英語(yǔ)高考-完形填空說明文(原卷版)

資料僅供參考文件編號(hào)：2022年4月版本號(hào)：A修改號(hào)：1頁(yè)次：1.0審核：批準(zhǔn):發(fā)布日期：第二部分語(yǔ)言知識(shí)運(yùn)用精做08完形填空說明文 說明文往往圍繞一個(gè)問題從不同的側(cè)面來加以說明，通常結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，因此也是高考完形填空題中較難理解的一種文體。其主要特點(diǎn)為：1.開頭點(diǎn)題在說明文類的完形填空中，作者一般在文章的首句直接提出說明的對(duì)象，這是掌握說明細(xì)節(jié)的前提。2.結(jié)構(gòu)清晰 說明文一般按一定的順序展開。理清文章的說明順序，對(duì)于正確把握文意和上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，選擇正確答案具有重要意義。3.難度較大 說明文往往采用比較正式的文體，表述準(zhǔn)確嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，生詞術(shù)語(yǔ)較多，句子較長(zhǎng)，結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜。4.遣詞用字簡(jiǎn)練 說明文一般采用簡(jiǎn)練的語(yǔ)言，按一定的方法介紹事物的類別、性質(zhì)、特點(diǎn)、構(gòu)造、成因、關(guān)系或事物的運(yùn)動(dòng)變化、發(fā)展的過程及其規(guī)律。5.條理清晰 說明文十分講究條理性，一般采取時(shí)間順序、空間順序、邏輯順序或認(rèn)知順序來說明事物或事理。【解題技巧】1.快速弄清文章大意 對(duì)于此類文章我們結(jié)合選擇項(xiàng)，進(jìn)行粗讀或略讀，對(duì)文章的大意要先有一個(gè)大體的了解。說明文往往生詞較多，而題材又比較廣泛，所以閱讀時(shí)，首先要能夠掌握文章的大意。2.弄清楚說明的順序 把握了說明順序，就能準(zhǔn)確把握文章的脈絡(luò)，加強(qiáng)對(duì)整篇文章的理解。3.把握文章的組織結(jié)構(gòu)，理清事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié) 把握語(yǔ)篇特征對(duì)理解文意與答題極為有利。說明性的文章一般都是一篇完整的、意思表達(dá)清楚的、邏輯比較嚴(yán)密的短文。在閱讀這類文章時(shí)，我們一定要仔細(xì)研讀文章的開頭和結(jié)尾，從主題句著手，找出支持句，然后尋找文章的結(jié)論。這時(shí)，我們還要特別注意，不要被表面的一些細(xì)節(jié)所迷惑，我們?cè)诶斫饧?xì)節(jié)的基礎(chǔ)上，還要斟酌文字的內(nèi)涵意義，從而對(duì)文章進(jìn)行深層次的理解。4.注重上下文語(yǔ)境 應(yīng)逐句精讀短文，逐題分析選項(xiàng)，對(duì)特定的語(yǔ)境作深入的理解，克服＂思維定勢(shì)＂，根據(jù)全文大意和詞不離句、句不離文的原則逐項(xiàng)填空。5.熟練做題方法，遵循四個(gè)原則：（1）上下一致。每個(gè)選擇項(xiàng)必須從全文出發(fā)，從大處著手，避免孤立地分析每一空格，造成誤選。（2）語(yǔ)法正確。從語(yǔ)法地角度去考慮動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)以及詞類用法。（3）邏輯合理。在完形填空題中，邏輯推理非常重要，有時(shí)每個(gè)選擇項(xiàng)從語(yǔ)法上講都正確，但是有的是不合語(yǔ)境邏輯的。（4）符合搭配。英語(yǔ)中固定搭配很多，需要熟練掌握，才能做好此類題目。Cloze1（2016·上海卷）體裁文章話題詞數(shù)建議時(shí)間難度自測(cè)正確率說明文一種新型管理理論——授權(quán)管理及其作用。38215分鐘★★★☆☆I(lǐng)nthe1960s,DouglasMcGregor,oneofthekeythinkersintheartofmanagement,developedthenowfamousTheoryXandTheoryY.TheoryXistheideathatpeopleinstinctively1workandwilldoanythingtoavoidit.TheoryYistheviewthateveryonehasthepotentialtofindsatisfactioninwork.Inanycase,despitesomuchevidencetothe2,manymanagersstillagreetoTheoryX.Theybelieve,3,thattheiremployeesneedconstantsupervisioniftheyaretoworkeffectively,orthatdecisionsmustbeimposedfrom4withoutconsultation.This,ofcourse,makesforauthoritarian(專制的)managers.Differentcultureshavedifferentwaysof5people.Unlikeauthoritarianmanagement,—allmembersofthedepartmentorworkgroupareaskedto6tothisprocess.Thisismanagementbythecollectiveopinion.ManywesterncompanieshavetriedtoimitatesuchAsianwaysofdoingthings,whicharebasedongeneral7.Someexpertssaythatwomenwillbecomemoreeffectivemanagersthanmenbecausetheyhavethepowertoreachcommongoalsinawaythattraditional8managerscannot.Arecenttrendhasbeentoencourageemployeestousetheirowninitiative,tomakedecisionsontheirownwithout9managersfirst.Thisempowerment(授權(quán))hasbeenpartofthetrendtowardsdownsizing:10thenumberofmanagementlayersincompanies.Afterde-layeringinthisway,acompanymaybe11withjustatoplevelofseniormanagers,front-linemanagersandemployeeswithdirectcontactwiththepublic.Empowermenttakestheideaofdelegation(委托)muchfurtherthanhas12beenthecase.Empowermentanddelegationmeannewformsofmanagementcontrolto13thattheoverallbusinessplanisbeingfollowed,andthatoperationsbecomemoreprofitableundertheneworganization,ratherthanless.Anothertrendisoff-siteor14management,whereteamsofpeoplelinkedbye-mailandtheInternetworkonprojectsfromtheirownhouses.Projectmanagersevaluatethe15oftheteammembersintermsofwhattheyproduceforprojects,ratherthantheamountoftimetheyspendonthem.1.A.desire B.seek C.lose D.dislike2.A.contrary B.expectation C.degree D.extreme3.A.viceversa B.forexample C.however D.otherwise4.A.outside B.inside C.below D.above5.A.replacing B.assessing C.managing D.encouraging6.A.refer B.contribute C.object D.apply7.A.agreement B.practice C.election D.impression8.A.bossy B.experienced C.western D.male9.A.asking B.training C.warning D.firing10.A.doubling B.maintaining C.reducing D.estimating11.A.honored B.left C.crowded D.compared12.A.economically B.traditionally C.inadequately D.occasionally13.A.deny B.admit C.assume D.ensure14.A.virtual B.ineffective C.day-to-day D.on-the-scene15.A.opinion B.risk C.performance D.attractivenessCloze2（2014·新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷I）體裁文章話題詞數(shù)建議時(shí)間難度自測(cè)正確率說明文各種形式的活動(dòng)，如果人們經(jīng)常做，都會(huì)產(chǎn)生厭倦情緒。24917分鐘★★★☆☆ Asageneralrule,allformsofactivityleadtoboredomwhentheyareperformedonaroutine(常規(guī))basis.Asamatteroffact,wecanseethis1atworkinpeopleofall2.Forexample,onChristmasmorning,childrenareexcitedabout3withtheirnewtoys.Buttheir4soonwearsoffandbyJanuarythose5toyscanbefoundputawayinthebasement.Theworldisfullof6stampalbumsandunfinishedmodels,eachstandingasamonumenttosomeone’s7interest.Whenparentsbringhomeapet,theirchild8bathesitandbrushesitsfur.Withinashorttime,however,the9ofcaringfortheanimalishandedovertotheparents.Adolescentsenterhighschoolwithgreat10butaresoonlookingforwardto11.Thesameistrueoftheyoungadultsgoingtocollege.Andthen,howmany12,whonowcomplain(抱怨)aboutthelongdrivestowork,13droveforhoursatatimewhentheyfirst14theirdriver’slicenses(執(zhí)照)

