專業(yè)英語(yǔ)課后習(xí)題答案

第7頁(yè)Lesson2Exercises1.PutthefollowingintoChinese.（1）Ohm’slawstatesthatthevoltageacrossaresistorisdirectlyproportionaltothecurrentflowingthroughtheresistor.Theconstantofproportionalityistheresistancevalueoftheresistorinohms.流過(guò)電路里電阻的電流，及加在電阻兩端的電壓成正比，及電阻的阻值成反比。這就是歐姆定律。（2）Manymaterials,however,closelyapproximateanideallinearresistoroveradesiredoperatingregion.不過(guò)，許多材料在規(guī)定的工作范圍內(nèi)非常接近理想線性電阻。（3）Itshouldbenotedthatanidealvoltagesource(dependentorindependent)willproduceanycurrentrequiredtoensurethattheterminalvoltageisasstated,whereasanidealcurrentsourcewillproducethenecessaryvoltagetoensurethestatedcurrentflow.應(yīng)該注意：一個(gè)理想電壓源（獨(dú)立或受控）可向電路提供任意電流以保證其端電壓為規(guī)定值，而電流源可向電路提供任意電壓以保證其規(guī)定電流。（4）Adifferentclassofrelationshipoccursbecauseoftherestrictionthatsomespecifictypeofnetworkelementplacesonthevariables.Stillanotherclassofrelationshipisonebetweenseveralvariableofthesametypewhichoccursastheresultofthenetworkconfiguration,i.e.,themannerinwhichthevariouselementofthenetworkareinterconnected.一種不同類型的關(guān)系是由于網(wǎng)絡(luò)元件的某種特定類型的連接對(duì)變量的約束。另一類關(guān)系由于網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)，即網(wǎng)絡(luò)的不同元件互相連接的方式所產(chǎn)生的相同形式的一些變量間的關(guān)系。（5）Thethermalconductivityofmetalsisasmuchasseveralhundredtimesthatofglass.金屬的導(dǎo)熱率比玻璃高幾百倍。（6）Magneticlineofforcewill，wheneverpassible,travelthroughironorothermagneticmaterials.磁力線只要有可能就會(huì)通過(guò)鐵或其它磁性材料。（7）Actually,0oCisindeedthelowerlimittotemperaturescapableofbeingattained.事實(shí)上絕對(duì)零度確是所能達(dá)到的溫度的最低限度。2.TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish.（1）電路元件吸收或釋放的功率為元件兩端的電壓及流過(guò)該元件電流的乘積。Thepowerabsorbedorsuppliedbyacircuitelementistheproductofthevoltageacrosstheelementandthecurrentthroughit.（2）理想獨(dú)立電源是一個(gè)有源元件，它所提供的電壓或電流不依賴于電路中其他變量。Anidealindependentsourceisanactiveelementthatprovidesaspecifiedvoltageorcurrentthatiscompletelyindependentofothercircuitvariables.（3）受控電源是一個(gè)有源元件，它所提供的電壓或電流受電路中某部分電壓或電流控制。 Anidealdependent(orcontrolled)sourceisanactiveelementinwhichthesourcequantityiscontrolledbyanothervoltageorcurrent.（4）疊加定理為：線性電路中，任一電壓或電流都是電路中各個(gè)獨(dú)立電源單獨(dú)作用時(shí)，在該處產(chǎn)生的電壓或電流的疊加。Thesuperpositionprinciplestatesthatthevoltageacross(orcurrentthrough)anelementinalinearcircuitisthealgebraicsumofthevoltagesacross(orcurrentthrough)thatelementduetoeachindependentsourceactingalone.（5）計(jì)算機(jī)可分為模擬計(jì)算機(jī)和數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī)兩種。Computersmaybeclassfiedasanaloganddigital．（6）新型晶體管的開關(guān)時(shí)間縮短了三分之二。Theswitchingtimeofthenew-typetransistorisshortenedthreetimes．（7）超導(dǎo)體在電氣應(yīng)用上的重要性不能被估計(jì)過(guò)高。Theimportanceofsuperconductorintheusesofelectricitycannotbeoverestimated.Lesson3Exercises1.PutthefollowingintoChinese.