英語時(shí)態(tài)-現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)精講和練習(xí)

英語時(shí)態(tài)——現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)精講和練習(xí)英語時(shí)態(tài)——現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)精講和練習(xí)英語時(shí)態(tài)——現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)精講和練習(xí)xxx公司英語時(shí)態(tài)——現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)精講和練習(xí)文件編號(hào)：文件日期：修訂次數(shù)：第1.0次更改批準(zhǔn)審核制定方案設(shè)計(jì)，管理制度英語時(shí)態(tài)——現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)精講和練習(xí)定義：表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，也可以表示過去已經(jīng)開始，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)肯定句：have/has+done(過去分詞)否定句：主語+have/has+not+done(過去分詞)+其他.一般疑問句：Have/Has+主語+done(過去分詞)+其他.簡(jiǎn)略答語: Yes,主語+have/has.(肯定)No,主語+haven't/hasn't.(否定)注意：表示短暫時(shí)間動(dòng)作的詞，如:come，go，die，marry，buy等的完成時(shí)不能與for，since等表示一段時(shí)間的詞連用。用來持續(xù)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)或表過去重復(fù)的動(dòng)作，如live，study，be，wait等，常和since（自從）或for（經(jīng)歷）引導(dǎo)的詞語連用。如：Ihavelivedhereformorethanthirtyyears.我已在此住了30多年?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的含義之一是過去完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有影響,現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常和，ever,never,twice（once…）,sofar（到目前為止）,since，for，inthepast/lastfewyears（在過去幾年）,already（肯定句）,yet（否定，疑問句）,just(剛剛),before（以前）,recently（近來）等詞連用說明：already與yet都有“已經(jīng)”的意思，但already常用于肯定句，并用于句中。yet常用于否定句和疑問句，并用于句末。例如：Ihavealreadyfinishedmyhomework.Ihaven’tfinishedmyhomeworkyet.Haveyoufinishedyourhomeworkyet?Theyhaveleft.(他們已經(jīng)離開了,也就是說現(xiàn)在他們?nèi)瞬辉谶@里)Ihavehadmylunch.(我已經(jīng)吃過午飯了,也就是說我現(xiàn)在不餓)Ican’tfindmywatchnow.IthinkIhavealreadylostit.2.過去已經(jīng)開始的動(dòng)作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,甚至有可能繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去,我們可以從動(dòng)作“延續(xù)”的特性和“時(shí)間”點(diǎn)段的區(qū)分入手。①for+時(shí)段②since+過去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)（過去從句）為標(biāo)志注意：1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不能單獨(dú)與過去的時(shí)間狀語連用,如yesterday,lastweek,threeyearsago等;2)不能與when連用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法A．表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影想或結(jié)果）。例如：Thecarhasarrived.車子來了。（結(jié)果：車子已在門口）Someonehasbrokenthewindow.有人把窗戶打破了。（結(jié)果：窗戶仍破著）B.表示過去已經(jīng)開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，可以和表示從過去某一時(shí)刻延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在（包括“現(xiàn)在”在內(nèi)）的一段時(shí)間的狀語連用,如for+時(shí)間段、since+過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)、疑問詞howlong等。例如：Myunclehasworkedatthisfactoryforfiveyears.我叔叔在這個(gè)工廠工作已經(jīng)五年了。Mr.BlackhaslivedinChinasince2002.自從2002年Mr.Black一直住在中國(guó)。Howlonghaveyoubeenhere你來這里多久了

