英文介紹武漢,有關(guān)武漢的信息

WuhanWuhan(simplifiedChinese：武漢；traditionalChinese：武漠；pinyin：Wuhan；Mandarinpronunciation:[wuOOxanOO][Listen](help,info))isthecapitalofHubeiprovince,People'sRepublicofChina,andisthemostpopulouscityincentralChina.ItliesattheeastofJianghanPlain,andtheintersectionofthemiddlereachesoftheYangtzeandHanRiverArisingoutoftheconglomerationofthreeboroughs,Wuchang,Hankou,andHanyang,Wuhanisknownas"thenineprovinces'leadingthoroughfare"；itisamajortransportationhub,withdozensofrailways,roadsandexpresswayspassingthroughthecity.ThecityofWuhan,firsttermedassuchin1927,hasapopulationofapproximately9,100,000people(2006),withabout6,100,000residentsinitsurbanarea.Inthe1920s,WuhanwasthecapitalofaleftistKuomintang(KMT)governmentledbyWangJingweiinoppositiontoChiangKai-shek,nowWuhanisrecognizedasthepolitical,economic,financial,cultural,educationalandtransportationcenterofcentralChinaHistoryTheareawasfirstsettledmorethan3,000yearsago.DuringtheHanDynasty,Hanyangbecameafairlybusyport.Inthe3rdcenturyADoneofthemostfamousbattlesinChinesehistoryandacentraleventintheRomanceoftheThreeKingdo-theBattleofRedCliffs—tookplaceinthevicinityofthecliffsnearWuhan.Aroundthattime,wallswerebuilttoprotectHanyang(AD206)andWuchang(AD223).ThelattereventmarksthefoundationofWuhan.InAD223,theYellowCraneTower(黃鶴樓)wasconstructedontheWuchangsideoftheYangtzeRiver.CuiHao,acelebratedpoetofTangDynasty,visitedthebuildingintheearly8thcentury；hispoemmadethebuildingthemostcelebratedbuildinginsouthernChina.Thecityhaslongbeenrenownedasacenterforthearts(especiallypoetry)andforintellectualstudies.UndertheMongolrulers(YuanDynasty),Wuchangwaspromotedtothestatusofprovincialcapital.Byapproximately300yearsago,Hankouhadbecomeoneofthecountry'stopfourtradingtowns.WuhanCustomHouse,openedin1862Inthelate19thcenturyrailroadswereextendedonanorth-southaxisthroughthiscity,whichthenbecameanimportanttransshipmentpointbetweenrailandrivertraffic.Atthistimeforeignpowersextractedmercantileconcessions,withtheriverfrontofHankoubeingdividedupintovariousforeigncontrolledmerchantdistricts.Thesedistrictscontainedtradingfirmoffices,warehouses,anddockingfacilities.In1911,SunYat-sensfollowerslaunchedtheWuchangUprisingthatledtothecollapseoftheQingDynastyandtheestablishmentoftheRepublicofChina.WuhanwasthecapitalofaleftistKuomintanggovernmentledbyWangJingwei,inoppositiontoChiangKai-shekduringthe1920s.In1938,WuhanandthesurroundingregionbecamethebattlefieldoftheBattleofWuhan,amajorconflictintheSecondSino-JapaneseWar.AfterbeingtakenbytheJapanesein1938,WuhanbecameamajorJapaneselogisticscenterforoperationsinsouthernChina.InDecember1944,thecitywaslargelydestroyedbyU.S.firebombingraidsconductedbytheFourteenthAirForceIn1967,civilstrifestruckthecityinthWuhanIncidentasaresultoftensionsarisingoutofbytheCulturalRevolutionThecityhasbeensubjecttonumerousdevastatingfloods,whicharesupposedtobecontrolledbytheambitiousThreeGorgesDam.Thatprojectissettobecompletedin2011.HistoryOpeningHankouasaTradingPortDuringtheSecondOpiumWar(knownintheWestastheArrowWar,1856—1860),theGovernmentofQingDynastywasdefeatedbythewesternpowersandsignedtheTreatiesofTianjinandtheConventionofPeking,whichstipulatedelevencitiesorregions(includingHankou)astradingports.InDecember