雙語醫(yī)學(xué)課件2-消化系統(tǒng)The-Digestive-System

TheDigestiveSystemTheDigestiveSystemTheDigestiveSystemTheDigest1Gastrointestinaltract胃腸道Accessoryorgans輔助器官(Para.1)Gastrointestinaltract(Para.2雙語醫(yī)學(xué)課件2-消化系統(tǒng)The-Digestive-System3TheorganizationofthegastrointestinaltractWhatarethefourlayers?(Concentriclayers)SublayersIntrinsicnerves(內(nèi)神經(jīng))Thegastrointestinaltract胃腸道TheorganizationofThegastroi4雙語醫(yī)學(xué)課件2-消化系統(tǒng)The-Digestive-System5Thesubmucosalplexus(Meissnerplexus)

黏膜下層神經(jīng)叢（即邁斯納神經(jīng)叢）

Themyentericplexus(Auerbachplexus)腸肌神經(jīng)叢（即奧爾巴赫神經(jīng)叢)

Thesubserosalplexus漿膜下神經(jīng)網(wǎng)叢

Whatarethethreenerveplexuses?ThesubmucosalplexusWhatare6雙語醫(yī)學(xué)課件2-消化系統(tǒng)The-Digestive-System7唾液saliva味蕾tastebuds嗅神經(jīng)

olfactorynerves胃液的分泌

thesecretionofgastricjuice恒牙permanentteeth咀嚼m(xù)astication食管

esophagus蠕動

peristalsis外層縱向肌

outerlongitudinallayersofmuscles內(nèi)層環(huán)形肌

innercircularlayersofmusclesMouthandEsophagus口腔和食道唾液salivaMouthandEsophagu81.Threepairsofsalivaryglands1literofsalivaperdaysalivation唾液分泌1.Threepairsofsalivaryglan91.Threepairsofsalivaryglands1literofsalivaperday2.Autonomicnervoussystem

(自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng))controlssalivation.

(sympatheticandparasympathetic)

(Butnotregulatedbyhormones)salivation唾液分泌1.Threepairsofsalivaryglan10食糜chyme十二指腸duodenumThestomach’smajoranatomicboundaries:食管括約肌賁門

胃大彎和胃小彎

幽門括約肌

十二指腸

Whatarethefunctionalareasofthestomach?fundus,body,antrumStomach胃食糜chymeStomach11雙語醫(yī)學(xué)課件2-消化系統(tǒng)The-Digestive-System12胃壁

stomachwall

斜肌層

alayerofobliquemuscle中環(huán)層和外縱層在胃底最薄Thecircularandlongitudinallayersofmusclearethinnestinthefundus.胃體和胃竇逐漸變厚Thelayersbecomeprogressivelythickerinthebodyand

antrum.胃粘膜themucosaofthestomachStomach胃胃壁stomachwallStomach13雙語醫(yī)學(xué)課件2-消化系統(tǒng)The-Digestive-System141.血液通過腹腔一支動脈輸入胃中Bloodissuppliedtothestomachbyabranchoftheceliacartery.2.主動脈沿胃大彎和胃小彎分布Majorarteriesliealongthegreaterandlessercurvatures.3.分叉深入漿膜和肌層

branchandpenetrate

theserosa

andmusclelayers4.形成豐富的側(cè)支循環(huán)formarichcollateralcirculationStomach胃Stomach15CardiovascularSystem:

MajorVessels

1.renalartery腎動脈2.vertebralartery脊椎動脈3.subclavianartery鎖骨下動脈4.aorta主動脈5.coronaryartery冠狀動脈

6.celiacartery腹腔動脈7.superiormesentericartery腸系膜上動脈8.lumbarartery腰動脈9.inferiormesentericartery腸系膜下動脈10.gonadalartery生殖腺動脈CardiovascularSystem:

