上海市2023屆高考英語模擬試卷(iRead23002)

試卷編號：230022022-2023學(xué)年全國普通高等學(xué)校招生統(tǒng)一考試上海英語模擬試卷紙筆考試GrammarandVocabularySectionADirections:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillinblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.ACloseShaveKazirangaNationalParkinIndiaishometotwooftheworld'sendangeredspecies:thetigerandthesingle-homedrhino.PhotographerSteveWinterandwriterDouglasChadwickhadonlybeenworkingthereafewdayswhentheyhadverycloseshavewithsomerhinos.They(1) (drive)intotheparktostartfilmingwhentheirstoppedthejeeptomoveaturtlefromthemiddleoftheroadjustaheadofthem.Winter,Chadwick,andtheirguardgotouttostretchtheirlegsandwatch.ButwhenChadwickturnedtolookuptheroad,hesaw(2) terrible:arhinochargingatthem!(3) rhinoscanrunmorethan25milesanhour,therewasnotimeleapbackinthecarInstinctively,theguardfiredashotintothegroundjustinfrontoftherhino.Thecrackofthegunandthedirtthatthebulletkickedupwasenough(4) (distract)theirattackeranditsteeredoffintothegrasssecondsreachingthem.(5) (relieve)theincidenthadnotbeenworse,theydroveon.Astheywereenteringtheforestarea,threeyoungrhinosenteredtheroadinfrontofthem.Thejeepstoppedhurriedly,butthistimetheanimalsseemeduninteresteddisappeared(6) theforest.Justthen,however,themotherofthethree,(7) hadbeenkeepinganeyeonheryoung,camecrashingthroughthetrees.Notimetoshootthistime.Thefemalerhinoslammedintothesideofthejeepandstartedtowrestleitofftheroad.Indianrhinosdon'tusetheirhornsinafight;insteadtheybiteandthisfemale’steethweredeepintothesideofthejeep.TheguidehadlaiddownaruleforhisguestsatKaziranga:noone(8) scared.Buthisguestswerebreakingtherule,prayingthedrivercouldgetthemoutofthere.Withtheengine(9) (scream),atlastthevehiclestartedtomove.Eventhentherhinocameafterthemanditwasonly500feetlater(10) shegaveupthechase.SectionBA.adopted B.approaching C.demonstration D.expansionE.featuredF.focusforecastedH.maintained LnonrenewableJ.optimistic.K.survivingDirections:CompletethefollowingpassagebyusingthewordsintheA.adopted B.approaching C.demonstration D.expansionE.featuredF.focusforecastedH.maintained LnonrenewableJ.optimistic.K.survivingEarthDayTurns50About20millionAmericansturnedoutforthefirstEarthDayonApril22,1970.Lecturesandgatheringstookplaceatmorethan2,000collegecampuses,10,000elementaryandhighschools,andthousandsofotherplacesacrossthecountry.Forty-twostates11resolutionssupportingEarthDay.Itissometimesdescribedas,uptothattime,thelargestpublic12inhistory.Thelecturesandliteraturesurroundingtheevent 13 lotsdepressingpredictionsaboutthefuture,whichcouldbefoundinthebookEnvironmentalHandbook.Itscovernotedthatithadbeen"preparedforthefirstnationalenvironmentalteach-in.Commissioned委托）bythegroupFriendsoftheEarth,thebooktalkedaboutthethreatsofrisingpopulationandexhaustion 14 resources- Many of its contributors—let's call them theCatastrophists―warnedthatevensuchactionsashalvingthenumberofhumanbeingsandstoppingeconomicgrowthcompletelymightnotbeenoughtopreventthe 15 ecologicaldisasters.Adifferentgroupofresearchers 16