（1）Abipolarjunctiontransistor(BJT)isathree-layersilicon(orgermanium)deviceconsistingofeithertwop-andonen-typelayersofmaterials(pnp)ortwon-andonep-typelayersofmaterials(npn).雙極結(jié)型晶體管為三層的硅（或鍺）器件，由兩個(gè)P型和一個(gè)N型材料層（NPN）或者兩個(gè)N型和一個(gè)P型材料層（PNP）組成。（2）Sincetheemitterfollowerhasahighinputimpedanceandalowoutputimpedance,itsvoltagegainislessthanunityandthepowergainisnormallylowerthanthatobtainedfromotherconfigurations.由于射極跟隨器的輸入阻抗高且輸出阻抗低，其電壓增益小于1，功率增益通常也比其他結(jié)構(gòu)小。（3）Thecurrentinareverse-biaseddiodeissmall(typically10-8Aforsilicon)andapproximatelyindependentofvoltageuntilthebreakdownregionathighreversevoltagesisreached.反向偏置的二極管中電流很?。ü韫艿牡湫椭禐?0-8安），在處于較高的反向電壓的擊穿區(qū)外基本上及電壓無(wú)關(guān)。（4）Mostintegratedcircuitsprovidethesamefunctionalityas“discrete”semiconductorcircuitsathigherlevelsofreliabilityandatafractionofthecost.許多集成電路具有和分立的半導(dǎo)體電路相同的功能，而且可靠性更高，成本更低。（5）Somethingmustbedonetopreventtheexpandingoutbreakofbirdflu.必須采取措施防止禽流感大流行。（6）Thefirstroundofthesix-parttalkshadbeencoloredbyacrimonyoverNorthKorea'snuclearweapons.第一輪六方會(huì)談彌漫著不協(xié)調(diào)的氣氛：會(huì)上對(duì)朝核問(wèn)題爭(zhēng)論激烈。（7）Twoyears’workingisamusttothepeoplewhowanttotakeupgraduatedexamination.對(duì)于要參加研究生考試的人來(lái)說(shuō)，兩年的工齡事是必備條件。2.TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish.（1）模擬放大器根據(jù)設(shè)定的放大倍數(shù)對(duì)模擬電壓或電流信號(hào)進(jìn)行放大，以推動(dòng)負(fù)載工作。Analogamplifierscanamplifyanalogvoltageorcurrentsignalstodrivetheloadaccordingtothepresetamplification.（2）放大器的增益就是放大倍數(shù)，用于表示放大器對(duì)小信號(hào)的放大能力。Thegainoftheamplifierisitsamplificationthatisusedtoexpressitscapabilityofamplifyingsmallsignals.（3）很多實(shí)際應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)中的放大電路都通過(guò)級(jí)聯(lián)多級(jí)放大器來(lái)提高放大倍數(shù)。Manyamplifyingcircuitsinpracticalapplicationsystemschaintogetheraseriesofamplifierstagestoimprovetheiramplification.（4）模擬電路用于處理在0伏到電源電壓之間任意變化的信號(hào)。Analogcircuitsareusedtodealwithsignalsfreetovaryfromzerotofullpowersupplyvoltage.（5）這位科學(xué)家早年為養(yǎng)家糊口曾干過(guò)兼職。Duringthefirstpartofhislife,thescientisteverhadapart-timejobtosupporthisfamily.（6）你建議用什么辦法防止漏氣?Whatmeasuresdoyouproposetopreventtheleakageofgas.（7）遲早這位司機(jī)會(huì)斷送性命的，因?yàn)樗傔`反交通規(guī)則。Soonerorlater,thedriverwillgetkilled,becauseheisalwaysspeeding.Lesson4Exercises1.PutthefollowingintoChinese.（1）Becauseoftheirveryhighopenloopgain,OAsarealmostexclusivelyusedwithsomeadditionalcircuitry(mostlywithresistorsandcapacitors),requiredtoensureanegativefeedbackloop.由于運(yùn)算入大器有較高的開環(huán)增益，使用一些輔助電路（主要是電阻和電容），它幾乎專門用以確保負(fù)反饋環(huán)的實(shí)現(xiàn)。（2）Theleadsofthenewcondenserareshortenedthreetimesaslongasthoseoftheold.新式電容器的引線比老式電容器的引線縮短了三分之一。（3）Inachemicalchange,energyisnotcreated,norisitdestroyed.在化學(xué)變化過(guò)程中，能量既不會(huì)無(wú)端生有，也不會(huì)無(wú)端消失。