動植物氣候介紹藍色藍色模板課件

InteractionsofLife LifeScienceMelanieBuchanan-TillmanInteractionsofLife LifeScieTheLivingEarthThepartofEarththatsupportslifeisthebiosphere.ThebiosphereincludesthetopportionofEarth’scrust,allthewatersthatcoverEarth’ssurface,andtheatmospherethatsurroundsEarth.Earth’sbiosphereconsistsofmanyenvironments.TheLivingEarthThepartofEaEcosystemsAnecosystemconsistsofalltheorganismslivinginanarea,aswellasthenonlivingpartsofthatenvironment.Ecologyisthestudyofinteractionsthatoccuramongorganismsandtheirenvironments.

EcosystemsAnecosystemconsistPopulationsApopulationismadeupofallorganismsofthesamespeciesthatliveinanareaatthesametime.PopulationsApopulationismadPopulations&HabitatsAcommunityisallthepopulationsofallspecieslivinginanecosystem.Theplaceinwhichanorganismlivesiscalleditshabitat.Anorganism’shabitatprovidesthekindsoffoodandshelter,thetemperatureandtheamountofmoisturetheorganismneedstosurvive.Populations&HabitatsAcommunQuestions1.Whatthreethingsmakeupthebiosphere?2.Whatisanecosystem?3.ListthreepartsoftheEarthincludedinthebiosphere.4.Definethetermecology.5.Compareandcontrastthetermshabitatandbiosphere.6.Identifythemajordifferencebetweenacommunityandapopulation,andgiveoneexampleofeach.7.ThinkCritically:Doestheamountofrainthatfallsinanareadeterminewhichkindsoforganismscanlivethere?Whyorwhynot?Questions1.WhatthreethingsPopulations:CompetitionFood&Space:Organismslivinginthewilddonotalwayshaveenoughfoodorlivingspace.Competitionoccurswhentwoormoreorganismsseekthesameresourceatthesametime.GrowthLimits—Competitionlimitspopulationsize.Competitionforfood,livingspace,orotherresourcescanlimitpopulationgrowth.Innature,themostintensecompetitionisusuallybetweenthesamespeciesbecausetheyneedthesamekindsoffoodandshelter.Populations:CompetitionFoodPopulations:PopulationSizeEcologistsoftenneedtomeasurethesizeofapopulation.Thenumberofindividualsofonespeciesperaspecificareaiscalledpopulationdensity.Trap-mark-releaseisoneofthemethodsusedtomeasurewildlifepopulations.TheCensusisamethodusedintheUSevery10yearstomeasureitspopulation.Populations:PopulationSizeEPopulations:SampleCounts,LimitingFactorsandCarryingCapacitySamplecounts.Ecologistsusesamplecountstoestimatethesizesoflargepopulations.Limitingfactors.Inanyecosystem,theavailabilityoffood,water,livingspace,mates,nestingsites,andotherresourcesisoftenlimited.Alimitingfactorisanythingthatrestrictsthenumberofindividualsinapopulation.Limitingfactorsincludelivingandnonlivingfeaturesoftheecosystem.Alimitingfactorcanaffectmorethanonepopulationinacommunity.Carryingcapacity.Carryingcapacityisthelargestnumberofindividualsofonespeciesthatanecosystemcansupportovertime.BioticPotential.Thehighestrateofreproductionunderidealconditionsisapopulation’sbioticpotential.Populations:SampleCounts,VisualizingPopulationGrowthVisualizingPopulationGrowthQuestions1.Describethreewaysinwhichecologistscanestimatethesizeofapopulation.2.Explainhowbirthratesanddeathratesinfluencethesizeofapopulation.3.Explainhowcarryingcapacityinfluencesthenumberoforganismsinanecosystem.4.ThinkCritically.Whyarefoodandwaterthelimitingfactorsthatusuallyhavethegreatesteffectonpopulationsize?Questions1.DescribethreewaInteractionsWithinCommunitiesOrganismsthatusetheoutsideenergysourceliketheSuntomakeenergy-richmoleculesarecalledproducers.Someproducersusechlorophyllforphotosynthesis.Otherproducersdonotcontainchlorophyllandusechemosynthesis.InteractionsWithinCommunitieConsumersOrganismsthatcannotmaketheirownenergy-richmoleculesarecalledconsumers.Herbivoresarevegetarians.Theyincluderabbits,deer,andotherplanteaters.ConsumersOrganismsthatcannotConsumersCarnivoresareanimalsthateatotheranimals.Frogsandspidersarecarnivoresthateatinsects.ConsumersCarnivoresareanimalConsumersOmnivores,includingpigsandhumans,eatmostlyplantsandanimals.ConsumersOmnivores,includingConsumersDecomposers,includingfungi,bacteria,andearthworms,consumewastesanddeadorganisms.Decomposershelprecycleonce-livingmatterbybreakingitdownintosimple,energy-richsubstances.Thesesubstancesmightserveasfoodfordecomposers,beabsorbedbyplantroots,orbeconsumedbyotherorganisms.ConsumersDecomposers,includinObtainingEnergyFoodchains.Ecologyincludesthestudyofhoworganismsdependoneachotherforfood.Afoodchainisasimplemodelofthefeedingrelationshipsinanecosystem.GrassgrasshoppertoadsnakehawkStartwithaproducer,endwithapredator.ObtainingEnergyFoodchains.SymbioticRelationshipsAnycloserelationshipbetweenspeciesiscalledsymbiosis.Mutualism:Asymbioticrelationshipinwhichbothspeciesbenefitiscalledmutualism.Commensalism:Asymbioticrelationshipinwhichoneorganismbenefitsandtheotherisnotaffectediscalledcommensalism.Parasitism:Asymbioticrelationshipinwhichoneorganismbenefitsbuttheotherisharmediscalledparasitism.SymbioticRelationshipsAnycloNichesAnorganism’snicheisitsroleinitsenvironment—howitobtainsfoodandshelter,findsamate,caresforitsyoung,andavoidsdanger.PredatorandPrey.Anorganism’snicheincludeshowitavoidsbeingeatenandhowitfindsorcapturesitsfood.Predatorsareconsumersthatcaptureandeatotherconsumers.Thepreyistheorganismthatiscapturedbythepredator.Cooperation.Individualorganismsoftencooperateinwaysthatimprovesurvival.(Ants,bees,etc.)NichesAnorganism’snicheisiQuestions1.Explainwhyallconsumersdependonproducersforfood.2.Describeamutualisticrelationshipbetweentwoimaginaryorganisms.Nametheorganismsandexplainhoweachbenefits.3.Compareandcontrastthetermshabitatandniche.4.ThinkCritically.Aparasitecanobtainfoodonlyfromahostorganism.Explainwhymostparasitesweaken,butdonotkill,theirhosts.Questions1.ExplainwhyallcPerformanceTaskDesignanexperimenttoclassifythesymbioticrelationshipthatexistsbetweentwohypotheticalorganisms.AnimalAdefinitelybenefitsfromitsrelationshipwithplantB,butisnotclearwhetherPlantBbenefits,isharmed,orisunaffected.PerformanceTaskDesignanexpeTheCensusmeasuresahumanpopulation.ThecensushasbeentakeneverytenyearssincetheearlydaysoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica.

AlthoughtheCensusBureaucarriesouthundredsofsurveyseveryyear,itsmostwell-knowndutyisstilltoconductthedecennialcensus.Censusresultshaveseveralhighprofileapplications:theyareusedtoreapportionseatsintheHouseofRepresentatives,torealigncongressionaldistricts,andasafactorintheformulasthatdistributehundredsofbillionsofdollarsinfederalfundseachyear.Becauseoftheimportanceofthispopulationcount,proceduralchangesinthedecennialcensusoftenreflectlargerorganizationalshiftsattheCensusBureau.

