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InterpretationofCora’sFateofTheUndergroundRailroadfromthePerspectiveofFeminism
摘要
科爾森·懷特黑德在2016年憑借《地下鐵道》獲得美國(guó)國(guó)家圖書獎(jiǎng),在2017年憑借《地下鐵道》獲得普利策獎(jiǎng)。他成為了二十一世紀(jì)唯一憑借同一部小說(shuō)獲得美國(guó)兩個(gè)重要文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)的小說(shuō)家。本文以《地下鐵道》為研究對(duì)象,以女性主義為理論基礎(chǔ),試圖找出小說(shuō)主人公科拉命運(yùn)的成因。
本文從種族歧視,性別歧視和階級(jí)壓迫三個(gè)方面入手,分析了科拉獨(dú)自面對(duì)欺辱和不公后的對(duì)待逃跑的態(tài)度變化,以及對(duì)她最終命運(yùn)的影響;同時(shí)本文結(jié)合科拉的情感和她所居住的環(huán)境,分析了對(duì)她命運(yùn)走向的影響最深的人及原因。
經(jīng)過(guò)上述分析,本文發(fā)現(xiàn),科拉母親拋棄科拉,推動(dòng)了科拉的逃跑的腳步,幸得西澤和羅亞爾的幫助,科拉才獲得自由。白人對(duì)黑人的種族歧視,性別歧視和階級(jí)壓迫,讓科拉逐漸覺(jué)醒,讓她清楚若想生存,必須逃跑,重獲自由。根據(jù)美國(guó)歷史的發(fā)展,廢奴勢(shì)在必行,科拉的最終命運(yùn)是走向自由。
關(guān)鍵詞:《地下鐵道》;女性主義;科拉
Abstract
In2016,ColsonWhiteheadwontheAmericanNationalBookAwardforTheUndergroundRailroad.AndhewonthePulitzerPrizein2017forTheUndergroundRailroad.Hebecametheonlynovelistinthe21stcenturywhowontwoimportantAmericanliteratureawardsforthesamenovel.ThisthesistakesTheUndergroundRailroadastheresearchmaterial,andbasesonfeminism,triestofindoutthecausesofCora’sfateinthisnovel.
Thisthesisfromthreeaspectsofracism,sexismandclassoppression,analyzesCora'sattitudetowardescapeafterbullyingandinjustice,andfindsouttheimpactonherultimatedestiny.Atthesametime,thisthesiscombinesCora'semotionsandtheenvironmentinwhichshelived,analyzesthepeopleandreasonsthathadthegreatestimpactonherfate.
Aftertheaboveanalysis,thisthesisfindsthatCola'smotherabandonedCorawhichpushedCoratoescape.Luckily,withthehelpofCaesarandRoyal,Corawasfree.Whitesbullyblacksfromraceandsex.AndtheclassoppressionofblacksmadeCoragraduallyawakenandmadeherrealizethatifshewantedtosurvive,shemustescapeandregainherfreedom.AccordingtothedevelopmentofthehistoryoftheUnitedStates,theabolitionofslavepowerisimperative,andCora’sultimatefateistomovetowardfreedom.
Keywords:TheUndergroundRailroad;feminism;Cora
Chapter1Introduction
Thischapterwillintroducebackground,objectiveandoutlineofthestudy.Andhopefullythispartwillprovidereaderswithabasicunderstandingofthisstudy.
1.1BackgroundoftheStudy
ColsonWhitehead,anAmericannovelist,wasborninNewYorkCityonNovember6,1969.HegrewupinManhattanandgraduatedfromHarvardUniversityin1991.WritingwassomethingWhiteheadhaddonesincehewas10or11,inspiredbythewiderangeofbooksinhishouse.Afterleavingcollege,WhiteheadwroteforTheVillageVoice.WhenheworkedattheVoice,hebegandraftinghisfirstnovels.Hehasproducedsixnovels,includinghisdebutwork,the1999novelTheIntuitionist,andTheUndergroundRailroad(2016),whichwasacriticalandcommercialsuccess,hitthebestsellerlistsandwonseveralnotableprizes.TheUnderground
Railroad
won
the
2016
National
Book
Award
for
Fiction
and
the
2017Pulitzer
Prize
for
Fiction.