（4）Theintegratedcircuitissocalledbecauseallofthecircuitelementsarebondedtogetherratherthanseparatelywiredtoeachotherafterbeingmanufactured.集成電路之所以被稱為集成電路，是因?yàn)樗须娐吩稍谝黄鸲皇欠至⒌?，制造以后再用?dǎo)線連接起來(lái)。（5）Withradar,wecan“see”thingsatagreatdistance,anditshowsushowfarawaytheyare,inwhichdirectiontheylie,andwhatmovementstheyaremaking.有了雷達(dá)，我們就能“看到”遠(yuǎn)方的物體，雷達(dá)還能向我們指明這些物體的距離、方位運(yùn)動(dòng)方式。（6）Electricalcontacttothesemiconductorregionscanbeformedbyopeningnewwindowsontheoxidelayeranddepositingathinmetalfilmofhighelectricalconductivity,suchasaluminum(Al).半導(dǎo)體區(qū)域的電接觸可以通過(guò)在氧化層中重新開出窗口然后在上面淀積一薄層高電導(dǎo)率的金屬材料如AL來(lái)獲得。（7）Anoperationalamplifierisahigh-gainelectronicamplifierwhichiscontrolledbynegativefeedbacktoaccomplishmanyfunctionsor“operations”inanalogcircuits.運(yùn)算放大器是一個(gè)受負(fù)反饋控制的高增益的電子放大器，用來(lái)在模擬電路中完成許多運(yùn)算功能。2.TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish.（1）隨著大規(guī)模集成電路的出現(xiàn)，電子工業(yè)在60年代取得了巨大的進(jìn)展。1960ssawthegreatadvanceinelectronicsindustrywiththeemergenceofthelargescaleintegratedcircuits.（2）單片集成電路的快速發(fā)展和廣泛應(yīng)用得益于平面工藝（planartechnology）的優(yōu)越性。ThemonolithicICtechnologyowesitsrapidgrowthandacceptancetotheadvantageofplanartechnology.（3）電阻越大，通過(guò)導(dǎo)線輸送一定電流所需的電壓就越高。Thegreatertheresistance,thebiggeristhevoltageneededtosendagivencurrentthroughthewire.（4）如果沒有無(wú)線電，人們就不能看到月球的背面了。Iftherehadbeennoradio,mancouldnothaveseenthefarsideofthemoon.（5）我們可以把該函數(shù)分成兩段來(lái)表示。Wemaybeabletoexpressthefunctionintwosections.（6）電信號(hào)用電子的方法放大，即利用輸入放大器的交流電能將信號(hào)的功率放大。Theelectricalsignalisamplifiedelectronically,withanincreaseinsignalpoweroccurringattheexpenseoftheinputacpowertotheamplifier.(7)運(yùn)算放大器（縮寫為opamps）是模擬電路的基本組成單元，正如NOR和NAND門電路為數(shù)字電路的基本單元一樣。Operationalamplifier(opamps,forshort)providebasicbuildingblocksforanalogcircuitsinthesamewaythatNORandNANDgatesarebasicbuildingblocksfordigitalcircuits.Lesson5Exercises1.PutthefollowingintoChinese.(1)Thefeatureofthetransistoristhatasmallvaryinginputvoltagemaycausealargeoutputvoltagetovaryinglikedegreeorthatasmallinputpowermaycontrolalargeoutputpower.晶體管的特性就是一個(gè)小的變化的輸入電壓可以產(chǎn)生一個(gè)大的相應(yīng)變化的輸出電壓，或是一個(gè)小的輸入功率可以控制一個(gè)大的輸出功率。(2)Yettherangeofusesofthiselectronicdeviceisconsideredtobemerelyonthethresholdofanalmostlimitlesspotential.然而，這種電子設(shè)備的使用范圍被認(rèn)為僅僅是一個(gè)開端，它幾乎具有無(wú)限的潛力。(3)Nowthatmaybearesultofexperimentation,butwehaven’tbeenabletoprovethat.這有可能是實(shí)驗(yàn)的結(jié)果，但至今我們還不能證實(shí)這一點(diǎn)。（4）Telecommunicationsmeanssomuchinmodernlifethatwithoutitourmodernlifewouldbeimpossible.電信在現(xiàn)代生活中意義重大，沒有它就不可能有我們現(xiàn)在的生活。（5）MOStransistorsareclassifiedasp-channelorn-channeldevice,dependingontheconductivitytypeofthechannelregion.Inaddition,thesedevicescanalsobeclassifiedaccordingtotheirmodeofoperationasenhancementordepletiontypedevices.