TheCensusmeasuresahumanpoMoreabouttheCensus…1790CensusDaywasAugust2,1790.AuthorizingLegislationThefirstcensusbeganmorethanayearaftertheinaugurationofPresidentWashingtonandshortlybeforethesecondsessionofthefirstCongressended.Congressassignedresponsibilityforthe1790censustothemarshalsoftheU.S.judicialdistrictsunderanactwhich,withminormodificationsandextensions,governedcensustakingthrough1840.Thelawrequiredthateveryhouseholdbevisited,thatcompletedcensusschedulesbepostedin"twoofthemostpublicplaceswithin[eachjurisdiction],theretoremainfortheinspectionofallconcerned..."andthat"theaggregateamountofeachdescriptionofpersons"foreverydistrictbetransmittedtothepresident.EnumerationThesixinquiriesin1790calledforthenameoftheheadofthefamilyandthenumberofpersonsineachhouseholdofthefollowingdescriptions:FreeWhitemalesof16yearsandupward(toassessthecountry'sindustrialandmilitarypotential)FreeWhitemalesunder16yearsFreeWhitefemalesAllotherfreepersonsSlavesUnderthegeneraldirectionofThomasJefferson,theSecretaryofState,marshalstookthecensusintheoriginal13States,plusthedistrictsofKentucky,Maine,andVermont,andtheSouthwestTerritory(Tennessee).BothGeorgeWashingtonandThomasJeffersonexpressedskepticismoverthefinalcount,expectinganumberthatexceededthe3.9millioninhabitantscountedinthecensus.MoreabouttheCensus…1790InteractionsofLife LifeScienceMelanieBuchanan-TillmanInteractionsofLife LifeScieTheLivingEarthThepartofEarththatsupportslifeisthebiosphere.ThebiosphereincludesthetopportionofEarth’scrust,allthewatersthatcoverEarth’ssurface,andtheatmospherethatsurroundsEarth.Earth’sbiosphereconsistsofmanyenvironments.TheLivingEarthThepartofEaEcosystemsAnecosystemconsistsofalltheorganismslivinginanarea,aswellasthenonlivingpartsofthatenvironment.Ecologyisthestudyofinteractionsthatoccuramongorganismsandtheirenvironments.

EcosystemsAnecosystemconsistPopulationsApopulationismadeupofallorganismsofthesamespeciesthatliveinanareaatthesametime.PopulationsApopulationismadPopulations&HabitatsAcommunityisallthepopulationsofallspecieslivinginanecosystem.Theplaceinwhichanorganismlivesiscalleditshabitat.Anorganism’shabitatprovidesthekindsoffoodandshelter,thetemperatureandtheamountofmoisturetheorganismneedstosurvive.Populations&HabitatsAcommunQuestions1.Whatthreethingsmakeupthebiosphere?2.Whatisanecosystem?3.ListthreepartsoftheEarthincludedinthebiosphere.4.Definethetermecology.5.Compareandcontrastthetermshabitatandbiosphere.6.Identifythemajordifferencebetweenacommunityandapopulation,andgiveoneexampleofeach.7.ThinkCritically:Doestheamountofrainthatfallsinanareadeterminewhichkindsoforganismscanlivethere?Whyorwhynot?Questions1.WhatthreethingsPopulations:CompetitionFood&Space:Organismslivinginthewilddonotalwayshaveenoughfoodorlivingspace.Competitionoccurswhentwoormoreorganismsseekthesameresourceatthesametime.GrowthLimits—Competitionlimitspopulationsize.Competitionforfood,livingspace,orotherresourcescanlimitpopulationgrowth.Innature,themostintensecompetitionisusuallybetweenthesamespeciesbecausetheyneedthesamekindsoffoodandshelter.Populations:CompetitionFoodPopulations:PopulationSizeEcologistsoftenneedtomeasurethesizeofapopulation.Thenumberofindividualsofonespeciesperaspecificareaiscalledpopulationdensity.Trap-mark-releaseisoneofthemethodsusedtomeasurewildlifepopulations.TheCensusisamethodusedintheUSevery10yearstomeasureitspopulation.Populations:PopulationSizeEPopulations:SampleCounts,LimitingFactorsandCarryingCapacitySamplecounts.Ecologistsusesamplecountstoestimatethesizesoflargepopulations.Limitingfactors.Inanyecosystem,theavailabilityoffood,water,livingspace,mates,nestingsites,andotherresourcesisoftenlimited.Alimitingfactorisanythingthatrestrictsthenumberofindividualsinapopulation.Limitingfactorsincludelivingandnonlivingfeaturesoftheecosystem.Alimitingfactorcanaffectmorethanonepopulationinacommunity.Carryingcapacity.Carryingcapacityisthelargestnumberofindividualsofonespeciesthatanecosystemcansupportovertime.BioticPotential.Thehighestrateofreproductionunderidealconditionsisapopulation’sbioticpotential.Populations:SampleCounts,VisualizingPopulationGrowthVisualizingPopulationGrowthQuestions1.Describethreewaysinwhichecologistscanestimatethesizeofapopulation.2.Explainhowbirthratesanddeathratesinfluencethesizeofapopulation.3.Explainhowcarryingcapacityinfluencesthenumberoforganismsinanecosystem.4.ThinkCritically.Whyarefoodandwaterthelimitingfactorsthatusuallyhavethegreatesteffectonpopulationsize?Questions1.DescribethreewaInteractionsWithinCommunitiesOrganismsthatusetheoutsideenergysourceliketheSuntomakeenergy-richmoleculesarecalledproducers.Someproducersusechlorophyllforphotosynthesis.Otherproducersdonotcontainchlorophyllandusechemosynthesis.InteractionsWithinCommunitieConsumersOrganismsthatcannotmaketheirownenergy-richmoleculesarecalledconsumers.Herbivoresarevegetarians.Theyincluderabbits,deer,andotherplanteaters.ConsumersOrganismsthatcannotConsumersCarnivoresareanimalsthateatotheranimals.Frogsandspidersarecarnivoresthateatinsects.ConsumersCarnivoresareanimalConsumersOmnivores,includingpigsandhumans,eatmostlyplantsandanimals.ConsumersOmnivores,includingConsumersDecomposers,includingfungi,bacteria,andearthworms,consumewastesanddeadorganisms.Decomposershelprecycleonce-livingmatterbybreakingitdownintosimple,energy-richsubstances.Thesesubstancesmightserveasfoodfordecomposers,beabsorbedbyplantroots,orbeconsumedbyotherorganisms.ConsumersDecomposers,includinObtainingEnergyFoodchains.Ecologyincludesthestudyofhoworganismsdependoneachotherforfood.Afoodchainisasimplemodelofthefeedingrelationshipsinanecosystem.GrassgrasshoppertoadsnakehawkStartwithaproducer,endwithapredator.ObtainingEnergyFoodchains.SymbioticRelationshipsAnycloserelationshipbetweenspeciesiscalledsymbiosis.Mutualism:Asymbioticrelationshipinwhichbothspeciesbenefitiscalledmutualism.Commensalism:Asymbioticrelationshipinwhichoneorganismbenefitsandtheotherisnotaffectediscalledcommensalism.Parasitism:Asymbioticrelationshipinwhichoneorganismbenefitsbuttheotherisharmediscalledparasitism.SymbioticRelationshipsAnycloNichesAnorganism’snicheisitsroleinitsenvironment—howitobtainsfoodandshelter,findsamate,caresforitsyoung,andavoidsdanger.PredatorandPrey.Anorganism’snicheincludeshowitavoidsbeingeatenandhowitfindsorcapturesitsfood.Predatorsareconsumersthatcaptureandeatotherconsumers.Thepreyistheorganismthatiscapturedbythepredator.Cooperation.Individualorganismsoftencooperateinwaysthatimprovesurvival.(Ants,bees,etc.)NichesAnorganism’snicheisiQuestions1.Explainwhyallconsumersdependonproducersforfood.2.Describeamutualisticrelationshipbetweentwoimaginaryorganisms.Nametheorganismsandexplainhoweachbenefits.3.Compareandcontrastthetermshabitatandniche.4.ThinkCritically.Aparasitecanobtainfoodonlyfromahostorganism.Explainwhymostparasitesweaken,butdonotkill,theirhosts.Questions1.ExplainwhyallcPerformanceTaskDesignanexperimenttoclassifythesymbioticrelationshipthatexistsbetweentwohypotheticalorganisms.AnimalAdefinitelybenefitsfromitsrelationshipwithplantB,butisnotclearwhetherPlantBbenefits,isharmed,orisunaffected.PerformanceTaskDesignanexpeTheCensusmeasuresahumanpopulation.ThecensushasbeentakeneverytenyearssincetheearlydaysoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica.

AlthoughtheCensusBureaucarriesouthundredsofsurveyseveryyear,itsmostwell-knowndutyisstilltoconductthedecennialcensus.Censusresultshaveseveralhighprofileapplications:theyareusedtoreapportionseatsintheHouseofRepresentatives,torealigncongressionaldistricts