And
The
Underground
Railroad
was
a
selectionofOprah’sBookClub2.0,andwasalsochosenbyPresidentBarackObamaasoneoffivebooksonhissummervacationreadinglist.
TheideaforTheUndergroundRailroadcametoWhiteheadearly-in2000,inthewakeofhisfirstbookbeingpublished.HewroteTheIntuitionistwhiledoingreviewsfortheVillageVoiceandlaterasamorewide-rangingfreelancewriter.Hisyouthfulconfidencehaditslimitations,however.WhenhecameupwiththeconceptthatwouldbecomeTheUndergroundRailroad,itwasdifferentfromwhatappearedinthefinalversionofthenovel.Heknewhewantedtowriteaboutthechannelsthathelpedslavesescapefromplantationsinthesouthtothenorth.Heknewhewantedittoincludeanelementifmagicalrealism–inthecase,theconversionofthefigurativerailroad,thenetworkofsafehousesviawhichescapedslavespassed,intoanactualsubwaysystem.Healsothoughthisprincipalcharacterwouldbeayoung,singleman,ashewasatthetime.Thatwasasfarashegot.Whiteheadsaid,“WhenIhadtheideain2000,itseemedlikeagoodidea,butIdidn’tthinkIwasagoodenoughwriter.IthoughtifIwrotesomemorebooksImightbecomeabettercraftspersonand,ifIwasolder,Imightbeabletobringthematurityofsomeofthoseyearstothebookanddoitjustice.AndsoIshiedawayfromit.Itwasdauntingintermsofitsstructure,andtodotheresearchasdeepasitneededtobedone,andtodealwiththegravityitdeserved,wasscary.Andthen,acoupleofyearsago,Ithoughtmaybethescarybookistheoneyouaresupposedtobedoing.”Theheroinebecamenotamaninhismid-20s,butCora,ateenagegirlfollowinginherrunwaymother’sfootsteps.Themoststrikingsectionofthebookistheintenselyrealisticopeningportrait,oflifeontheplantationbeforeCora’sescape,inwhichWhiteheadfocusesontherelationshipsbetweenslaves,sooftensentimentalizedinshallowerdepictionsofslavery.
Whiteheadspentalongtimeontheresearchforthebook,ploughingthroughoralhistoryarchives,inparticularthe2,300first-personaccountsofslaverycollectedbytheFederalWriters’Projectinthe1930s,when,incredibly,thelastsurvivorsofslaverywereintheir90s.Whilehewasatschool,hesays,educationonslaveryhadbeenpitifullyinadequate.Whiteheadalsowantedtowritemoreaboutparentsandchildren.Havingchildrenhimselfputtheimaginedexperienceofslaveryinanevenmoreintolerablelight.Coraisgalvanizedbyherlovefor,andfuryat,hermother,Mabel.Mabelprovidesontheonehandanexampleofsomeonewhocanrunawaysuccessfully,andalsothecounterexampleofsomeonewhoabandonstheirchildtothehellofslavery.AndbothofthosethingswarpCora’sperceptionsanddrivedifferentbehaviorsinthebook.WhathappenstoMabel,Whiteheadwantedtoaddressthegapbetweenwhatweknowofourparentsandwhotheyreallyare.
TheUndergroundRailroad,analternatehistorynoveltellsthestoryofCoraandCaesar,twoslavesinthesoutheasternUnitedStatesduringthe1800swhomakeabidforfreedomfromtheirGeorgiaplantationsbyfollowingtheUndergroundRailroad,whichinthenovelisanactualsubwayasopposedtoaseriesofsafehousesandsecretroutes.CoraistheheroineofTheUndergroundRailroad.ShewasbornonRandallplantationinGeorgiatohermotherMabel,andsheneverknewherfather,Grayson,whodiedbeforeshewasborn.Coraisbraveandrebellious;thenarratorsuggestssheinheritedhercapacitytoendureobstaclesandbrutalityfromAjarry,andherstubborninstinctforresistancefromMabel.Evenso,CoraatfirstfindstheprospectofrunningawaywithCaesarludicrous.Itisonlyonceshehastastedfreedomforherself—andovercomenumerousnear-escapesthatCorabecomesfearlesslydedicatedtothepursuitofafreelifeinthenorth.Towardtheendofthebook,inIndiana,shehasaromanticaffairwithRoyal,whichisprematurelyendedwhenRoyaliskilledbyRidgeway.Cora’sfateisneverdetermined,butthebookendsonanoptimisticnote,withOllieofferingherfoodasshejoinshimontheroadtothenorth.
