdistributedunequally.（權(quán)力B巨離是指機(jī)構(gòu)或組織中權(quán)利較小的成員對(duì)權(quán)利被不平等分配的接受程度。） 3.BriefExplanationstotheCasesofthisChapterBelief:abeliefisanideathatpeopleassumetobetrueabouttheworld.Values:involvewhatacultureregardsasgoodorbad,rightorwrong,fairorunfair,justorunjust,beautifulorugly,cleanordirty,valuableorworthless,appropriateorinappropriate,andkindorcruel.Norms:arethesociallysharedexpectationsofappropriatebehaviors.Socialpractices:arethepredictablebehaviorpatternsthatmembersofaculturetypicallyfollow.Human-natureorientation:我真的不知道該怎么總結(jié)這個(gè)概念！大家自己看看吧，在書(shū)上P239(12)Person-natureorientation:consistsofthreecategaries:masteryovernature;harmonywithnature;subjugationtonature.Timeorientation:asfarastimeorientationisconcerned,culturesmaybelongto1,thepastorientation;2,thepresentorientation;3,thefutureorientation.Activityorientation:theactivityorientationinvolvesthreegroups:1,thedoingorientation;2,thebeingorientation;3,thebeing-in-becomingorientation.Relationalorientation:consistsofthreecategariesl,individualism;2,lineality;3,collateralityIndividualisticcultures:givemoreimportancetoindividuals'needswhentheydothingssuchassettinggoals.Collectivism:ischaracterizedbyarigidsocialframeworkthatdistinguishesbetweenin-groupsandout-groups.(18)Masculineandfemininecultures:沒(méi)看懂啊沒(méi)看懂！！ ！ 郁 悶！Case41:GettingFrustratedJaywasfrustratedinlargepartbecausemanyofthenormshewasusedtodidn ftapplyinSaudiArabia,andmanySaudinormsdidnotmakesensetohim.MuchofthebusinessdoneinSaudiArabiadependsonbaksheesh,atypeofkickbacktoamiddleman(anditisaman),whofacilitatescontactsbetweenpotentialbusinesspartners.Themiddlemanisdoingaserviceandexpectstogetpaidforit.Themorebaksheeshthepersongives,themorelikelyitisthatthepersonwillsucceed,becausethemiddlemanwillbesuretotreathimverywell.GivingbaksheeshisanormintheSaudibusinesscommunity.Inaddition,SaudisbelievethatGodgaveusmultifunctionalhandsandthatthehandisourbesttoolforeating.However,theyarealsoconcernedwithhygiene.Theyreservethelefthandforcleaningthemselvesandusetherighthandforeating.Saudishaveanumberofnormsrelatedtorestrictingmaleandfemaleinteractionthat,withinthecontextoftheirreligiousbeliefs,makeperfectsensebutwouldbeveryinappropriatetomostWesterners.Case43:TheImprovementDoesNotWorkFollowingtheirindividualisticorientations,Mr.PattersonandMr.Wymanwereperfectlycomfortablewiththeideaofcreatingteamleaderswithintheindividualsalesgroups.However,asParkYoungSammentions,doingsoupsettheharmonyofthegroups,whichinturnledtopoorperformance.IntheUnitedStates,workersareoftenmotivatedbytheopportunityforpromotionandadvancementasthisservestheindividualisticdriveforindividualachievement.Incollectivisticcultures,however,workersmaybemotivatedbybeingapartofacohesiveandproductiveteam.Individualismandcollectivismaretermsthatdescribewholecultures.Butculturesarenotpure.Membersofcollectivistculturesmaypracticeindividualistictendencieswhilemembersofindividualistculturesmayvaluecollectivistideals.Forexample,Denmarkisacountrywithbothcollectivisticandindividualistictendencies.InDenmark,individualfreedomisnurturedthroughadevotiontoestablishedtraditionsandcustoms.Regardingincomeandsocialrank,Danesarestaunchlyegalitarian.Atthesametime,however,Danesconsiderthemselvesfreetobenonconformistandtostandoutfromthegroup.Inthisway,DanesmaybeatthetheoreticalmidpointoftheindividualismandcollectivismcuIturalcontinuum.Case44:WhenShallWeMeetForDinner? UncertaintyavIntheoidanceorientationcanbeseeninthiscase.Inthedialoguepresentedbelow,KellyandKeikoareinteract!ngaboutadinnerinvitation.Kelly,fromtheUnitedStates,possessesarelativelylowuncertaintyavoidanceindex,whileKeiko,fromJapan,comesfromaculturewitharelativelyhighuncertaintyavoidanceindex.Inthedialogueabove,KeikoisconfusedbyKellyseasygoingattitudetowardtheeveningsplans.Comingfromahighuncertainty-avoidantculture,Keikowouldprefertoplanaheadtoavoiduncertaintyandprepareherscriptfortheevening.Kelly,ontheotherhand,isperfectlycomfortablemakingplansbasedonhowtheeveningprogresses.Withoutaplan,howwillKeikoknowhowtoact? Chapter8Cultura1InfluencesonContextsKeywordsCommunicationisnotdevoidofexternalinfluence:allhumaninteractionisinfluencedtosomedegreebythesocial,physical,andculturalsettingsinwhichitoccurs.Thisisknownasthecommunicationcontext.（交際無(wú)法脫離外部環(huán)境的影響：所有的人類(lèi)交際都或多或少受到社會(huì)、物理和文化場(chǎng)景的影響。這些場(chǎng)景被稱(chēng)為交際語(yǔ)

境。）Case48:GiftfromaChineseChinesepeople境。）Case48:GiftfromaChineseChinesepeoplelovegivinggifts.Usually,thevalueofthegiftisanindicationofhowimportantthereceiverisinthesenderseyes.Mostpeoplegivinggiftsareconcernedaboutwhetherthegiftwillbeseenasvaluableenough.Aninexpensivegiftmeansalossofface.Dongxiemayhaveapracticalreasoningivingtheginsengtohismanager,butmostChinesewilltakeitassomethingusualforasubordinatetodothistoamanageroutofasignofrespect.NorthAmericancompaniesdooccasionallyreceivegiftsoutofappreciationforthefriendshipandassistancethemanagermayprovide.Suchgiftsaretreasured;however,thevalueusuallyisfairlysmall,abottle of wine,a music CD, asmallbook,orothertokens.Case50:Refuseto Be Treated?In the casejustdescribed,theU.S.Americanmedicalteamsystemformakingsenseofthesituationdemandedthatpeoplebeseeninorderoftheseriousnessoftheirinjuriesori

llness.Eachpersonwasconsideredasworthwhileasthenext,andsoseriousnessofinjuryappearedtobeanaturalwaytodeterminewhowasseenfirst.However,theculturalsystemworkingforthoseontheVirginIslandsdemandedthateldersbeseenandtreatedfirst.Theirposition,age,andwisdomdemandedrespect.Foryoungermembersofthecommunitytogoaheadoftheminatimeofcrisiswasseenasextremelydisrespectful.Theconflictcenteredoneffortsbyeachsidetodowhattheyperceivedasgoodandmorallyresponsible.BecausetheU.S.Americanswereinabetterpositiontoadaptthananentirecommunitythathadjustsufferedgreatlossandwereunderextremestress,itwasgoodthattheywerewillingtodoso.Sadly,thisisnotalwaysthecase. Chapter9IntercuIturalAdaptationKeywords(1)Acculturation：Itreferstoanindividualslearningandadaptingtothenormsandvaluesofthenewhostculture.(文化適應(yīng)：文化適應(yīng)指人們學(xué)習(xí)和適應(yīng)新文化的社會(huì)規(guī)范和價(jià)值觀念的過(guò)程。）(2)文化的社會(huì)規(guī)范和價(jià)值觀念的過(guò)程。）(2)Assimilation：Itisaprocessinwhic