Beforepeopleretire,theyusually15todoalotof16things,whichtheyneverhad17todowhileworking.But18afterretirement,thegolfing,thefishing,thereadingandalloftheotherpastimesbecomeasboringasthejobsthey19.And,likethechildinJanuary,theygosearchingfornew20.1.A.principle B.habit C.way D.power2.A.parties B.races C.countries D.ages3.A.working B.living C.playing D.going4.A.confidence B.interest C.anxiety D.sorrow5.A.same B.extra C.funny D.expensive6.A.well-organized B.colorfully-printed C.newly-collected D.half-filled7.A.broad B.passing C.different D.main8.A.silently B.impatiently C.gladly D.worriedly9.A.promise B.burden C.right D.game10.A.courage B.calmness C.confusion D.excitement11.A.graduation B.independence C.responsibility D.success12.A.children B.students C.adults D.retirees13.A.carefully B.eagerly C.nervously D.bravely14.A.required B.obtained C.noticed D.discovered15.A.need B.learn C.start D.plan16.A.great B.strange C.difficult D.correct17.A.time B.money C.skills D.knowledge18.A.only B.well C.even D.soon19.A.lost B.chose C.left D.quit20.A.pets B.toys C.friends D.colleaguesCloze3（2012·新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷Ⅰ）體裁文章話題詞數(shù)建議時(shí)間難度自測(cè)正確率說明文身勢(shì)語(yǔ)在交際中的重要性24618分鐘★★★★☆ Bodylanguageisthequiet,secretandmostpowerfullanguageofall!Itspeaks1thanwords.Accordingtospecialists,ourbodiessendoutmore2thanwerealize.Infact,non-verbal(非言語(yǔ))communicationtakesupabout50%ofwhatwereally3.Andbodylanguageisparticularly4whenweattempttocommunicateacrosscultures.Indeed,whatiscalledbodylanguageisso5apartofusthatit’sactuallyoftenunnoticed.Andmisunderstandingsoccurasaresultofit.6,differentsocietiestreatthe7betweenpeopledifferently.NorthernEuropeansusuallydonotlikehaving8contact(接觸)evenwithfriends,andcertainlynotwith9.PeoplefromLatinAmericancountries,10,toucheachotherquitealot.Therefore,it’spossiblethatin11,itmaylooklikeaLatinois12aNorwegianallovertheroom.TheLatino,tryingtoexpressfriendship,willkeepmoving13.TheNorwegian,veryprobablyseeingthisaspushiness,willkeep14—whichtheLatinowillinreturnregardas15. Clearly,agreatdealisgoingonwhenpeople16.Andonlyapartofitisinthewordsthemselves.Andwhenpartiesarefrom17cultures,there’sastrongpossibilityof18.Butwhateverthesituation,thebest19istoobeytheGoldenRule:treatothersasyouwouldliketobe20.1.A.straighter B.louder C.harder D.further2.A.sounds B.invitations C.feelings D.messages3.A.hope B.receive C.discover D.mean4.A.immediate B.misleading C.important D.difficult5.A.well B.far C.much D.long6.A.Forexample B.Thus C.However D.Inshort7.A.trade B.distance C.connections D.greetings8.A.eye B.verbal C.bodily D.telephone9.A.strangers B.relatives C.neighbours D.enemies10.A.inotherwords B.ontheotherhand C.inasimilarway D.byallmeans11.A.trouble B.conversation C.silence D.experiment12.A.disturbing B.helping C.guiding D.following13.A.closer B.faster C.in D.away14.A.steppingforward B.goingon C.backingaway D.comingout15.A.weakness B.carelessness C.friendliness D.coldness16.A.talk B.travel C.laugh D.think17.A.different B.European C.Latino D.rich18.A.curiosity B.excitement C.misunderstanding D.nervousness19.A.chance B.time C.result D.advice20.A.noticed B.treated C.respected D.pleasedCloze1（2019?