1.2ObjectiveoftheStudy
ThisthesistriestointerpretCora’sfatefromtheperspectiveofblackfeminism.Thisthesisisbasedonblackfeminism,takingthebook–TheUndergroundRailroadasthematerialtobeanalyzed,aimingatinterpretingCora’sfateandexploringthereasonsforCora’sfatefromtheblackfeministperspective.
Hopefully,itwillprovideanswerstothefollowingquestions:
1)WhoaffectedCoratoescape?
2)WhyCoraresolutelychosetoescape?
3)WhatisCora’sfinalfate?
1.3OutlineoftheThesis
Thisthesisiscomposedoffivechapters.
Chapter1makesageneralintroductiontothebackgroundandaimsofthestudyaswellastheoutlineofthestudy.Chapter2providesabriefreviewofthepreviousstudiesinrelevantfield,includingabriefreviewofcontributionsmadebynumerousresearcherstoTheUndergroundRailroad,thestudyofFeministTheory.Chapter3introducestheresearchdesignofthestudy,includingtheoreticalframework——FeministTheory,andresearchmethod.Chapter4devotestoanalyzeandinterpretCora’sfatefromFeministTheory.Chapter5concludesthestudywithadiscussiononmajorfindings,implications,limitationsofthisthesisandsomesuggestionsforthefurtherstudy.
Chapter2LiteratureReview
ThispartwillmakeareviewoffeministtheoryandTheUndergroundRailroadabroadandathome.
2.1ReviewofFeministTheory
TheconceptoffeminismfirstappearedinFranceinthelate19thcenturyduringfeministmovement.Therearethreewavesoffeministmovements.Duringthefirst-wave,feministsfightforbettereducation,morejobopportunitiesforwomenandhigherlegalstatus.Thesecondwavefocusmoreonpoliticalequality,
such
as
the
right
to
vote
and
the
right
to
participate
in
majornationaldecisions(Tong,1989).Andforthethirdwaveoffeministmovement,feministsturnedtheirconcernstothesexualrightofwomenandtheequalitywithinmarriage.Untilnow,thatthedefinition
of
feminism
is
a
range
ofpolitical
movements,
ideologies,
and
social
movements
thatshareacommongoal:todefine,establish,andachievepolitical,economic,personal,andsocialequalityofsexes.Thisincludesseekingtoestablisheducationalandprofessionalopportunitiesforwomenthatareequaltothoseformen.Feministtheoryistheextensionoffeminismintotheoretical,fictional,orphilosophicaldiscourse.Itaimstounderstandthenatureofgenderinequality.Itexamineswomen’sandmen’ssocialroles,experience,interests,chores,andfeministpoliticsinavarietyoffields,suchasanthropologyandsociology,communication,mediastudies,psychoanalysis,homeeconomics,literature,education,andphilosophy.Feministtheoryfocusesonanalyzinggenderinequality.Themesexploredinfeminismincludediscrimination,objectification(especiallysexualobjectification),oppression,patriarchy,stereotyping,arthistoryandcontemporaryart,andaesthetics.
2.1.1ReviewofPreviousStudiesAbroad
Sincethreewavesoffeministmovements,moreandmorescholarsstartedtopayattentiontofeministtheory,andtheystartedtodoresearchesfromtheperspectiveoffeminism.Generallyspeaking,Westernscholarsdoresearches,theyoftencombinefeminismwithliterary,history,sociology,anthropology,cultureandsoon(Li,2005).Feministcriticism,asafeministcriticaltheory,originatedfromwomen’sliberationmovementinthe1960s.Fromthenon,thistheoryhasbeendevelopedintomanyfields.