1858,JamesBruce,8thEarlofElgin,HighCommissionertoChina,ledfourwarshipsuptheYangtzeRiverinWuhantocollecttheinformationneededforopeningthetradingportinWuhan.Andinthespringof1861,CounselorHarryParkesandAdmiralHerbertweresenttoWuhantoopenatradingport.OnthebasisoftheConventionofPeking,HarryParkesconcludedtheHankouLend-LeaseTreatywithGuanWen,thegovernor-generalofHunanandHubei.Itbroughtanareaof30.53squarekilometersalongtheYangtzeRiver(fromJianghanRoadtoHezuoRoadtoday)tobecomeaBritishConcessionandpermittedBritaintosetuptheirconsulateintheBritishConcession.Thus,Hankoubecameanopentradingport.[edit]HubeiunderZhangZhidongInthefifteenthyearofGuangxuPeriod(1889)oftheQingDynasty,ZhangZhidongwastransferredfromGuangdongtobethegovernor-generalofHunanandHubei.By1906,hehadgovernedHubeifor17years.Duringthisperiod,heelucidatedthetheoryof“Chineselearningasthebasis,Westernlearningforapplication,”knownastheti-yongideal.Hesetupmanyheavyindustries,foundedHanyangSteelPlant,DayeIronMine,PingxiangCoalMineandHubeiArsenalandsetuplocaltextileindustries,boostingtheflourishingmodernindustryinWuhan.Meanwhile,heinitiatededucationalreform,openeddozensofmoderneducationalorganizationssuccessively,suchasLianghu(HunanandHubei)AcademyofClassicalLearning,CivilGeneralInstitute,MilitaryGeneralInstitute,ForeignLanguagesInstituteandLianghu(HunanandHubei)GeneralNormalSchool,andselectedagreatmanystudentsforstudyoverseas,whichwellpromotedthedevelopmentofChina'smoderneducation.Furthermore,hetrainedmodernmilitaryandorganizedamodernarmyincludingazhenandaxie(bothzhenandxiearemilitaryunitsintheQingDynasty)inHubei.AlloftheselaidasolidfoundationforthemodernizationofWuhan.YellowCraneTower[edit]WuchangUprisingOnOctober10ofthethirdyearofXuantongPeriodoftheQingDynasty(1911),anarmeduprisingbrokeoutinWuchang.Beforeuprising,withthepurposeofoverthrowingtheManchuDynasty,bourgeoisrevolutionariesconducteddeepandwidepropagandaandmobilizationandfoundedvariousrevolutionaryorganizationsinWuhan.InearlierSeptember1911,theQingGovernmentmovedpartoftheHubeinewarmytoSichuanforsuppressingthepeople'suprisingthere,whichmadeagoodchancefortheuprisinginWuhan.OnSeptember14LiteratureSocietyandgongjinhui,thetwogreatestrevolutionaryorganizationsinHubei,jointlyfoundedtheuprisingheadquartersinWuchanganddecidedtoriseup.OnthemorningofOctober9thebombattheofficeofthepoliticalarrangementexplodedaccidentallyandunfortunately,andtheuprisingproclamation,beadrollandofficialsealfellintothehandsofRuiCheng,thegovernor-generalofHunanandHubei,whodemolishedtheuprisingheadquartersinWuchangthesameday,anddecidedtoraidtherevolutionariesaccordingtothebeadroll.Atthiscriticalmoment,theconductorsfromthebasalbackbonesofrevolutionaryorganizationscontactedeachothersecretlyandmadeadecisionofimmediateuprising.Onthenightof10th,therevolutionariesfiredtoriseinrevoltattheengineeringbarracksofnewarmy,andthenledonthenewarmyofallbarrackstoriseupsuccessively.UndertheguidanceofWuZhaolin,CaiJimin,etc.,therevolutionaryarmyseizedtheofficialresidenceofthegovernorandgovernmentofficesincludingfan,nie,etc.inHubei.RuiChengfledinpanicintotheChu-YuShipanchoredbytheriver,andZhangBiao,thecontrollerofQingarmy,alsodiscardedthecityandfledaway.Onthemorningof11th,therevolutionaryarmytookthewholecityofWuchang.ButtheleaderssuchasJiangYiwu,SunWudisappearedthen,thustheacephalousrevolutionaryarmyrecommendedLiYuanhong,theassistantgovernorofQingarmy,asthecommander-in-chief,foundedHubeiMilitaryGovernment,proclaimedtheabolishmentoftheQingDynasty'simperialismandthefoundingofRepublicofChina,aswellaspublishedanopentelegramforcalltouprisingofeveryprovince.AsthebeginningoftheRevolutionof1911(ledbyDr.SunYat-sen,whichoverthrewtheQingDynasty),WuchangUprisingplayedamostimportantroleinraisingupsurgeofthedemocraticrevolution,whichalsowascalled“theleadinlaunchingtheRevolutionof1911”since1911wastheyearofxinhaiintraditionalChinesechronology.[edit]NationalgovernmentmoveditscapitaltoWuhanIn1926,withthenorthextensionofNorthernExpedition,thecenterofGreatRevolutionshiftedfromthePearlRiverbasintotheYangtzeRiverbasin.OnNovember26,theKMTCentralPoliticalCommitteedecidedtomovethecapitaltoWuhan.InmiddleDecember,mostoftheKMTcentralexecutivecommissionersandNationalGovernmentcommissionersarrivedinWuhan,setupthetemporaryjointconferenceofcentralexecutivecommissionersandNationalGovernmentcommissioners,performedthetopfunctionsofcentralpartyheadquartersandNationalGovernment,anddeclaredtheywouldworkinWuhanonJanuary1,1927anddecidedtocombinedthethreetownsofWuchang,Hankou,andHanyangintoWuhanCity,called“CapitalDistrict”.TheNationalGovernmentwaslocatedintheNanyangBuildinginHankou,whilethecentralpartyheadquartersandotherorganizationschosetheirlocationsinHankouorWuchang.[edit]BattleofWuhanMainarticle:BattleofWuhanInearlyOctoberin1938,JapaneseaggressorsmovedeastandnorthrespectivelyuponoutskirtsofWuhan.Asaresult,numerouscompaniesandenterprisesandlargeamountspeoplehadtowithdrawfromWuhantothewestofHubeiandSichuan.TheKMTnavyundertooktheresponsibilityofdefendingtheYangtzeRiveronpatrolandcoveringthewithdrawal.On24October,whenoverseeingthewatersoftheYangtzeRivernearthetownofJinkou(JiangxiaDistrictinWuhan)inWuchang,theKMTwarshipZhongshancomeupagainstsixJapaneseplanes.Theplanestookturnstodive,strafeandbombtheship.Thoughtwoplaneswereeventuallyshotdown,theZhongshanwarshipsankdownduetoseriousdamagewith25casualties.[edit]Completionandopening-to-trafficofthefirstYangtzeRiverbridgeTheprojectofbuildingthefirstYangtzeRiverBridgewasregardedasoneofthekeyprojectsduringtheperiodofthefirstfive-yearplan.TheEngineeringBureauoftheFirstYangtzeRiverBridge,setupbytheMinistryofRailwayinApril1953,wasresponsibleforthedesignandconstructionofthebridge.Thedocument“ResolutionsonBuildngtheFirstYangtzeRiverBridge”waspassedinthe203rdconferenceofStateCouncilon15January1954.Thetechnicalconferenceontheroutesofthebridge,washeldinHankouon15January1955,determinedthattheroutefromTortoiseHilltoSnakeHillwasthebestchoice.On25October,thebridgeproperwasunderconstruction.Thesamedayin1957thewholeprojectwascompletedandanopening-to-trafficceremonywasheldon15October.Thewholebridgewas1,670m(5,479.00ft)long,ofwhichthesuperstratumwasahighwaywithawidthof22.5m(73.82ft)andthesubstratumwasadouble-linerailwaywithawidthof18m(59.06ft).Thebridgeproperwas1,156m(3,792.65ft)longwithtwopairsofeightpiersandninearcheswithaspaceof128m(419.95ft)betweeneacharch.ThankstotheFirstYangtzeRiverBridge,Beijing-WuhanandGuangdong-WuhanrailwayswereavailableandanyplacecouldbereachedfromWuchang,HankoutoHanyang.ThusWuhanwasathoroughfaretonineprovincesnotonlyinrealitybutinnameaswell.GeographyandclimateWuhanissituatedinthemiddleofHubeiProvince,113°41'T15°05'East,29°58'-31°22'North,eastoftheJianghanPlain,andtheconfluenceofthemiddlereachesoftheYangtzeRiverandHanshuiRiver.Themetropolitanareacomprisesthreeparts-Wuchang,Hankou,andHanyang,commonlycalledthe"ThreeTownsofWuhan"(hencethename“Wuhan”,combining"Wu"fromthefirstcityand"Han"fromtheothertwo).Theconsolidationofthesethreecitiesoccurredin1927andWuhanwastherebyestablished.Thesethreepartsfaceeachotheracrosstheriversandarelinkedbybridges,includingoneofthefirstmodernbridgesinChina,knownasthe"FirstBridge".Itissimpleingeographicalstructure-lowandflatinthemiddleandhillyinthesouth,withtheYangtzeandHanriverswindingthroughthecity.Wuhanoccupiesalandareaof8494.41km2,mostofwhichisplainanddecoratedwithhillsandagreatnumberoflakesandpools.Wuhan'sclimateishumidsubtropical(KoppenCfa)withabundantrainfallandfourdistinctiveseasons.Wuhanisknownforitsoppressivelyhumidsummers,whendewpointscanoftenreach26°C(79°F)ormore.田Becauseofitshotsummerweather,WuhaniscommonlyknownasoneoftheThreeFurnacesofChina,alongwithNanjingandChongqing.Springandautumnaregenerallymild,whilewinteriscoolwithoccasionalsnow.Intherecentthirtyyears,theaverageannualrainfallis1269mm,mainlyfromJunetoAugust；annualtemperatureis15.8℃-17.5℃,annualfrostfreeperiodlasts211to272daysandannualsunlightdurationis1810to2100hours.TransportationBridgesWuhanhassixbridgesandonetunnelacrosstheYangtzeRive.TheWuhanYangtzeRiverBridge,alsocalledtheFirstBridge,wasbuiltovertheYangtzeRiver(ChangJiang)in1957,carryingtherailroaddirectlyacrosstheriverbetweenSnakeHill(ontheleftinthepicturebelow)andTurtleHill.Beforethisbridgewasbuiltitcouldtakeuptoanentiredaytobargerailcarsacross.Includingitsapproaches,itis5,511feet(1680m)long,anditaccommodatesbothadouble-trackrailwayonalowerdeckandafourlaneroadwayabove.ItwasbuiltwiththeassistanceofadvisersfromtheSovietUnionTheSecondBridge,acable-stayedbridge,builtofpre-stressedconcrete,hasacentralspanof400meters;itis4,678metersinlength(including1,877metersofthemainbridge)and26.5to33.5metersinwidth.Itsmainbridgeheadsare90metershigheach,pulling392thickslantingcablestogetherintheshapeofdoublefans,sothatthecentralspanofthebridgeiswellpoisedonthepiersandthebridge'sstabilityandvibrationresistanceareensured.Withsixlanesonthedeck,thebridgeisdesignedtohandle50,000motorvehiclespassingeveryday.Thebridgewascompletedin1995.[citation]eededSecondbridgeTheThirdWuhanYangtzeRiverBridgewascompletedinSeptember2000.Located8.6kilometerssouthwestoftheFirstBridge,constructionofBaishazhouBridgestartedin1997.Withaninvestmentofover1.4billionyuan(about170millionU.S.dollars),thebridge,whichis3,586meterslongand26.5meterswide,hassixlanesandhasacapacityof50,000vehiclesaday.ThebridgeisexpectedtoserveasamajorpassageforthefutureWuhanRingRoad,enormouslyeasingthecity'strafficandaidinglocaleconomicdevelopment.TheYangluoBridgecarriesWuhan'sRingRoadacrosstheYangtzeinthecity'seasternsuburbs(connectingtheHongshanDistrictwiththeXinzhouDistrict).ItwasopenedonDecember26,2007.TheWuhanTianxingzhouYangtzeRiverBridgecrossestheYangtzeinthenortheasternpartofthecity,downstreamoftheSecondbridge.ItsnameisduetotheTianxingIsland(Tianxingzhou),abovewhichitcrossestheriver.Builtatthecostof11billionyuan,the4,657-metercablesuspensionbridgewasopenedonDecember26,2009，團(tuán)intimefortheopeningoftheWuhanRailwayStation.Itisacombinedroadandrailbridge,andcarriestheWuhan-GuangzhouHigh-SpeedRailwayacrosstheriver.