注意：此種用法中表示持續(xù)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞（否定句除外）。例如：(1)這本書我已經(jīng)買了三個(gè)月了。錯(cuò)誤：Ihaveboughtthebookforthreemonths.正確：Ihavehadthebookforthreemonths.(2)你哥哥參軍多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了錯(cuò)誤：Howlonghasyourbrotherjoinedthearmy正確：Howlonghasyourbrotherbeeninthearmy/beenasoldier?英語中的短暫性動(dòng)詞和延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞英語動(dòng)詞根據(jù)詞義可分為兩種，一種是延續(xù)性的，一種是終止性的。動(dòng)詞按其動(dòng)作發(fā)生的方式，動(dòng)作發(fā)生過程的長(zhǎng)短，分為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞和終止性動(dòng)詞。延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)詞是一種延續(xù)的動(dòng)作，這種動(dòng)詞可以延續(xù)下去或產(chǎn)生持久的影響。如：learn，work，stand，lie，know，walk，keep，have，wait，watch，sing，read，sleep，live等。終止性動(dòng)詞也稱非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞、瞬間動(dòng)詞，表示的動(dòng)作不能延續(xù)，即動(dòng)作發(fā)生立即結(jié)束，產(chǎn)生某種結(jié)果。在有了某種結(jié)果之后，就不能再繼續(xù)下去。如：leave，start，setout，arrive，reach，getto，begin，stop，shut，turnoff，marry，put，puton，getup，wake，fall，join，receive，finish，end，complete，become，come，go，die，close，open，break，give，jump，buy，borrow等。所以它的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不能和表示延續(xù)的時(shí)間狀語連用，即不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語,for+時(shí)間段,since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)/從句連用,也不能用在howlong引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問句中。終止性動(dòng)詞要表示持續(xù)時(shí),可用以下方法:⑴.將時(shí)間狀語改為時(shí)間段+ago，句中謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)。eg.我弟弟參軍兩年了.Mybrotherjoinedthearmytwoyearsago.⑵.若保留for+時(shí)間段,since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)/從句,或用在howlong句型中,則需將終止性動(dòng)詞改為相應(yīng)的狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞或延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞?！鶰ybrotherhasbeeninthearmyfortwoyears.→Mybrotherhasbeenasoldierfortwoyears將短暫性動(dòng)詞改為相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或短語即可和一段時(shí)間連用，其常用的方法有如下幾種：a．直接替換，即用相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞替換的主要有：buy→have，borrow→keep，come／go／become→be，catch／getacold→haveacold，等。b．be＋名詞：jointheParty／League→beaParty／Leaguemember，gotoschool→beastudent，jointhearmy→beasoldier等。c．be＋形容詞／副詞：die→bedead，leave→beaway（from），puton→beon，finish／end→beover，begin／start→beon，come→behere／in，fallasleep→beasleep，goout→beout等。d．be＋介詞短語：gotoschool→bein／atschool，jointhearmy→beinthearmy等。e．去掉短語中的短暫性動(dòng)詞：gettoknow→know，cometowork→work，begintostudy→study等。1．終止性動(dòng)詞的用法1）終止性動(dòng)詞可用來表示某一動(dòng)作的完成，因此可用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如：Theplanehasarrived.飛機(jī)到了。Ihavefinishedmyhomework.我已完成了作業(yè)。2）終止性動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作極其短暫，不能持續(xù)，所以其現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)（只限于肯定式）不能和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。如：①他死了三年了。誤：Hehasdiedforthreeyears．②他來這兒三個(gè)月了。誤：hehascomehereforthreemonths．①②兩句中的動(dòng)詞die和come都為終止性動(dòng)詞，它們可用于完成時(shí)，但不能同表示一段時(shí)間的狀語forthreeyears／months連用。那這兩句如何譯成英語呢？我們可采用下列方法：A．用能夠表示持續(xù)狀態(tài)的相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞替換句中的終止性動(dòng)詞。如：①Hehasbeendeadforthreeyears．②Hehasbeenhereforthreemonths．B．把誤句中表示一段時(shí)間的狀語改為表示過去時(shí)間的狀語，原動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí)改為過去時(shí)。如：①Hediedthreeyearsago．②Hecameherethreemonthsago．C．用“Itis／hasbeen＋一段時(shí)間＋since（一般過去時(shí)）”結(jié)構(gòu)。如：①Itis／hasbeenthreeyearssincehedied．②Itis／hasbeenthreemonthssincehecamehere．D．用“多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間＋haspassed＋since（一般過去時(shí)）”結(jié)構(gòu)。如：①Threeyearshaspassedsincehedied．②Threemonthshaspassedsincehecamehere．3）終止性動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定式，已成為一種可以延續(xù)的狀態(tài)，因此可以和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。如：Ihaven'theardfromhimfortwoweeks．我已兩個(gè)星期沒收到他的信了。Hehasn'tleftheresince1990．自從1990年以來，他一直沒有離開過這兒。4）終止性動(dòng)詞的否定式同until一起連用，構(gòu)成“not．．．until”結(jié)構(gòu)，意為“直到……才……”，表示這個(gè)動(dòng)作直到until所表達(dá)的時(shí)間到來時(shí)才發(fā)生。如：Wewon'tgotovisittheGreatWalluntiltherainstops．直到雨停了我們才會(huì)去參觀長(zhǎng)城?！猈hendidyougotobedlastnight昨晚你幾點(diǎn)鐘點(diǎn)上床睡覺的