Inliterary,
Simon
de
Beauvoir
(1949)
in
her
book
The
Second
Sex,
which
is
regardedastheBibleofthefemaleliberationinthewest,arguesthat“Theworldhasalwaysbelongedtomale”(Blackwell,2011),andawomaniscreatedbymanandthetraditionalsociety.Inherview,“Oneisnotborn,butratherbecomes,awomanItiscivilizationasawholethatproducesthiscreature,whichisdescribedasfeminine.(TheSecondSex,255)Shethinksthatwomenweretheproductofsocietyandtheyarenotborntobesubordinate.Inaddition,shepointsoutthatwomenlostself-identitybecauseoftheoppressionofpatriarchalsociety.(AbramsHarpham,2014).Whatismore,Beauvoircriticizesthatthemalewritermisrepresentsthefemalecharacterintheirworks.Linda(1971)fromthefeministperspectiveanalyzesthedifficultiesandlimitationalongtheprogressoffemaleartists.Shefirstqueriesthenormalformofarthistory.Andsheisthefirstpersontodiscussarthistoryfromfeministperspective.SheputsforwardthattheneglectandrepressiontofemaleartistinWesternarthistoryisdeservedtoresearch,andshestudiesonthistheme.Moreover,inherresearch,shefirststatesthatfeministarthistoryisnotonlythemainstreamofarthistoryorsupplementforanotherform,butalsodarestochallengeauthorityandtradition,queriesmanymainschool’sstandpoint.BeverlyJ.Rasporich(1990)focusonMunro’sworksfromtheperspective,andhepointsoutthattheissuesofwomen’sidentityandwomen’sconsciousness.
Afterthesecond-wavewomenmovements,feminismbecomesanewperspectiveforscholarstoresearchcitysociology.ThefamousBritishsociologistGiddens(2003)pointsoutthatgenderrelationshipissoultimateforsociologicalanalysisthatcannotbesimplyattributedtoasubdisciplineofsociology.Moreover,manyscholarsresearchgeographybycombiningwithfeminism.Andtheybelievethatinalongterm,urbandevelopmentisalwaysinfluencedbymaleprincipleormalestandards,andignoresthespaceexistenceandspacerequirementoffemale.Therefore,theurbanconstructionisconsideredthatthegenderisunequal,sothattherearemanyseriouscityproblems,suchastrafficjam,housingshortage,environmentaldegradationandsoon.Andtheypointoutthatitisdifficulttosolvetheseproblemsthoroughlybytechnology,thegovernmentmustreconsiderthecityspacefromtheperspectiveoffemale.
2.1.2ReviewofPreviousStudiesatHome
FeminisminChinabeganinthe20thcenturyintandemwiththeChineseRevolution.AlthoughtheappearanceoffeminisminChinaislaterthanthatinWestern,thestudiesrelatedfeminisminChinaarenotlessthanthatinWestern.Thefeministtheoryisappliedinvarietyfields.
Inliterary,manyscholarsbymeansoffeministtheoryanalyzecharactersintheliterature.AndmanyscholarsexplorethestemofTess’stragicfatefromtheperspectiveofecologicalfeminism,tohelpreaderstounderstandTessoftheDUrbervillesfromanewview.Zhang(2004)thinksthatinHardy’swork,womenandnaturearecloselylinked.AndHardyusesthenaturalworldtoreflectthepsychologicalchangesofwomen,tofoilthefemaleimage,andasthesametime,heusedthetragedyofwomentoconveythesadnessofthelossofnature.Wei(2012)whointerpretsTessoftheDUrbervillesfromtheperspectiveofecologicalfeminism,aimstohaveadeeperunderstandingofhardyhimselfandthiswork.Sheintendstoguidepeopletounderstandandreflectontherelationshipbetweennature,humanandfemale.Andsheadvocatesthatpeopleshouldpromotetheawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionandtrytobuildaharmoniousworldofnature,menandwomen.Bai(2017)exploredtheprotagonistofWhoDoYouThinkYouAre?Rose’sidentityissuesfromtheperspectiveoffeminism.Sheillustratesthatthefemale’ssearchforidentityisacontinuousprocess,duringwhichthefemaleinevitablyencountersthechallengesandpressuresfromthepatriarchalsociety.Toestablishself-identity,thefemaleshouldkeepthepositiveattitudeandviewwithlong-termpotential.Chen(2010)revealsthegrowthandtoughsurvivalofwomeninRunawayfromtheperspectiveoffeminism.