thatwhileeconomicgrowthandtechnologicalprogresshadcreatedsomeecologicalproblems,thesethingswouldbeasourceofsolutions.Let'scallthesefolksthePrometheans.TheeconomistTheodoreSchultzarguedintheBulletinoftheAtomicScientistsin1972that 17 ofmodernagriculturewouldfreeupmorelandfornature.advocatesofthismore 18 outlookincludedtheoceanographerCyAdler,theeconomistChristopherFreeman,andNatureeditoremeritusJohnMaddox,authorofthe1972bookTheDoomsdaySyndrome.Today,theEarthDayNetworkhopesabillionpeopleacrosstheworldparticipateinEarthDay2020,wherethe50thanniversary 19 willbeonman-madeclimatechange.LivingaswedointhefuturethattheCatastrophistsandthePrometheans(災(zāi)變論者與開創(chuàng)者） 20 , nowisagreattimetolookbackattheclaimsmadefivedecadesago.ReadingSectionADirections:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsormarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.Withbillionsofstarsinourgalaxy銀河系manycircledbyplanets,thechancesarethereshouldbeadvancedlifecapableofreachingouttous.Yetafterdecadesoflookingandlistening,wehavefound21.ThisapparentconflictisknownasFermi'sparadox-Somehaveusedittoarguethatthesearchforextraterrestrial()intelligence（SETI）issure 22 .ButamathematicalanalysisofSETIsearchesdonesofarclaimsthattheusualexplanationfortheparadox一thatthereisnobodyoutthere—is 23 Instead,itsuggeststhebestexplanationissimplythatwehavebarelyscratchedthesurfaceinour 24 forextraterrestrialintelligence.JasonWrightatPennsylvaniaStateUniversityandhiscolleaguesanalysedthemanyvariablesinvolvedinSETI,whichinvolvessearchingforradiosignalsother 25 .Theseincludewhattolookfor,wheretolook,howoftenandforhowlong.Theythendevisedanequationthatcomputesthe 26 ofthegalaxycheckedsofar.TheteamsaysthatthevolumeofthegalaxythathasbeencheckedbySETIsofarisroughly 27 tojustasinglebathtubofwaterintheworld'soceans."Youdon'thavetodoacalculationtosaywe'veonlyjust 28 ,"saysDuncanForganatthe UniversityofStAndrews,UK,whoisamemberoftheUKSETIresearchnetwork."Butthey'vedoneanicejobofshowingthehugescaleofproblem 29 ."AswellasputtingSETIincontext,theequationcanhelpresearchersseewhichsearchtechniqueshavebeenusedlessthanothers. 30 ,wedevelopedthetechnologytolistenforhigherradiofrequenciesquiterecently. we'regettingbetteratthat,sothatvariablewillnowshrink,"saysForgan.However,advancesin 31 willonlytakeussofar.Certainvariables,suchashowoftenamessagefromspacemightberepeated,cannotbe 32 Asignalsentonceayearcanonlybelistenedoutforonceayear."Therearethingswecandobetterandthingswecan't,”saysForgan."Wejusthaveto 33 andwaitfortheuniversetodoitsthing."Forganhasabookcomingoutthatdiscusses66potential 34 Fermi'sparadox.TheyincludethepossibilitythatEarthissomehowunusualinabilitytoharbourintelligentlifeorthattechnologicalcivilisationsarerare.Orperhapstheyare 35 butshort-lived."Geneticornucleardisastersmightwipeyouout,"saysForgan.21.A.nothingB.somethingC.anythingD.everything22.A.arriveB.joinC.failD.improve23.A.possibleB.simpleC.relativeD.false24.A.huntB.loveC.serviceD.region25.A.individualsB.civilisationsC.surroundingsD.organisationsA.sourceA.subjectA.rememberedA.progressivelyA.ForcomparisonA.technologyA.measuredA.setoffA.demandsA.weird

B.centreB.equivalentB.mentionedB.mathematicallyB.What'smoreB.computationB.challengedB.sitbackB.benefitsB.boring

C.edgeC.availableC.describedC.syntheticallyC.InsummaryC.radioactivityC.changedC.putupC.explanationsC.exciting