—Ididn'tgotobeduntilmyfathergothome．直到我爸爸到家我才上床睡覺。5）在while（表示“一段時(shí)間”）引導(dǎo)的從句中，不能用終止性動(dòng)詞，但when可以，因?yàn)閣hen可表示“時(shí)間的點(diǎn)”，也可表示“一段時(shí)間”。如：誤：WhileIgottothevillage，itwasdark．正：WhenIgottothevillage，itwasdark．6）終止性動(dòng)詞肯定式的完成時(shí)不能和howlong連用。如：誤：Howlonghaveyouborrowthebook？可改用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或與when連用的一般過去時(shí)。正：Howlonghaveyoukeptthebook？正：Whendidyouborrowthebook？2．延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的用法1）延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞可以用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，其完成時(shí)可以同一段時(shí)間狀語連用。如：Ihavewaitedforhimfornearlytwohours．我等他快兩個(gè)小時(shí)了。2）終止性動(dòng)詞不能和表一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。同樣，延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞也不能和表示短暫時(shí)間的時(shí)間點(diǎn)連用。如：誤：Itrainedateightyesterdaymorning．rain為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，而ateight是表示時(shí)間點(diǎn)的狀語，顯然矛盾。如果要用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示一瞬間的行為，可以借助come，get，begin等終止性動(dòng)詞來表達(dá)。上句可改為：Itbegantorainateightyesterdaymorning．3）在until引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中，若主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，既可以用肯定形式，也可以用否定形式，但句子含義不同。試比較：Shelistenedtotheradiountilherfathercameback．她一直聽收音機(jī)到她父親回來。Shedidn'tlistentotheradiountilherfathercameback．直到她父親回來才聽收音機(jī)。延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞之間的轉(zhuǎn)換come/go/arrive/get/reach/move------bein/e/goout—beoutgo/come—behere4.leave—beaway/from5.jointhearmy----beinthearmy/beasoldierjointheParty----beintheParty/beaPartymemberdie—bedead7.catchacold—haveacold8.begin/start=beonend/finish-----beover10.puton—wear11.buy—have12.borrow—keep13.become—be14.fallasleep—beasleep15.fallill/sick—beill/sick16.lose—belost17.gettoknow—begintoknow18.gotosleep/gettosleep=sleep19.getup—beup20.close—beclosed21.move—beoutof22.break—bebroken23.marry—bemarried24.go—beaway25.wake—beawake26.gettoknow---know27.wear→puton28.open—beopen用相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞替換短暫性動(dòng)詞，句中謂語動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，時(shí)間狀語為“for＋時(shí)間段”或“since＋時(shí)間點(diǎn)”。如：HehasbeenintheGreenChinaforthreeyears.HehasbeenamemberoftheGreenChinaforthreeyears.他加入“綠色中國(guó)”已經(jīng)三年了。Theoldmandied4yearsago.----Theoldmanhasbeendeadfor4years.HejoinedtheParty2yearsago.----HehasbeeninthePartyfor2years.Iboughtthebook5daysago.----Ihavehadthebookfor5days.表示時(shí)間段的短語有:for+一段時(shí)間(for2years),since+從句(sincehecamehere),since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)名詞(sincelastyear,since5daysago),howlong;foralongtime等?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)與一般過去時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)別1一般過去時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。Isawthisfilmyesterday.（強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間是yesterday。）Ihaveseenthisfilm.（強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了。）2一般過去時(shí)和表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用，如：…ago,lastweek/...，in2008,inthepast,justnow,thedaybeforeyesterday,yesterday...,then(那時(shí)),thatday,oneday,once(從前)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常和recently（近來），ever,never,twice,sofar（到目前為止）,since，for，inthepast/lastfewyears,already（肯定句）,yet（否定，疑問句）,just(剛剛),before（以前）連用?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不與表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如live,teach,learn,work,study,know.比較since和forsince后接時(shí)間點(diǎn)，for后接時(shí)間段，試比較：Ihavelivedhereformorethantwentyyears.