Ingeographicalresearch,Chai(2003)appliesfeministtheorytogeographicalstudies,andheexpoundstheprocessofspatialstructurewhenurbanwomendothedailyactivities.Yao(2017)pointsthattheresearchesaboutfeminismismoreandmorerelatedtodisadvantagedgroupgeography,socialgeography,andnewculturalgeography.
2.2ReviewofPreviousStudiesRelatedTheUndergroundRailroad
TheUndergroundRailroadisthesixthfictionofColsonWhitehead,whowritesthetragichistoryofAmericanslavery,exploresthetopicoffreedomandhumanrights.ThispartwillmakeareviewaboutTheUndergroundRailroadabroadandathome.
Manisha(2016)summedupCora’sexperiencesofeverychapter.AndhepointsoutthatWhitehead’sliteralundergroundrailroadalsoquiteremarkablyilluminatesthehistoryofslaverythroughthestoryofCora’sescape.EachstatethatCoramovesthroughmapsthehistoricalgeographyofenslavementandfreedomwithWhiteheadtakingliterarylicensetotellabroaderstory.However,hejustinterpretsthisnovelfromtheperspectiveofracesandslavery,andhedoesnotfurtherstudythecausesofCora’sfate.Kathryn(2016)pointsoutthatthemetaphorfortherailroad,aliteraltrainwithunknownconductorsandsporadicbranchesthatjustmightleadtofreedom,isitselfaptandgetstothehistoricaltruthinanessentialsense.Thiswasadangerous,secretive,botchyenterpriseinwhichtheenslavedandtheiralliestookhugerisksandwerealwayssubjecttorecaptureandtortureemergesfromthisfictiveaccountratherthanthemythic,heroicaccountsoftheUndergroundRailroad.Juan(2016)commendstheundergroundrailroadismorethanametaphorfromperspectiveofclosereading.Hesaysthatittouchesonthehistoricalnovelandslavestory,butwhatitdoeswiththosegenresisstrikingandimaginative.Thenovelistakingussomewherewehaveneverbeenbefore.Eric(2016)revealsthetruehistoryofTheUndergroundRailroad.
Geng(2017)exploresthepublishingvalueofTheUndergroundRailroadfromsocialvalue,valueoftimesandculturalvalue.Shepointsoutthatthisnovelplaysanimportantroleincontemporarysocialharmonyandnationalequality.Inaddition,sheexploresthepracticalsignificanceofthisnovel.Shepointsoutthatthisnovelcriticizesslaveryandracialdiscriminationandpreachesdemocraticfreedomandtheideaoffairnessandjustice.Kang(2017)contraststhenarrativebetweenTheUndergroundRailroadandMorrison’sBeloved.HefoundthatthoughbothTheUndergroundRailroadandBeloveddescribeintenseviolence,TheUndergroundRailroad’sdescriptionismoredirectandthorough.Wang(2017)sumsupCora’sexperiencefromtheperspectiveofliterarycriticism.HepointsoutthatCorahadnoregretsandfearaboutrunningawayfromtheplantation.AndhepraisesCora’sboldness.Inaddition,hebelievesthatCoranevergiveup,althoughthelifeofescapeishardandtough.AndhethinksthatCorahasbeenreinventingherself.Coraisnotinvincible,onthecontrary,sheconfuseswhyhermotherhasabandonedher,andsheisgrievous.But,eventuallysheunderstandswhyhermotherescaped.Andsheforgavehermother.Qiao(2017)analyzesdocumentaryvalue,thoughtvalueandculturevalueofthefiction,andresearchesitsculturalconnotationandpublishingmeaning.ShepointsoutthatColsondocumentstherealenvironmentoftheprocessofsellingslavesandthelifeofslavesinplantations.Moreover,shepointsoutthatthethoughtvalueofTheUndergroundRailroadistopursuitfreedom.ThebooknotonlydescribesCora’spursuittofreedom,butalsoexplorestheessenceoffreedom.Andheillustratestheculturalvalue,artisticvalueandhistoricaldatevalue.Ding(2017)interpretsTheUndergroundRailroadfromnarrative.SherevealsthesorrowhistoryabouttheBlackman.Chang(2017)pointsoutthatthecharacteristicsofTheUndergroundRailroadisthatthelimitationbetweenkindandevilfromCriticalperspective.