廣東省廣州市2019屆高三第二次模擬考試）話題詞數(shù)難度參考用時(shí)正確率發(fā)射衛(wèi)星的意義313★★★☆☆16分鐘AlwayswishedtheEarthhadasecondmoonThenyouwillbe1tohearthattheChengduAerospaceScienceInstitutehasplanstolaunchmultipleminimoonsoverthenextfewyears.Similartoour2satellite，thelightoftheartificialorb球體willbeobtainedfromthesunand3toEarthbyitsmirror﹣likecoating.Accordingtoitsdesigners,the4oflightbeingreflectedcanbecontrolledfromEarthandthelightcanevenbe5,ifnecessary.Whilethemultipleminimoonswillcertainlyappearpicturesque，theirmainpurposeistoconserve6TheChengduAerospaceexpertsclaimtheminimoon'sdusk—likeglowwillallowthegovernmenttoeventually7costlystreetlightsincities.TheyestimatethatusingtheartificialsatellitetolightupChengdu'sstreetsatnightwill8thecity1.2billionyuananally.Sincetheorb'slocationcanbe9moved，itcouldalsobeusedtoshinelightoverdisaster—struckareasthathavelost10.Oncethefirstminimoonis11successfully，theexpertsplantolaunchthree12ones.Together，thesatellites，whichwilltaketurnsdependingontheir13inrelationtothesun，areexpectedto14anareaof3，600to6，400squarekilometers.Whiletheorbswillbe15throughatelescopefromanywhereontheglobe,theirrealbeautywillonlybeseenbyvisitingChengdu.Officials,16,believetheywillbeahugetouristattraction，helpingimprovethecity's17.Asisoftenthecasewithmajor18,someexpertsareconcerned.They19thatthemoonswillimpactonthesleeppatternsofhumansandanimals.However，officialsbelievethesatelliteswillcauselittle，ifany20.1.A.pleased B.surprised C.alarmed D.relieved2.A.traditional B.unique C.natural D.famous3.A.carried B.reflected C.introduced D.transformed4.A.colour B.speed C.source D.amount5.A.sentout B.switchedoff C.givenaway D.turneddown6.A.resources B.animals C.farmland D.space7.A.rebuild B.expand C.improve D.remove8.A.bring B.leave C.save D.cost9.A.hardly B.easily C.frequently D.normally10.A.money B.home C.contact D.power11.A.travelling B.appearing C.working D.signaling12.A.additional B.special C.bright D.colourful13.A.size B.importance C.position D.function14.A.pickup B.takeup C.holdup D.lightup15.A.reliable B.visible C.available D.testable16.A.therefore B.however C.otherwise D.moreover17.A.population B.education C.evolution D.conflict18.A.drawback B.breakthroughs C.technology D.economy19.A.doubt B.conclude C.worry D.agree20.A.disturbance B.destruction C.satisfaction D.discussionCloze2（江蘇省南京市九月學(xué)情調(diào)研）話題詞數(shù)難度參考用時(shí)正確率古希臘戲劇的起源355★★★☆☆17分鐘TheBeginningofDramaTherearemanytheoriesaboutthebeginningofdramainancientGreece.Theonemostwidelyacceptedtodayisbasedonthe