Major16renalartery腎動脈vertebralartery脊椎動脈3.subclavianartery鎖骨下動脈4.aorta主動脈5.coronaryartery冠狀動脈6.celiacartery腹腔動脈7.superiormesentericartery腸系膜上動8.lumbarartery腰動脈9.inferiormesentericartery腸系膜下動10.gonadalartery生殖腺動脈renalartery腎動脈17ArichcirculationstomachArichcirculationstomach18liverGastricVeinSplenicVeinliverGastricVeinSplenicVein19靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)下沒有壁張力Inrestingstate,nowalltension.吞咽動作致使底部松弛Swallowingcausesthefundustorelax.食物存儲在垂直層或斜纖層Foodisstoredinverticalorobliquelayers液體相對快速地流入胃竇Fluidsflowrelativelyquicklydowntotheantrum.蠕動波使胃動力開始增強(qiáng)Gastricmotilityincreaseswithperistalticwaves(蠕動收縮頻率)同時受神經(jīng)和激素活動影響。Influencedbyneuralandhormonalactivity.GastricMotility胃運動靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)下沒有壁張力GastricMotility201.胃液或胃分泌物gastricjuicesorgastricsecretion2.粘液、酸、酶、激素和內(nèi)因子Mucus,acid,enzymes,hormones,andintrinsicfactor3.激素被分泌到血液里Thehormonesaresecretedintotheblood.4.其他胃分泌物直接進(jìn)入胃腔。TheothergastricsecretionsintothestomachlumenGastricSecretion胃分泌1.胃液或胃分泌物GastricSecretion21粘液形成一道防護(hù)屏障來抵御酸和蛋白水解酶。Mucusformsaprotectivebarrieragainstacidand

proteolyticenzymes.GastricSecretion胃分泌粘液形成一道防護(hù)屏障來抵御酸和蛋白水解酶。GastricS221.胃液的成分取決于其體積和流動速度Thecompositionofgastricjuicedependson

volume

andflowrate2.氫和氯,鈉,鉀的濃度變化Thechangeoftheconcentrationsof

hydrogenandchloride,sodium,andpotassium3.分泌的速度和體積在早上為最小值，在下午和晚上達(dá)到最大值。Therateandvolumeofsecretionarelowestinthemorningandevening.GastricSecretion胃分泌1.胃液的成分取決于其體積和流動速度GastricSec23Whatinhibitsgastricsecretion(胃分泌)?(L.95-96)Unpleasantodorsandtastes;Rage,fear,painWhatcausesincreasedsecretions?分泌物增多與敵對心理或敵意厭惡感有關(guān).GastricSecretion胃分泌Whatinhibitsgastricsecretio241.

功能上可分為三部分：十二指腸，空腸和回腸

Dividedinto3segments:theduodenum,jejunum,andileum2.腹膜是包裹在腹部器官和骨盆腔上的一層漿膜

Theperitoneum

isthe

serousmembrane

surroundingtheorgansofabdomenandpelviccavity.SmallIntestine小腸1.功能上可分為三部分：十二指腸，空腸和回腸Small25SmallintestineIleocecalvalveSmallintestineIleocecalvalve26jejunumAsuspensoryligamentduodenumjejunumAsuspensoryligamentdu27

jejunumAsuspensoryligamentjejunumAsuspensoryl28雙語醫(yī)學(xué)課件2-消化系統(tǒng)The-Digestive-System29腹膜Peritoneum腹膜Peritoneum30PeritoneumPeritoneum31雙語醫(yī)學(xué)課件2-消化系統(tǒng)The-Digestive-System32MesenteryMesentery331.十二指腸的動脈供應(yīng)主要由胃十二指腸動脈提供。Thearterialsupplytotheduodenumarisesprimarilyfrom

thegastroduodenalartery.2.小腸平滑肌分布為兩層：外部的縱層和內(nèi)部較厚的環(huán)層。Thesmoothmusclesofthesmallintestine

arearrangedintwolayers.

SmallIntestine小腸1.十二指腸的動脈供應(yīng)主要由胃十二指腸動脈提供。Smal34ArterialsupplytosmallintestineGastroduodenalarteryArterialsupplytosmallintes35雙語醫(yī)學(xué)課件2-消化系統(tǒng)The-Digestive-System36雙語醫(yī)學(xué)課件2-消化系統(tǒng)The-Digestive-System37雙語醫(yī)學(xué)課件2-消化系統(tǒng)The-Digestive-System38雙語醫(yī)學(xué)課件2-消化系統(tǒng)The-Digestive-System39食物氯化氫和胃蛋白酶的作用(分解食物纖維和蛋白)食糜胰腺酶，腸道酶和膽鹽的作用碳水化合物/蛋白質(zhì)/脂肪分解水/維生素/電解液通過傳輸，擴(kuò)散或易化擴(kuò)散經(jīng)腸道黏膜吸收。