2.3SpaceoftheStudy
Despiteallthesestudies,littleinterpretsCora’sfate,andmostpreviousstudiesdidnotcovertheperspectiveofFeministTheory.ThisthesistakesCora’sexperiencesascasestostudy,aimsatanalyzinghercharactersandthereasonsforherfate,andinterpretherfinalfate.
Chapter3ResearchDesign
Thetheoreticalframeworkofthisthesisisblackfeminism.ThisthesiswillinterpretCora’sfatefromtheperspectiveofblackfeminism.
3.1FeministTheory–BlackFeminism
Blackfeminismisdifficulttobedefinedasasocialandcriticaltheory.Blackfeminismisoftendefinedasaschoolofthoughtstatingthatsexism,classoppression,genderidentityandracismareinextricablyboundtogether.PatriciaHillCollins(2000)describedblackfeminismasthat“womenwhotheorizetheexperiencesandideassharedbyordinaryblackwomenthatprovideauniqueangleofvisionofself,community,andsociety”.TheCombaheeRiverCollectivestatedthat“theliberationofblackwomenentailsfreedomforallpeople,sinceitwouldrequiretheendofracism,sexismandclassoppression.
Blackfeminismwhichisabranchofwesternfeministcriticism,originateswiththeemergenceofBlackWomen’sMovementinthe1970sintheUnitedStates.Blackfeministcriticsresearchtheworksofblackfemalewritersfromafeministperinscriptionsselective.Feministperspectiveisconsideredasawayofreadingofrace,classandgenderinmodesofculturalexpression.BarbaraSmith(1978)statesinheressay–TowardaBlackFeministCriticism:LongbeforeItriedtowritethisIrealizedthatIwasattemptingsomethingunprecedented,somethingdangerous,merelybywritingaboutblackwomenwritersfromafeministperspectiveandaboutblacklesbianwritersfromanyperspectiveatall,thesethingshavenotbeendone.Notbywhitewomencriticswhothinkofthemselvesasfeminists.Andmostcruciallynotbyblackwomencritics,althoughtheypaythemostattentiontoblackwomenwritersasagroup,seldomuseaconsistentfeministanalysis.
Blackfeministcriticismcontainsdiverseandevencontradictorymeanings.Althoughtherearethesedifferences,itisstillimportanttofindsomecommongroundforthinkingthroughtheboundariesofblackfeministcriticism.JustPearlCleageremindsus,“wehavetoseeclearlythatweareauniquegroup,setundeniablyapartbecauseofraceandsexwithauniquesetofchallenges”.
Blackfeminismbecamepopularinthe1960s,astheresultoftheCivilRightsMovementwhichexcludedwomenfromleadershippositions,andperceivedracismofthefeministmovement.Fromthe1970sto1980s,blackfeministsformedvariousgroupswhichaddressedtheroleofblackwomeninblacknationalism,gayliberation,andsecond-wavefeminism.Inthe1990s,theAnitaHillcontroversyplacedblackfeminisminamainstreamlight.Inrecentyears,thedistinctionofblackfeminismhasbirthedthetagwhitefeminist,usedtocriticizefeministswhodonotacknowledgeissuesofintersectionality.Criticsofblackfeminismarguethatracialdivisionsweakenthestrengthoftheoverallfeministmovement.
Thewell-knownblackfeministleaderAliceWalker(2014)firstused“womanist”inherwork:“Womanististofeministaspurpletolavender”.AccordingtoWalker,awomanistisonewholovesotherwomen,sexuallyand/ornonsexually;appreciatesandpreferswomen’sculture,women’semotionalflexibility,andwomenstrength:sometimeslovesindividualmen,sexuallyand/ornonsexually;commitstothesurvivalandwholenessofentirepeople,maleandfemale”.Walker’sdefinitionindicatesthatwomanismtriestofosterinterracialcooperationamongwomenandstrongerrelationshipsbetweenblackwomenandblackmen.SheexpressesherfeelingofexclusionbyBlackNationalistmen,andherfeelingofseparationfromwhitefeministswhofailtoconsiderrace.Womanismisdifferentfromandsuperiortoblackfeminism.Ontheonehand,blackwomencanaddressracialoppressionwithoutattackingblackmenbyusingwomanism.Ontheotherhand,womencanaddressgenderoppressionwithinterracialcooperation.AnotheressentialideainWalker’sblackfeministisself-love;thisloveofselfistheimpetusforhercommitmenttowomenandmenandtostruggleforjustices.