1thatdramaevolvedfromritual(宗教儀式).Theargumentforthisviewgoesasfollows.Inthebeginning,humanbeings

2thenaturalforcesoftheworld—eventheseasonalchanges—asunpredictable,andtheysoughtthroughvariousmeansto

3theseunknownandfearedpowers.Thosemeasureswhichappearedto

4thedesiredresultswerethenkeptandrepeateduntiltheychangedinto

5rituals.6storiesarosewhichexplainedormaskedthemysteriesoftherituals.Astimespassed,someritualswere

7,butthestories,latercalledmyths,continuedtoexistandprovidedmaterialforartanddrama.Thosewhobelievedthatdramaevolvedoutofritualalsoarguethatthoseritualscontainedthe

8oftheatrebecausemusic,dance,masks,and

9werealmostalwaysused.

10,asuitablesitehadtobeprovidedforperformancesand

11theentirecommunitydidnotparticipate,a(n)

12divisionwasusuallymadebetweenthe＂areaofactingandtheatreinwhichanaudiencesits＂.Besides,therewereperformers,and,sinceconsiderableimportancewas

13toavoidingmistakesinthepracticeofrituals,religiousleadersusually

14thattask.Wearingmasksandcostumes,theyoftenimitated(模仿)otherpeople,animals,orsupernaturalbeings,andmimed(用啞劇表演出)the

15effect—successinhuntorbattle,thecomingrain,therevivaloftheSun—

16anactormight.Eventuallysuchdramaticrepresentativeswereseparatedfrom

17activities.Anothertheorytracesthetheater’soriginfromthehumaninterestin

18.Accordingtothisview,talesaboutthehunt,warorotherthingsaretoldandgraduallyspread.

19throughtheuseofactionanddialoguebyanarratorandthenthroughtheassumptionofeachoftherolesbyadifferentperson.Acloselyrelatedtheorytracestheatertothosedancesthatareprimarilygymnasticorthatare

20ofanimalmovementsandsounds.1.A.background B.assumption C.evidence D.theory2.A.viewed B.employed C.imagined D.dismissed3.A.take B.possess C.guarantee D.control4.A.start B.show C.bring D.continue5.A.usual B.direct C.convincing D.fixed6.A.Apparently B.Actually C.Eventually D.Naturally7.A.spread B.abandoned C.followed D.celebrated8.A.seed B.content C.myth D.history9.A.costumes B.routines C.instructions D.performances10.A.Asaresult B.Infact C.Onthecontrary D.Inaddition11.A.when B.although C.unless D.while12.A.deep B.equal C.clear D.extra13.A.attached B.related C.committed D.tied14.A.putup B.tookup C.tookon D.puton15.A.unexpected B.unpredicted C.prepared D.desired16.A.whenever B.as C.whatever D.so17.A.social B.political C.economic D.religious18.A.accounts B.story-telling C.descriptions D.drama-writing19.A.atthattime B.atatime C.atfirst D.atonce20.A.imitations B.creatures C.presentations D.exhibitionsCloze1話題詞數(shù)難度參考用時(shí)正確率不同時(shí)期社會(huì)觀點(diǎn)的行為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)246★★★☆☆16分鐘IfyouassociatemodernBritishfictionwiththecool,lonelytonesofMartinAmisandJulianBarnes,andUSfictionwithJonathanFranzen’s

1innerworldsorJohnIrving’ssentimentality,itseemsyouhavegood

2.Ananalysisofthe

3textsofEnglish-languagebooksoverthe

4centuryconcludesthat,sincethe1980s,wordsthat

5emotionalcontenthavebecome

6morecommoninUSbooksthaninBritishones.The

7,byanthropologist(人類學(xué)家)AlbertoAcerbioftheUniversityofBristol,UK,andhiscolleagues,takesadvantageofGoogle’sdatabaseofmorethan5milliondigitally

8booksfromthepastseveralcenturies.Thisresourcehas

9beenusedtoexaminethe

10ofliterarystylesandtrendsinliteraryexpressionsofindividualism.Such

11oftheculturalinformationmadeavailablebynewtechnologieshasbeen

12＂culturomics＂(文化組學(xué)).Its

13thinkthattheseapproachescan

14trendsinsocialopinionsandstandardsofbehaviorthatare

15hiddenwithinvastquantitiesofdata.＂Languageuseinbooks

16whatpeoplearetalkingaboutandthinkingaboutduringa

17time,soGoogleBooksprovidesafascinating

18intothepast,＂sayspsychologistJeanTwengeofSanDiegoStateUniversityinCalifornia.The

19resultscertainlyseemtoshowthatinformaldescriptionsaboutsocialmoodarereflectedinthe

