英語語言學(xué)重點及問題總匯

英語語言學(xué)重點及問題總匯英語語言學(xué)重點及問題總匯英語語言學(xué)重點及問題總匯xxx公司英語語言學(xué)重點及問題總匯文件編號：文件日期：修訂次數(shù)：第1.0次更改批準審核制定方案設(shè)計，管理制度BasicNotionsinEnglishLinguisticsChapter1IntroductionWhatislanguage?Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsforhumancommunication.WhataredesignfeaturesoflanguageArbitrariness,duality,displacement,interchangeability,creativity,culturaltransmissionWhatisarbitrariness?Thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Whatisdisplacement?Languageisfreefrombarrierscausedbyseparationoftimeandplace.Whatisduality?Languageisasystemconsistingoftwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevel(meanings)arecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevel(sounds)andeachlevelhasitsownprinciplesoforganization.Whatiscreativity?Languageuserscanunderstandandproduceaninfinitelylargenumberofsentences.Whatisculturaltransmission?Thedetailsofanylanguagesystemarenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearned.WhatarethreegeneralfunctionsoflanguageproposedbyHalliday?Ideational,interpersonal,textualWhatislinguistics?Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Whataremainbranchesoflinguistics?Phonetics,phonology,morphology,syntax,semantics,pragmaticsWhatismacro-linguistics?Thestudyoflanguageinrelationtootherdisciplines,e.g.sociolinguisticsWhatisthedistinctionofprescriptiveanddescriptive

Prescribewhatpeopleshouldsay,describewhatpeopleactuallyuseWhatisthedistinctionofcompetenceandperformance

Theidealuser’sknowledgeoflanguagerulesandtheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunicationWhatisthedistinctionofsynchronicanddiachronic?ThestudyoflanguageintimeandthroughtimeWhatisthedistinctionofspeechandwriting?Natural/primaryandinvented/secondarymediaofhumanlanguageWhatistraditionalgrammar?ThegeneralapproachtraditionallyformedtothestudyoflanguageChapter2SpeechSoundsWhatarespeechsounds?MeaningfulsoundsinhumanlinguisticcommunicationWhatisphonetics?Itstudiestheproduction,transmissionandperceptionofspeechsounds.Whatarethreebranchesofphonetics?Articulatory,acoustic,auditoryWhatarethethreecavitiesinspeechproduction?Oral,nasal,pharyngealWhatisIPAshortfor?InternationalPhoneticAlphabetWhatisthemainprincipleofIPA?Thereshouldbeaseparateletterforeachdistinctivesoundinalllanguages.Whatarebroadandnarrowtranscriptions?

Withletter-symbols(anddiacritics)Wheredoesthedistinctionliebetweentheproductionofvowelsandconsonants?TheobstructionofairstreamintheoralcavityDescribetheconsonant[].VoicedplacemannerDescribethevowel[].HighfrontlongroundedWhatisphonology?Thestudyofsoundsystem,patternWhatisaphoneme?AnabstractphonologicalunitofdistinctivevalueWhatisallophony?ThephenomenonofvariationinthepronunciationofphonemesindifferentphonologicalcontextsWhatisaminimalpair?ApairofsoundsequencesidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentoccurringinthesameplaceinthestringsWhatisassimilation?

AprocessbywhichonesoundtakesonsomeorallthecharacteristicsofaneighboringsoundWhataremajorsuprasegmentalfeatures?Syllable,stress,tone,intonationWhatarethefourChinesetones?

Level,rise,fall-rise,fallHowdointonationsconveymeanings?Fallingindicatesastraight-forwardstatement,risingmakesaquestion,andfall-riseindicatesanimpliedmessage.Chapter3LexiconWhatisaword?AminimumfreelinguisticunitHowarewordsclassified?Variability,meaning,partofspeech,membershiplimitWhatismorphology?

ThestudyoftheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformedWhatisamorpheme?TheminimalunitofmeaningWhataretypesofmorphemes

Free/bound(derivational/inflectional,prefix,infix,suffix,boundroot)Whatarethetwomajorwaysofwordformation?

Derivation,compoundNewwordsareaddedtoEnglishvocabularyinmanyways.Whatarethey?

Coinage/invention,blending,borrowing,back-formation,abbreviation,analogyHowdoeslanguagechangeintermsofmeaning?Meaningshift,broadening,narrowingeaningshift,broadening,narrowingChapter4SyntaxWhatissyntax?ThestudyofsentencestructureandtherulesbywhichsentencesareformedWhatarethefourrepresentativeapproachestoSyntax?Traditional,structural,TG,functionalWhatarethecategoriesofnoun?

Number,case,genderWhatarethecategoriesofverb?Tense,voice,moodWhatisasentence?TheminimumpartofLthatexpressesacompletethought,traditionallyWhataregrammaticalunitsatdifferentlevels?Morpheme,phrase,clause,sentenceWhatarethegrammaticalelementsofasentence?Subject,predicate(predicator,object,comp.)WhatarethesevenbasicsentencepatternsinEnglishSVO,SV,SVC,SVA,SVOC,SVOA,SVOO

Chapter5SemanticsWhatissemantics? Thestudyofthemeaningoflinguisticunits,wordsandsentencesinparticularWhatisthenominalistviewofmeaning?Wordsarejustnamesforthings.Whatistheconceptualistviewofmeaning?

LanguageandtherealworldarelinkedthroughthemediationofconceptsWhatisthecontextualistviewofmeaning?MeaningcanbederivedfromobservablecontextsWhatisthebehavioristviewofmeaning?MeaningconsistsintherelationbetweenspeechandphysicalentitiesandeventsWhatarethetwotraditionaltypesofmeaning?LexicalandstructuralmeaningWhatarethe7kindsofmeaningbyLeech(1981)Conceptual,Con,S,A,R,Col,ThematicHowaresenseandreferencerelatedtoeachother?Abstractproperty/concreteentityWhataremajorsenserelationsbetweenwords?Synonymy,antonymy,hyponymy,etcWhatarekindsofsynonyms?

Dialectal,collocational,stylistic,affective,semanticWhatarekindsofantonyms?Gradable,complementary,relationalWhatispolysemy?Onewordwithone+meaningWhatishomonymy?Differentwordsidenticalinspellingor/andsoundWhatishyponymy?BetweenamoregeneralwordandamorespecificwordWhatisthecomponentialanalysis?Thedissectionofwordmeaningintoitssemanticcomponents/featuresWhatarethedecidingfactorsofsentencemeaning?Meaningofsentencecomponents,wordorder,sentencestructure,thematicorganizationChapter6PragmaticsWhatispragmatics?

ThestudyofmeaningincontextWhatiscontext?TheenvironmentoflanguageuseWhatarecomponentsofcontext?Linguistic,situational,socio-culturalWhatisanutterance?Aunitofspeechactuallyutteredincom.Howisutterancemeaningdifferentfromsentencemeaning?

Concrete,contextualized,variable/WhatarethethreekindsofspeechactsbyAustin(1962)Whatisalocutionaryact?

TheactofconveyingliteralmeaningWhatisanillocutionaryact?

TheactofexpressingintentionWhatisaperlocutionaryact?

TheeffectofanutteranceWhatisthegeneralCooperativePrinciple?Makeyourconversationalcontributionasrequired.WhatarethefourmaximsoftheCP?Quality,quantity,relation,mannerWhatisconversationalimplicature?Atypeofimpliedmeaning,whichisdeducedonthebasisoftheconventionalmeaningofwordstogetherwiththecontext,undertheguidanceoftheCPanditsmaxims.WhatarecharacteristicsofCI?Cal,Can,non-det,non-conventionalityWhatisthePolitenessPrinciple?MaximizethebeliefofpoliteexpressionWhatisCognitivePrin