Althoughitishardtofindaspecificdefinitionforblackfeminism,ithasdistinguishingfeatureswhicharemainlybasedonhistorical,racialandculturebackgroundrootedintheblackliterature:
Firstly,exposingpatriarchalprejudicelaidontheblackwomen.Blackfeministsbelievethatblackwomenareprejudicedagainstaswellasoppressed.Theirmiseryistheresultoftheintersectingoppressionsoftheracism,sexismandclassoppression.Thusthemaintaskforblackfeminismisnotonlytoexposepatriarchaldominationoverwomenbutalsotoempowerblackwomenwithinthecontextofsocialinjustice.
Secondly,analyzingblackwomen’sworksisonecorethemeinblackfeministthought.AccordingtoWallace,documentingblackwomen’slaboristoseethegeneralpatternsofraceandgenderinequalityisoneprimaryareaofanalysis.Thisresearchissupplementedbystudiesofblackwomen’spositionsinspecificoccupationalniches,suchastheattentiondevotedtoblackwomendomesticworkers,andspecifichistoricaleras,suchasslavery.BlackfeministpresentAfrican-Americanwomenasconstrainedbutoftenempoweredfigures,eveninextremelydifficultlabormarketsettings.
Thirdly,cherishingblackculture.Blackfeministsallegethatblackwomenarenolongermerespectatorsinthehistoricaldevelopmentoftheblack.Instead,theyareinheritorsofblacktraditionandculture.Intheprocessoffightingagainstracism,sexismandclassoppression,theblackwomenusuallygetmoresupportsandhelpfromtheirfemalefriends.
Fourthly,thatchallengingcontrollingimagesofblackwomenasstereotypicalmammies,matriarchs,welfarerecipients,andhotmommasportrayedbythewhitehasbeenacorethemeinblackfeministcriticism.AsCherylGilkescontends,“Blackwomen’sassertivenessandtheiruseofeveryexpressionofracismtolaunchmultifacedthreattothestatusquo.Aspunishment,blackwomenhavebeenassaultedwithavarietyofnegativeimages”.Sochallengingtheseimageshaslongbeenamissionforblackwomenwriters.
3.2ResearchMethods
ThisthesiswillusetextanalysisandclosereadingtostudyCora’sexperience.
Textanalysisisaboutparsingtextsinordertoextractmachine-readablefactsfromthem.Thepurposeoftextanalysisistocreatesetsofstructureddataoutofheapsofunstructured,heterogeneousdocuments.Theprocesscanbethoughtofasslicinganddicingdocumentsintoeasy-to-manageandintegratedatapieces.
Inliterarycriticism,closereadingisthecareful,sustainedinterpretationofabriefpassageofatext.Aclosereadingemphasizesthesingleandtheparticularoverthegeneral,effectedbycloseattentiontoindividualwords,thesyntax,andtheorderinwhichthesentencesunfoldideas,asthereaderscansthelineoftext.
Chapter4AnalysisofCora’sBasedonFeminism
ThispartwillanalyzeCora’sexperiencesindetailcombiningwithblackfeminism.AndthispartwillexploreCora’sfatefromheremotionsandlivingenvironment.
TheUndergroundRailroad,setbeforetheAmericancivilwar,tells
the
story
of
Cora.
Cora
is
a
slaveon
a
cotton
plantation
in
Georgia.
Life
is
hell
for
all
the
slaves,
but
especially
bad
for
Cora;anoutcastevenamongherfellowAfricans,sheiscomingintowomanhood
–
where
even
greater
painawaits.
When
Caesar,
a
recent
arrival
from
Virginia,
tells
her
about
the
Underground
Railroad,theydecidetotakeaterrifyingriskandescape.Mattersdonotgoasplanned–C
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