IntestinalDigestionandAsborption腸道消化與吸收食物氯化氫和胃蛋白酶Intesti40小腸運動食糜刺激腸道運動混合有來自肝臟，胰腺和腸腺的分泌物攪拌運動腔內(nèi)物接觸到絨毛吸收細(xì)胞推進(jìn)使食糜進(jìn)入大腸Chyme

stimulatesintestinalmovementsMixinsecretionfromtheliver,pancreas,andintestinalglandsachurningmotionbringstheluminalcontentintocontactwiththeabsorbingcellsofthevilli.Advancethechymetowardthelargeintestine.IntestinalMotility腸道運動小腸運動IntestinalMotility41腸道運動受兩種運動影響：結(jié)腸袋分節(jié)運動和蠕動。Intestinalmotilityisaffectedbytwomovements:HaustralsegmentationperistalsisIntestinalMotility腸道運動腸道運動受兩種運動影響：結(jié)腸袋分節(jié)運動和蠕動。Intesti42Thelargeintestineconsistsof:cecum盲腸apouchappendix闌尾vermiformcolon結(jié)腸rectum直腸analcanal肛管LargeIntestine大腸Thelargeintestineconsistso43Thefourpartsofthecolonascendingcolon→升結(jié)腸transversecolon→橫結(jié)腸descendingcolon→降結(jié)腸sigmoidcolon→

乙狀結(jié)腸LargeIntestine大腸ThefourpartsofthecolonLar44腸內(nèi)物通過盲腸和結(jié)腸受兩個括約肌控制：theileocecalvalve回盲瓣控制食糜從回腸進(jìn)入盲腸theO’Beirnesphincter奧貝恩括約肌控制廢物從乙狀結(jié)腸進(jìn)入直腸。2.analsphincters肛門括約肌internalanalsphincter肛門括約肌externalanalsphincter肛門括約肌

LargeIntestine大腸腸內(nèi)物通過盲腸和結(jié)腸受兩個括約肌控制：LargeIntes45

Whatcausestokillpathogens(病原體)andbacteriathroughoutthegastrointestinaltract?AcidinthestomachBileacidsecretionIntestinalmotilityAntibodyproduction

Whereareanaerobesmainlyfound?(L.196-197)IntestinalBacteria腸道細(xì)菌Whatcausestokillpatho46AccessoryOrganofDigestion消化的輔助器官Whataretheaccessoryorgansofdigestion?Liver→producesbilegallbladder→storesbileexocrinepancreas→producesenzymes

neededforthecompletedigestionofcarbohydrates,proteins,andfats.Besides,producesanalkalinefluid.Liver

→Italsoreceivesnutrientsabsorbedbythesmallintestine,metabolizingandsynthesizingAccessoryOrganofDigestionWh47AccessoryOrganofDigestion消化的輔助器官Liver---SecretionofBileWhereistheliverlocated?L.2162.

Themetabolicfunctionoftheliver

requirealargeamountofblood

hepaticartery(肝動脈)providesoxygenatedblood

portalvenousblood(門靜脈血)

constitutes70%ofthebloodsupplytotheliver.AccessoryOrganofDigestionLi48AccessoryOrganofDigestion消化的輔助器官Liver---SecretionofBileSecreting700to1200mlbileperdayWhatdoesthebilecontain?bilesaltscholestrolbilirubin,electrolyteswater膽鹽、膽固醇、膽紅素、電解液和水

Whatisthefunctionofbilesalts?

(L.233-235)AccessoryOrganofDigestionLi49AccessoryOrganofDigestion消化的輔助器官Gallbladder(膽囊)PositionandFunctionHowdoesthebilemove?

膽汁從肝臟流出，經(jīng)由左或右肝導(dǎo)管進(jìn)入肝總管，并在此遇到奧迪括約肌的阻力。奧迪括約肌掌控膽汁流入十二指腸。此后，膽汁經(jīng)由膽管進(jìn)入膽囊，并在此貯存、變濃。AccessoryOrganofDigestionGa50AccessoryOrganofDigestion消化的輔助器官Gallbladder(膽囊)3.HowdoesGallbladder

work?

飯后30分鐘內(nèi)，膽囊開始收縮，奧迪括約肌松弛，迫使膽汁通過大的十二指腸乳突進(jìn)入十二指腸。在口腔和胃消化階段，迷走神經(jīng)的類膽堿分支控制膽囊的收縮。膽囊收縮的荷爾蒙調(diào)節(jié)源于縮膽囊素和胃動素的釋放，縮膽囊素和胃動素是在脂肪環(huán)境下十二指腸黏膜分泌的。AccessoryOrganofDigestionGa51AccessoryOrganofDigestion消化的輔助器官ExocrinePancreas(外分泌胰腺)LocationofPancreasWhyisthepancreasunique?