根據(jù)溝道區(qū)域的導(dǎo)電類型，MOS晶體管可分成P溝道和N溝道，此外，這些器件還可以根據(jù)它們的工作模式分成增強(qiáng)型或耗盡型。（6）Incontrast,thebipolarjunctiontransistorrequiresbothholeandelectroncurrents.相反，雙極型結(jié)型晶體管既有空穴導(dǎo)電，又有電子導(dǎo)電。（7）Thegreatvalueofthisnewmaterialliesinthefactthatitcanbeusedinhigh-techarea.這種新材料的巨大價(jià)值在于它能夠用于高技術(shù)領(lǐng)域。2.TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish.（1）在這個(gè)工程項(xiàng)目中必須考慮三個(gè)因素。Threefactorsmustbetakenintoconsiderationintheproject.（2）及TTL電路相比，基于CMOS技術(shù)的邏輯門具有生產(chǎn)工藝簡(jiǎn)單和功耗低的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，但工作速度相對(duì)慢一些。ComparedwiththeTTLcircuits,logicgatesbasedontheCMOStechnologyhavesomemerits,suchassimplemanufactureartsandcrafts,andlowpowerlose,butoperatespeedisslowcorrespondingly.（3）門電路一般又稱邏輯電路，因?yàn)樗鼈兡軌蛲瓿蛇壿嬤\(yùn)算的功能，在實(shí)際設(shè)計(jì)中應(yīng)用得十分廣泛。Gatescircuitsisgenerallycalledlogiccircuits,becausetheycanperformlogicoperationfunction,itsapplicationisextensiveinactualdesign.（4）把一個(gè)P溝道型的器件和一個(gè)PNP結(jié)型晶體管的工作原理比較一下是有益的。Itisinformativetocomparethebasicoperationofap-channeldevicewiththatofaPNPjunctiontransistor.（5）晶體管的快速發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵是使用了硅代替導(dǎo)線作為基本的導(dǎo)電材料。Thekeytothetransistor’srapiddevelopmentwastheuseofsiliconinsteadofwireasthebasicconductivematerial.（6）你熟悉這種類型的晶體管放大器的性能嗎？Areyoufamiliarwiththeperformanceofthistypeoftransistoramplifier?（7）此結(jié)果及理論推導(dǎo)的結(jié)果完全一致。Theresultsareingoodagreementwiththoseobtainedbytheoreticaldeduction.Lesson6Exercise1.PutthefollowingintoChinese.(1)Integersarenormallywrittenusingapositionalnumbersystem,whereeachdigitrepresentsthecoefficientinapowerseries.整數(shù)的書寫通常以位置式計(jì)數(shù)體制來(lái)表示，其中每一位數(shù)字代表權(quán)位序列中的系數(shù)。(2)Fromthislastexample,itisclearhowtoconvertfrombinarytodecimal;justevaluatethepowerseries.Todothateasily,itisusefultoknowthepowersof2,ratherthancomputethemeachtimetheyareneeded.在上一個(gè)例子中，我們可以很清楚的看到，將二進(jìn)制轉(zhuǎn)換成十進(jìn)制只需計(jì)算權(quán)位序列。為了簡(jiǎn)化該過(guò)程，記住2的各個(gè)權(quán)位是非常有用的，而不是在每次需要的時(shí)候計(jì)算它們。(3)Whenthesizeofthestorageplaceforapositivebinarynumberisspecified,thenleading0’sareaddedsoastoobtainthecorrectnumberofbits.當(dāng)指定了一個(gè)正二進(jìn)制數(shù)存儲(chǔ)位置的大小時(shí)，需要在數(shù)字前補(bǔ)夠0的個(gè)數(shù)，從而得到正確的位數(shù)。(4)First,wecansubtractfromthenumberthelargestpowerof2lessthanthatnumberandputa1inthecorrespondingpositionofthebinaryequivalent.Wethenrepeatthatwiththeremainder.A0isputinthepositionforthoseof2whicharelargerthantheremainder.首先我們可以從該數(shù)字中減掉比該數(shù)字小的2的最大權(quán)位，并在二進(jìn)制數(shù)位中相應(yīng)的位置上填入1，然后對(duì)于余數(shù)重復(fù)同樣的操作。在2的權(quán)位大于余數(shù)的情況下，在相應(yīng)的位置上填入0。