20(bothfictionandnon-fiction)ofthetwentiethcentury.1.A.independent B.emotional C.peaceful D.autonomous2.A.reason B.way C.excuse D.truth3.A.digitized B.translated C.adapted D.adopted4.A.old B.modern C.former D.past5.A.take B.include C.carry D.arrange6.A.significantly B.surprisingly C.doubtfully D.instructively7.A.book B.study C.experiment D.lecture8.A.written B.chosen C.scanned D.made9.A.formally B.casually C.never D.previously10.A.evolution B.development C.progress D.revolution11. A.learning B.mining C.searching D.using12.A.regarded B.formed C.appointed D.called13.A.opponents B.owners C.advocates D.writers14.A.examine B.discover C.cause D.generate15.A.certainly B.often C.also D.otherwise16.A.suggests B.reflects C.explains D.displays17.A.particular B.different C.hard D.pleasant18.A.window B.picture C.sight D.roof19.A.earliest B.best C.latest D.poorest20.A.literature B.science C.politics D.economicsCloze1體裁文章話題詞數(shù)建議時(shí)間難度自測(cè)正確率說明文網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全問題40016分鐘★★★★☆ The

Term

＂CYBERSPACE＂

was

coined

by

WilliamGibson,ascience-fictionwriter.Hefirstuseditinashortstoryin1982,andexpandedonitacoupleofyearslaterinanovelNeuromancer.His1creationturnedouttoberemarkablyprescient（有先見之明）.Cyberspacehasbecomeshorthandforthecomputingdevices,networks,fiber-opticcables,andwirelesslinksthatbringtheinternettobillionsofpeoplearoundtheworld.The2madebythesetechnologieshavebroughttremendousbenefitstoeveryonewhousesthewebto3humanity’scollectivestoreofknowledgeeveryday. The

potential

damage,

though,

extends

well

beyond

such

7intrusion.

Wider8_havebeenraisedbytherealizationofagrowingnumbersofcyber-warriorsbeingrecruitedbycountriesthatseecyberspaceasanewterritoryofwarfare.America’spresident,BarackObama,saidinaWhiteHousepressreleasethatcyber-threats＂9oneofthegravestnational-securitydangers＂thecountryisfacing. 13,thesedefenseshaveworkedreasonablywell.Despitethetalkabouttheriskofa＂cyber9/11＂,theinternethasprovedremarkably14.Hundredsofmillionsofpeopleturnontheircomputerseverydayandbankonline,shopat15stores,sharegossipandphotoswiththeirfriendsonsocialnetworksandsendallkindsofsensitivedataoverthewebwithoutilleffect.Companiesandgovernmentsareshiftingevermoreservicesonline.1.A.technical B.literary C.deliberate D.noble2.A.senses B.restrictions C.connections D.differences3.A.breakthrough B.keepback C.standfor D.tapinto4.A.collections B.mistakes C.leaks D.sources5.A.hackers B.agencies C.critics D.victims6.A.assessed B.insisted C.revealed D.concluded7.A.social B.cultural C.civil D.commercial8.A.gaps B.contacts C.effects D.concerns9.A.pose B.solve C.maintain D.reduce10.A.availability B.security C.temptation D.preservation11.A.worryabout B.specializein C.keepaway D.putoff12.A.brokedown B.turnedup C.fellapart D.shutdown13.A.Ofcourse B.Inanotherword C.Onthewhole D.Aboveall14.A.calmandstable B.funandfashionableC.profitableandproductive D.wildandwell-received15.A.luxurious B.favorite C.virtual D.convenienceCloze2體裁文章話題詞數(shù)建議時(shí)間難度自測(cè)正確率說明文人際交往中一個(gè)重要的原則30317分鐘★★★☆☆Peoplearealwaysaskingwhatthemostimportantelementtoahealthyrelationshipis.The1istherearemany.Butthereisonereallyimportantthingthatallgreatandhealthyrelationshipshaveincommon—2.Yes,ofcourse,therearesomelittle3lieseveninthebestofrelationships—4surprisesorunexpectedbirthd