IhavelivedheresinceIwasborn.

Myaunthasworkedinacompanysince1949.

Ihavenotheardfrommyuncleforalongtime.比較have/hasbeento、have/hasgoneto和havebeeninhave(has)beento...表示“曾去過某地，已經(jīng)從那里回來了”，可以和ever、never、twice等連用。have(has)goneto表示“已經(jīng)去了某地，在去那里的途中或到達(dá)那里還沒有回來”。have(has)beenin表示“在某地呆多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間”，常與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用，如：since,for,howlong等HewenttoShanghailastweek上周他去了上海HehasbeentoShanghai.他(曾經(jīng))到/去過上海.(但他人現(xiàn)在肯定不是在上海而是回來了)HehasgonetoShanghai.他已經(jīng)去上海了.(也許剛動(dòng)身出發(fā),也許已經(jīng)到了,也許還在路上,反正他人不在這里)Mr.BrownhasbeeninShanghaiforthreedays.布朗先生來上海已經(jīng)有三天了現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)練習(xí)（1）=1\*ROMANI.延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞和瞬間性動(dòng)詞之間的轉(zhuǎn)化1.Hedied10yearsago.——He______________for10years/since10yearsago.2.Heborrowedthebook2weeksago.——He_____________thebookfor2weeks.3.Heboughtthemotorbikeamonthago.——He___________themotorbikeforamonth.4.Hearrivedherethreedaysago.—He____________heresincethreedaysago.5.Theyturnedoffthelight2hoursago.——Thelight__________for2hours.6.Helefthere2yearsago.———He____________fromherefor2years.7.Thefilmbegan30minutesago.——Thefilm__________for30minutes.8.Theyopenedthedooranhourago.——Thedoor__________foranhour.9.Theyclosedthedooranhourago.——Thedoor___________foranhour.10.Hejoinedthearmylastyear.——He_____________a_______forayear.=He_____________thearmyforayear.=It____ayear____hejoinedthearmy.=2\*ROMANII.單項(xiàng)選擇。Thefamouswriter_____onenewbookinthepasttwoyear. A.iswritingB.waswritingC.wrote D.haswrittenHaveyoumetMr.Li____ A.JustB.ago C.before D.amomentago—Howlonghaveyou____here—Abouttwomonths.A.beenB.gone C.come D.arrived—Ourcountry____alotsofar.—Yes.Ihopeitwillbeeven______.A.haschanged;wellB.changed;goodC.haschanged;betterD.changed;better—______you___yourhomeworkyet—Yes.I_____itamomentago. A.Did;do;finishedB.Have;done;finishedC.Have;done;havefinishedD.will;do;finishWe______XiaoLisinceshewasalittlegirl.A.knowB.hadknownC.haveknown D.knewHarryPotterisaverynicefilm.I_____twice.A.willseeB.haveseenC.saw D.see—ThesefarmershavebeentotheUnitedStates.—ReallyWhen_____there

A.willtheygoB.didtheygoC.dotheygoD.havetheygoneZhouLang______already______inthisschoolfortwoyears. A.was;studyingB.will;studyC.has;studiedD.are;studying()10.Hisfather______thePartysince1998.A.joinedB.hasjoinedC.wasin D.hasbeenin()11.—Doyouknowhimwell—

Sure.We______friendssincetenyearsago.

A.wereB.havebeenC.havebecomeD.havemade()12.Hehas___beentoShanghai,hashe

A.alreadyB.neverC.ever D.still()13.Hurryup!Theplay__________fortenminutes.A.hasbegunB.hadbegunC.hasbeenonD.began()14.It___tenyearssinceheleftthearmy. A.IsB.hasC.will D.was()15.MissGreenisn'tintheoffice.She_______tothelibrary.A.hasgoneB.went C.willgo D.hasbeen()16.Myparents______Shandongfortenyears.A.havebeeninB.havebeentoC.havegonetoD.havebeen()17.Thestudentshavecleanedtheclassroom,____

A.sotheyB.don’ttheyC.havetheyD.haven’tthey()18.hasMr.WhitebeenamemberofGreenerChinasincehetoChina?