[edit]RailwayTheoldDazhimenStation(大智門火車站),theoriginalHankouterminusoftheBeiiing-HankouRailway.Constructedin1900-1903,itwasclosedin1991,aftertheopeningofthepresentHankouRailwayStationUntilthelate2009,thecityproperinWuhanwasservedbytwomajorrailwaystations,namelytheHankouRailwayStationinHankouandtheWuchangRailwayStationinWuchang.Asaresult,therailwaysysteminChinaactuallydidnothaveauniquedesignationforthename"Wuhan”,andtrainsheadingtoWuhanaremarkedwiththerespectiveborough'sstationname,andnotthecity's.The(original)HankouStationwastheterminusfortheJinghanRailwayfromBeijing,whiletheWuchangStationwastheterminusforthYuehanRailwaytoGuangzhou.ButsincetheconstructionoftheFirstYangtzeBridgeandthelinkingofthetwolinesintotheJingguangRailway,bothHankouandWuchangstationshavebeenservedbytrainsgoingtoalldirections,whichcontrastswiththesituationinsuchcitiesasNewYorkorMoscow,wheredifferentstationsservedifferentdirections.WiththeopeningoftheHefei-Wuhanhigh-speedrailwayonApril1,2009,eWuhanbecameservedbyhigh-speedtrainswithHefei,Nanjing,andShanghai；severaltrainsadaynowconnectthecitywithShanghai,gettingthereinunder6hours.Asoftheearly2010,mostoftheseexpresstrainsleavefromtheHankouRailwayStationThenewWuhanRailwayStation,openedin2009In2006,constructionbeganonthenewWuhanRailwayStationwith11platforms,locatedonthenortheasternoutskirtsofthecity.InDecember2009,thestationwasopened,asChinaunveileditssecondhigh-speedtrainwithscheduledrunsfromGuangzhoutoWuhan.Billedasthefastesttrainintheworld,itcanreachaspeedof394km/h(244.82mph).Thetraveltimebetweenthetwocitieshasbeenreducedfromtenandahalfhourstojustthree.Eventually,therailservicewillextendnorthtoBeijing.mAsoftheearly2010,theneWuhanRailwayStationisprimarilyusedbytheWuhan-Guangzhouhigh-speedtrains,whilemostregulartrainstootherdestinationscontinuetousetheHankouandWuchangstations.[edit]PublictransitWhenWuhanMetroopenedinSeptember2004,WuhanbecamethefifthChinesecitywithametrosystem(afterBeijing,Tianjin,Shanghai,andGuangzhou).tnThefirst10.2kmline(10stations)isanelevatedrail(andthereforecalled'lightrail'inChineseterminology).ItrunsfromHuangputoZongguaninthedowntownareaoftheHankouDistrict,anditisthefirstoneinthecountrytouseacommunication-basedtraincontrolsystem(aMovingBlocksignallingsystem,providedbyAlcatel).Thedesignedminimumintervalisonly90secondsbetweentwotrainsanditfeaturesdriverlessoperation.trrPhase2ofthislinewillextendthelengthto28.8km(17.90mi)with26stationsintotal.ItplanstostartrevenueserviceonJuly28,2010.m[edit]AirMainarticle：WuhanTianheInternationalAirportOpenedinApril1995,WuhanTianheInternationalAirportisoneofthebusiestairportsincentralChinaanditislocated26kmnorthofWuhan.IthasalsobeenselectedasChina'sfourthinternationalhubairportafterBeijingCapitalInternationalAirport,Shanghai-PudongandGuangzhouBaiyun.AsecondterminalwascompletedinMarch2008,havingbeenstartedinFebruary2005withaninvestmentofRMB3.372b