(5)Theotherapproachistodividethedecimalnumberby2repeatedly.Theremaindereachtimegivesadigitofthebinaryanswer,startingattheleastsignificantbit(a0).Theremainderisthendiscardedandtheprocessisrepeated.另一種方法是，將十進(jìn)制數(shù)反復(fù)用2除，每次得到的余數(shù)，從最低有效位(a0)開始，給出了二進(jìn)制中相應(yīng)的位，然后丟棄余數(shù)并重復(fù)該過(guò)程。（6）Thetaskwouldbeunnecessarybecauseanyonewhoreadthecircuitdiagramwouldintheirmindgroupthecomponentstogetherintostandardcircuitsandthinkintermsofthe“system”functionsoftheindividualgates.這個(gè)工作是不必要的，因?yàn)槿魏伍喿x電路圖的人在心里總會(huì)將元件組合成標(biāo)準(zhǔn)電路并且從每個(gè)門電路的“系統(tǒng)”功能角度來(lái)考慮問(wèn)題。（7）Thatis,itisdesirabletobroadentherangeofvaluesintheregionsfor1and0toallowforvariationsintransistors,powersupplyvoltage,noisethatmightgetmixedinwiththesignals,andthelike.也就是希望擴(kuò)展區(qū)域1和0的有效范圍，以允許晶體管和電源電壓的變化以及混雜在信號(hào)中的噪聲等因素的影響。2.TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish.(1)在二進(jìn)制中，數(shù)字通常以“位”來(lái)表示，其中“位”即是二進(jìn)制數(shù)字的縮寫。Inbinary,thedigitsareusuallyreferredtoasbits,acontractionforbinarydigits.(2)在計(jì)算機(jī)中，我們用位表示最小的數(shù)據(jù)，一組m位二進(jìn)制數(shù)能夠傳遞m位信息。Incomputerweusebittorepresenttheminimumdata,asequenceofmbinarydigitscanconveymbitsofinformation.(3)數(shù)字系統(tǒng)包括大量的及非門、或非門和非門，還有我們以后要討論的存儲(chǔ)器和定時(shí)電路。DigitalsystemsconsistofvastnumbersofNAND,NOR,ANDNOTgates,plusmemoryandtimingcircuitwhichwewilldiscusslater.（4）設(shè)計(jì)重要部分在于選擇一個(gè)獨(dú)特的邏輯系列產(chǎn)品，這取決于你的最終產(chǎn)品的種類和工作環(huán)境。Animportantpartofthedesignwouldbetoselectaparticular“l(fā)ogicfamily,”dependingonthenatureandworkingenvironmentofyoureventualproduct.（5）通常將表達(dá)式D變換為一種更方便的形式可以獲得一個(gè)更簡(jiǎn)單的實(shí)現(xiàn)方法。WemayaccomplishasimplerrealizationbymanipulatingtheexpressionforDintoamoreconvenientform.(6)對(duì)S取反的代數(shù)表達(dá)法是在變量或要取反的表達(dá)式上加撇號(hào)：S表示對(duì)S取反。TheNOTSfunctionisrepresentedalgebraicallybyaprimeaddedtothevariableofexpressiontobeNOTed:SmeansNOTS.Lesson7Exercises1.PutthefollowingintoChinese.(1)Feedbackcontrolhasalonghistory,whichbeganwiththeearlydesireofhumanstoharnessthematerialsandforcesofnaturetotheiradvantage.反饋控制有著悠久的歷史，它起源于人類對(duì)于自然界物質(zhì)及自然力量加以利用的愿望。(2)Theassociatedmachines,specificallysteamengines,involvedlargeamountsofpower,anditwassoonrealizedthatthispowerneededtobecontrolledinanorganizedfashionifthesystemsweretooperatesafelyandefficiently.相關(guān)的各種機(jī)器，尤其是蒸汽機(jī)，能產(chǎn)生大量的能量。人們很快意識(shí)到，要使各個(gè)系統(tǒng)安全有效地運(yùn)行，需要通過(guò)有序的方式來(lái)控制這種能量。(3)Indeed,theaccuracyofcentre-linethicknesscontrolhasimprovedbytwoordersofmagnitudeoverthepast50years,thanks,inpart,toenhancedcontrol.事實(shí)上，在過(guò)去的50年中，中軸線厚度的控制精度已經(jīng)提高了兩個(gè)數(shù)量級(jí)，這在一定程度上緣于控制水平的提高。(4)Beyondtheseindustrialexamples,feedbackregulatorymechanismsarecentraltotheoperationofbiologicalsystems,communicationnetworks,nationaleconomies,andevenhumaninteractions.