A.Howsoon,comesB.Howoften,got C.Howlong,cameD.Howfar,arrived()19.Hisuncleformorethan9years. A.hascomehereB.hasstartedtowork C.haslivedthereD.haslefttheuniversity=3\*ROMANIII.句型轉(zhuǎn)換。1.Hehasneversurfed,____________（

改成附加疑問句）

2.Theyhavebeenheresince2001.(提問)___________havetheybeenhere?

3.Theoldman_________lastyear.He____________forayear.(die)（動(dòng)詞填空）4.Thisfactoryopenedtwentyyearsago.(同義句轉(zhuǎn)換)Thisfactory____________________fortwentyyears.5.MissGreenleftanhourago.(同義句轉(zhuǎn)換)MissGreen____________________anhourago.6.HermotherhasbeenaPartymemberforthreeyears.（同義句）Hermother_______thePartythreeyears________.=4\*ROMANIV.漢譯英。1.他昨天收到一封信。________________________________________________2.我父親以前到過長(zhǎng)城。_______________________________________________3.她去過上海。______________________________________________________4.他這些天上哪兒去了_

___________________________________

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)練習(xí)（2）一、單項(xiàng)選擇。1.—______you___yourhomeworkyet

—Yes.I_____itamomentago.A.Did;do;finishedB.Have;done;finishedC.Have;done;havefinishedD.will;do;finish2.Hisfather______thePartysince1978.A.joinedB.hasjoinedC.wasinD.hasbeenin3.—Doyouknowhimwell

—Sure.We_________friendssincetenyearsago.A.wereB.havebeenC.havebecomeD.havemade4.Whenhearrivedatthebusstop,thebus_____for20minutes.A.hasleftB.hadleftC.hasbeenawayD.hadbeenaway5.I______theLeaguefor5yearssofar.A.joinedB.havejoinedC.havebeenin6.Thefactory____sincetheFebruaryof1988.A.hasbeenopenB.hasopenedC.wasopenD.opened7.MaryandRose____friendssincetheymetin2000.A.havemadeB.havebeenC.madeD.havebecome8.Themeeting_____foraweeknow.A.hasfinishedB.hasendedC.hasbeenover9.MissGao______thisschoolfornearly5years.A.hasbeeninB.hascometoC.hastaught10.Howlong_______he________

A.diedB.has,diedC.has,beendead11.He______ateightyesterdayafternoon.A.sleptB.wassleepingC.hassleepD.hadslept12.He________thecarforaweek.A.boughtB.hasboughtC.hashad13.-----Howlong_____you_____ill

-----Twoweeks.

A.didfallB.have,fellC.have,been14.I'lllendyouthebook,butyoucanonly_____itfor2days.A.borrowB.keepC.take15.-----HowlongcanI______thebook

------Twoweeks.

A.borrowB.lendC.getD.keep二、句型轉(zhuǎn)換。1.Hehasneversurfed,______

（改成反意疑問句）

2.Thisfactoryopenedtwentyyearsago.(同義句轉(zhuǎn)換)Thisfactory______fortwentyyears.3.HermotherhasbeenaPartymemberforthreeyears.（同義句）Hermother_______thePartythreeyears________.4.TheGreenFamilymovedtoFrancetwoyearsago.(同義句轉(zhuǎn)換)_______twoyears________theGreenfamilymovedtoFrance.三、用過去時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)填空：1.“_________you__________(have)lunch”“Yes.”“When________you__________(have)it”“I____________(have)itat12:00.”2.“_________you__________(write)alettertoyourauntyet”“Yes,I___________.I________________(write)onelastweek.”3.“_________he___________(finish)hishomework”“Notyet.”4.“_________theyever__________(be)abroad”“Yes,justonce.”5.Yourfather_________just___________(finish)hiswork.6.Yourfather_________(finish)hisworkjustnow.7.LasttermI__________(learn)manyEnglishwords.8.They____________(notread)theinterestingbooksyet.9.He_____________never____________(go)tothesciencemuseum.10.____________youever____________(drink)coke?11.Haveyou_____________(buy)adictionary““Yes,I__________.”“Where______you