Ithasbothendocrineandexocrinefunctions.3.Whatdoestheendocrinepancreas(內(nèi)分泌胰腺)do?

secreteshormones:

insulin(胰島素)

glucagons(高血糖素)AccessoryOrganofDigestion52AccessoryOrganofDigestion消化的輔助器官4.Whatdoestheexocrinepancreas(外分泌胰腺)do?

secreteenzymes(酶)andalkalinefluids(堿性流體)

AccessoryOrganofDigestion53AccessoryOrganofDigestion消化的輔助器官

Secretionsdrainintoasystemofductsthatleadstothepancreaticduct,whichemptiesintothecommonbileductattheampullaofVate.

分泌物流入導(dǎo)管系統(tǒng)，導(dǎo)管系統(tǒng)通向胰導(dǎo)管，然后進(jìn)入法特壺腹處的總膽管。

AccessoryOrganofDigestion54AccessoryOrganofDigestion消化的輔助器官

Insomeindividualsanaccessoryductbranchesoffthepancreaticductanddrainsdirectlyintotheduodenumatanopeningcalledtheminorduodenalpapilla.在某些個體中可見輔助性導(dǎo)管分支于胰導(dǎo)管，膽汁在被稱為小的十二指腸乳突的開口處直接進(jìn)入十二指腸。AccessoryOrganofDigestion55TheDigestiveSystemTheDigestiveSystemTheDigestiveSystemTheDigest56Gastrointestinaltract胃腸道Accessoryorgans輔助器官(Para.1)Gastrointestinaltract(Para.57雙語醫(yī)學(xué)課件2-消化系統(tǒng)The-Digestive-System58TheorganizationofthegastrointestinaltractWhatarethefourlayers?(Concentriclayers)SublayersIntrinsicnerves(內(nèi)神經(jīng))Thegastrointestinaltract胃腸道TheorganizationofThegastroi59雙語醫(yī)學(xué)課件2-消化系統(tǒng)The-Digestive-System60Thesubmucosalplexus(Meissnerplexus)

黏膜下層神經(jīng)叢（即邁斯納神經(jīng)叢）

Themyentericplexus(Auerbachplexus)腸肌神經(jīng)叢（即奧爾巴赫神經(jīng)叢)

Thesubserosalplexus漿膜下神經(jīng)網(wǎng)叢

Whatarethethreenerveplexuses?ThesubmucosalplexusWhatare61雙語醫(yī)學(xué)課件2-消化系統(tǒng)The-Digestive-System62唾液saliva味蕾tastebuds嗅神經(jīng)

olfactorynerves胃液的分泌

thesecretionofgastricjuice恒牙permanentteeth咀嚼m(xù)astication食管

esophagus蠕動

peristalsis外層縱向肌

outerlongitudinallayersofmuscles內(nèi)層環(huán)形肌

innercircularlayersofmusclesMouthandEsophagus口腔和食道唾液salivaMouthandEsophagu631.Threepairsofsalivaryglands1literofsalivaperdaysalivation唾液分泌1.Threepairsofsalivaryglan641.Threepairsofsalivaryglands1literofsalivaperday2.Autonomicnervoussystem

(自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng))controlssalivation.

(sympatheticandparasympathetic)

(Butnotregulatedbyhormones)salivation唾液分泌1.Threepairsofsalivaryglan65食糜chyme十二指腸duodenumThestomach’smajoranatomicboundaries:食管括約肌賁門

胃大彎和胃小彎

幽門括約肌

十二指腸

Whatarethefunctionalareasofthestomach?fundus,body,antrumStomach胃食糜chymeStomach66雙語醫(yī)學(xué)課件2-消化系統(tǒng)The-Digestive-System67胃壁

stomachwall

斜肌層

alayerofobliquemuscle中環(huán)層和外縱層在胃底最薄Thecircularandlongitudinallayersofmusclearethinnestinthefundus.胃體和胃竇逐漸變厚Thelayersbecomeprogressivelythickerinthebodyand

antrum.胃粘膜themucosaofthestomachStomach胃胃壁stomachwallStomach68雙語醫(yī)學(xué)課件2-消化系統(tǒng)The-Digestive-System691.血液通過腹腔一支動脈輸入胃中Bloodissuppliedtothestomachbyabranchoftheceliacartery.2.主動脈沿胃大彎和胃小彎分布Majorarteriesliealongthegreaterandlessercurvatures.3.分叉深入漿膜和肌層

branchandpenetrate

theserosa

andmusclelayers4.形成豐富的側(cè)支循環(huán)formarichcollateralcirculationStomach胃Stomach70CardiovascularSystem:

MajorVessels

1.renalartery腎動脈2.vertebralartery脊椎動脈3.subclavianartery鎖骨下動脈4.aorta主動脈5.coronaryartery冠狀動脈

6.celiacartery腹腔動脈7.superiormesentericartery腸系膜上動脈8.lumbarartery腰動脈9.inferiormesentericartery腸系膜下動脈10.gonadalartery生殖腺動脈CardiovascularSystem:

Major71renalartery腎動脈vertebralartery脊椎動脈3.subclavianartery鎖骨下動脈4.aorta主動脈5.coronaryartery冠狀動脈6.celiacartery腹腔動脈7.superiormesentericartery腸系膜上動8.lumbarartery腰動脈9.inferiormesentericartery腸系膜下動10.gonadalartery生殖腺動脈renalartery腎動脈72ArichcirculationstomachArichcirculationstomach73liverGastricVeinSplenicVeinliverGastricVeinSplenicVein74靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)下沒有壁張力Inrestingstate,nowalltension.吞咽動作致使底部松弛Swallowingcausesthefundustorelax.食物存儲在垂直層或斜纖層Foodisstoredinverticalorobliquelayers液體相對快速地流入胃竇Fluidsflowrelativelyquicklydowntotheantrum.蠕動波使胃動力開始增強(qiáng)Gastricmotilityincreaseswithperistalticwaves(蠕動收縮頻率)同時受神經(jīng)和激素活動影響。Influencedbyneuralandhormonalactivity.GastricMotility胃運動靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)下沒有壁張力GastricMotility751.胃液或胃分泌物gastricjuicesorgastricsecretion2.粘液、酸、酶、激素和內(nèi)因子Mucus,acid,enzymes,hormones,andintrinsicfactor3.激素被分泌到血液里Thehormonesaresecretedintotheblood.4.其他胃分泌物直接進(jìn)入胃腔。TheothergastricsecretionsintothestomachlumenGastricSecretion胃分泌1.胃液或胃分泌物GastricSecretion76粘液形成一道防護(hù)屏障來抵御酸和蛋白水解酶。Mucusformsaprotectivebarrieragainstacidand

proteolyticenzymes.GastricSecretion胃分泌粘液形成一道防護(hù)屏障來抵御酸和蛋白水解酶。GastricS771.胃液的成分取決于其體積和流動速度Thecompositionofgastricjuicedependson

volume

andflowrate2.氫和氯,鈉,鉀的濃度變化Thechangeoftheconcentrationsof

hydrogenandchloride,sodium,andpotassium3.分泌的速度和體積在早上為最小值，在下午和晚上達(dá)到最大值。Therateandvolumeofsecretionarelowestinthemorningandevening.GastricSecretion胃分泌1.胃液的成分取決于其體積和流動速度GastricSec78Whatinhibitsgastricsecretion(胃分泌)?(L.95-96)Unpleasantodorsandtastes;Rage,fear,painWhatcausesincreasedsecretions?分泌物增多與敵對心理或敵意厭惡感有關(guān).GastricSecretion胃分泌Whatinhibitsgastricsecretio791.

功能上可分為三部分：十二指腸，空腸和回腸

Dividedinto3segments:theduodenum,jejunum,andileum2.腹膜是包裹在腹部器官和骨盆腔上的一層漿膜

Theperitoneum

isthe

serousmembrane

surroundingtheorgansofabdomenandpelviccavity.SmallIntestine小腸1.功能上可分為三部分：十二指腸，空腸和回腸Small80SmallintestineIleocecalvalveSmallintestineIleocecalvalve81jejunumAsuspensoryligamentduodenumjejunumAsuspensoryligamentdu82

jejunumAsuspensoryligamentjejunumAsuspensoryl83雙語醫(yī)學(xué)課件2-消化系統(tǒng)The-Digestive-System84腹膜Peritoneum腹膜Peritoneum85PeritoneumPeritoneum86雙語醫(yī)學(xué)課件2-消化系統(tǒng)The-Digestive-System87MesenteryMesentery881.十二指腸的動脈供應(yīng)主要由胃十二指腸動脈提供。Thearterialsupplytotheduodenumarisesprimarilyfrom

thegastroduodenalartery.2.小腸平滑肌分布為兩層：外部的縱層和內(nèi)部較厚的環(huán)層。Thesmoothmusclesofthesmallintestine

arearrangedintwolayers.

SmallIntestine小腸1.十二指腸的動脈供應(yīng)主要由胃十二指腸動脈提供。Smal89ArterialsupplytosmallintestineGastroduodenalarteryArterialsupplytosmallintes90雙語醫(yī)學(xué)課件2-消化系統(tǒng)The-Digestive-System91雙語醫(yī)學(xué)課件2-消化系統(tǒng)The-Digestive-System92雙語醫(yī)學(xué)課件2-消化系統(tǒng)The-Digestive-System93雙語醫(yī)學(xué)課件2-消化系統(tǒng)The-Digestive-System94食物氯化氫和胃蛋白酶的作用(分解食物纖維和蛋白)食糜胰腺酶，腸道酶和膽鹽的作用碳水化合物/蛋白質(zhì)/脂肪分解水/維生素/電解液通過傳輸，擴(kuò)散或易化擴(kuò)散經(jīng)腸道黏膜吸收。

IntestinalDigestionandAsborption腸道消化與吸收食物氯化氫和胃蛋白酶Intesti95小腸運動食糜刺激腸道運動混合有來自肝臟，胰腺和腸腺的分泌物攪拌運動腔內(nèi)物接觸到絨毛吸收細(xì)胞推進(jìn)使食糜進(jìn)入大腸Chyme

stimulatesintestinalmovementsMixinsecretionfromtheliver,pancreas,andintestinalglandsachurningmotionbringstheluminalcontentintocontactwiththeabsorbingcellsofthevilli.Advancethechymetowardthelargeintestine.IntestinalMotility腸道運動小腸運動IntestinalMotility96腸道運動受兩種運動影響：結(jié)腸袋分節(jié)運動和蠕動。Intestinalmotilityisaffectedbytwomovements:HaustralsegmentationperistalsisIntestinalMotility腸道運動腸道運動受兩種運動影響：結(jié)腸袋分節(jié)運動和蠕動。Intesti97Thelargeintestineconsistsof:cecum盲腸apouchappendix闌尾vermiformcolon結(jié)腸rectum直腸analcanal肛管LargeIntestine大腸Thelargeintestineconsistso98Thefourpartsofthecolonascendingcolon→升結(jié)腸transversecolon→橫結(jié)腸descendingcolon→降結(jié)腸sigmoidcolon→

乙狀結(jié)腸LargeIntestine大腸ThefourpartsofthecolonLar99腸內(nèi)物通過盲腸和結(jié)腸受兩個括約肌控制：theileocecalvalve回盲瓣控制食糜從回腸進(jìn)入盲腸theO’Beirnesphincter奧貝恩括約肌控制廢物從乙狀結(jié)腸進(jìn)入直腸。2.analsphincters肛門括約肌internalanalsphincter肛門括約肌externalanalsphincter肛門括約肌

LargeIntestine大腸腸內(nèi)物通過盲腸和結(jié)腸受兩個括約肌控制：LargeIntes100

Whatcausestokillpathogens(病原體)andbacteriathroughoutthegastrointestinaltract?AcidinthestomachBileacidsecretionIntestinalmotilityAntibodyproduction

Whereareanaerobesmainlyfound?(L.196-197)IntestinalBacteria腸道細(xì)菌Whatcausestokillpatho101AccessoryOrganofDigestion消化的輔助器官Whataretheaccessoryorgansofdigestion?Liver→producesbilegallbladder→storesbileexocrinepancreas→producesenzymes

neededforthecompletedigestionofcarbohydrates,proteins,andfats.Besides,producesanalkalinefluid.Liver

→Italsoreceivesnutrientsabsorbedbythesmallintestine,metabolizingandsynthesizingAccessoryOrganofDigestionWh102AccessoryOrganofDigestion消化的輔助器官Liver---SecretionofBileWhereistheliverlocated?L.2162.

Themetabolicfunctionoftheliver

requirealargeamountofblood

hepaticartery(肝動脈