在這些工業(yè)實(shí)例之外，反饋調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制對(duì)于生物系統(tǒng)、通訊網(wǎng)絡(luò)、國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)甚至人際交流都發(fā)揮著重要作用。(5)Indeed,tocarryoutcontrolsuccessfully,oneneedstocombinemanydisciplines,includingmodeling,sensortechnology,actuators,communications,computingandinterfacing.事實(shí)上，要成功地進(jìn)行控制，需要綜合多個(gè)學(xué)科的知識(shí)，其中包括數(shù)學(xué)建模、傳感器技術(shù)、執(zhí)行器、通信、計(jì)算、和接口。(6)Thesunis330,000timesaslargeastheearth.太陽(yáng)的大小是地球的三十三萬(wàn)倍。(7)Thesalesofindustrialelectronicproductshavemultipliedsixtimes.工業(yè)電子產(chǎn)品銷售額增加了五倍。(8)Ifthemoonwereonlyhalfasfarawayfromtheearthasitis，theforceofattractionwouldbe4timesasgreat．如果月球離地球的距離比現(xiàn)在的短一半，則引力將為現(xiàn)在的四倍。2.TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish.(1)如果回到瓦特的飛球調(diào)速器，我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，在很多情況下，這些系統(tǒng)會(huì)出現(xiàn)自持振蕩現(xiàn)象。IfwegobacktoWatt'sfly-ballgovernor,itwasfoundthat,undercertaincircumstances,thesesystemscouldproduceself-sustainingoscillations.(2)二次大戰(zhàn)期間，很多學(xué)者的開創(chuàng)性工作使得各種單入單出反饋控制問(wèn)題的簡(jiǎn)單的圖形分析方法產(chǎn)生。ThepioneeringworkofmanyscholarsintheperiodoftheSecondWorldWarresultedinsimplegraphicalmeansforanalyzingsingle-input,single-outputfeedbackcontrolproblems.(3)實(shí)踐中的控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)需要循環(huán)的努力，即設(shè)計(jì)者要不斷地在建模、設(shè)計(jì)、仿真、測(cè)試和運(yùn)行中重復(fù)。Control-systemdesigninpracticerequirescycliceffort,inwhichoneiteratesthroughmodeling,design,simulation,testing,andimplementation.(4)為了自動(dòng)地控制這樣一個(gè)系統(tǒng)，需要將系統(tǒng)及控制器相連接，控制器也具有其物理實(shí)現(xiàn)和自身行為特點(diǎn)的問(wèn)題。Tocontrolsuchasystemautomatically,oneneedstointerfacethesystemtoacontroller,whichwillalsohaveaphysicalrealizationandbehavior.(5)新設(shè)備的誤差概率將降低七分之六。Thenewequipmentwillreducetheerrorprobabilitybyseventimes.(6)煤產(chǎn)量比1983年增長(zhǎng)了兩倍。Theoutputofcoalhasbeenincreasedthreetimesasagainst1983．(7)那位警察要了比平常多一倍的罰款。Thepolicemanchargeddoubletheusualfine.(8)參加體育活動(dòng)的學(xué)生已增加到10，000。Thestudentswhotakepartinphysicalactivitieshaveincreasedto10,000.Lesson81.PutthefollowingintoChinese.(1)Thetransferfunctionisvalidonlyforlineartime-invariantsystems,whereasthestateequationscanbeappliedtolinearaswellasnonlinearsystems.傳遞函數(shù)只適用于線性時(shí)不變系統(tǒng)；而狀態(tài)方程既能應(yīng)用于線性系統(tǒng)，又能應(yīng)用于非線性系統(tǒng)。(2)Theclassicalwayofwritingequationsofelectricnetworksisbasedontheloopmethodorthenodemethod,whichareformulatedfromthetwolawsofKirchhoff.電氣網(wǎng)絡(luò)方程的經(jīng)典書寫方法是以回路法或節(jié)點(diǎn)法為基礎(chǔ)的，這兩種方法可以用基爾霍夫的兩條定律來(lái)描述。(3)Infact,wecanshowthatgivenanelectricaldevice,thereisusuallyananalogousmechanicalcounterpartmathematically,andviceversa.事實(shí)上，我們可以看到，如果給定了一個(gè)電氣設(shè)備，在數(shù)學(xué)關(guān)系上通常存在一個(gè)對(duì)應(yīng)的相似的機(jī)械裝置，反之亦然。(4)Theeq