D.partD.committedD.startedD.occasionallyD.ByD.astronomyD.interpretedD.takedownD.applicationsD.commonSectionBDirections:Readthefollowingthreepassages. Eachpassageisfollowedbyquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedB,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.（A）Lidar,shortfor"lightdetectionandranging",involvesdirectingarapidseriesoflaserpulses--between100,000and400,000persecond—atthegroundfromairplaneoradrone.SoftwarecapturesthetimeandwavelengthofthepulsesreflectedfromthesurfaceandcombinesitwithGPSandotherdatatoproduceaprecisethree-dimensionl三維的mapofthelandscapebelow.Thesehigh-techexplorationshaverevealedlong-buriedMayancities,includingTikal,inthedensejungleofGuatemala,andCaracol,inBelize.Inrecentyears,lidarexposedanancientcityinwesternMexicocalledAngamuco.Thediscoveryofthislong-lostMexicancityisespeciallyBuiltbythePurepecha,whowereenemiesoftheAztecs,Angamucowasamajorcivilizationintheearly16thcentury,beforeEuropeansarrived.“TothinkthatthismassivecityexistedintheheartlandofMexicoforallthistimeandnobodyknewitwasthereiskindofamazing,”saysChrisFisher,anarchaeologist(考古學(xué)家)atColoradoStateUniversitywholedtheexploration.Thecityextendedovertensquaremilesbeforeitwascoveredbyalava(巖漿"Thatisahugeareawithalotofpeople,"saysFisher."Youaretalkingabout40,000buildingfoundations,whichis[about]thesamenumberofbuildingfoundationsthatareontheislandofManhattan."ArchaeologistsweresurprisedwhentheysawAngamuco'scityplan.ThePurepecha'smonumentswerelargelyconcentratedineightzonesaroundtheratherthanbeinglocatedinonelargecenter.WhythisalmostLosAngeles-typesprawl(隨意)Historianswanttoknowtheanswertothattoo.TherevelationofAngamucoisanexampleofthepowerandpromiseoflidar.Archaeologistsdiscoveredsignsoftheburiedcityin2007andinitiallyattemptedtoexploreitusingatraditional"bootsontheground"approach.Buttheteamrealizedthatwiththeruggedterrain(畸嶇的地形)，itwouldtakeatleastadecadetooutlinetheentiremetropolis.In2011,theybeganusinglidartomapnearly14squaremiles,revealingsomeastonishingfeatures,frompyramidsandtemplestoroadsystems,gardenareas,andevenballcourts.Thisgavethemthe“map”theyneededtoknowwheretoexplorefurther.Sofar,Fisherandhisteamhaveverifiedmorethan7,000architecturalfeaturesovera1.5-square-milearea,withdiggingundertakenatsevenlocations.Alltold,researchersnowbelievethatmorethan100,000peoplelivedinAngamucofromaboutAD1000toAD1350.ThatmakesitthebiggestcityinwesternMexicoatthetime―oratleastthebiggestcityweknowaboutsofar"Everywhereyoupointthelidarinstrument,youfindnewstuff,”saysFisher."Rightnow,everytextbookhastoberewritten,andtwoyearsfromnow,they'retohavetoberewrittenagain."WhichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofAngamuco?A.ItwasconstructedbyAztecs.ItisamajorcivilizationofMexico.Itwasdestroyedintheearly16thcentury.ItcameintoexistencebeforeEuropeansarrived.WhathashelpedarchaeologistsfindthatAngamucoisalargeareawithapopulation?Itslonghistory.Itsbeingunknownforlong.Thenumberofbuildingfoundationsinit.ThecompetitionbetweenAztecsandit.Whichofthefollowingisstillamysterytohistorians?A.ThereasonforAngamuco'scityplan.ThereasonwhyAngamucodisappeared.TheroleAngamucoplayedinhistory.TheroleAngamucoplayedinarcheology.39.WhatdoestherevelationofAngamucoillustrate?A.Mexicanhistoryisworthexploring.B.Lidarisausefultoolforarcheologists.C.Mapsareimportantinexploringhistoricalsites.D.MoretimeneedstobedevotedtostudyingAngamuco.（B）About14.5percentofourgreenhouse-gasemissionscomefromlivestock(家畜).Butwhatifyoucouldeataburgerwithouthavingacow?WhenMarkPostgrewthefirstlab-madebeefin2013,thepatty("closetomeatbutnotthatjuicy,”accoratotster)cost$330,000.Theestimatedpriceofafrankenburgerisnowamuchmorereasonable$12,andsomestart-upssaymockmeatwillhitshelveswithinacoupleofyears.Plantswillmostlikelyalwaysbethegreenestprotein,butculturedmeatcouldatleastbecomemoresustainablethanfleshgrownonthebone.Here'showestimatessayitwillshakeoutinlandandwateruse,andemissions.1/5FOOTBALLFIELD

409 446,000PROPANETANKS（瓦 TOILETFLUSHES（沖斯罐) 水）Makingametrictonof Ourculturedmeatwould Lab-grownfoodwoulduselab- grown protein emit a barbecue 713,265gallonsofwouldn't require much tournament’s worth of morethan200timeswhatland, according to greenhousegas.That'sless yousenddownthetoiletresearchers Hanna than one-tenth the annually.AmetrictonofTuomistoandAvijitRay.emissionsofrealbee￡butold-schoolbeefproteinButthe2.6fieldstakenupmorethandoublethetakes16millionflushes.cultivatingthesameamountofsoybeans,aWaterisdecreasingandproteinfromfava,kidney,veganfavourite.Ontheagriculturedoesmostofor black beans aren't otherhand,productslike the consumption, sowasted:Thesecropshelp tofu require further test-tubebeefmight bekeepfieldshealthystoring processing,whichmeans worthwhile for beannutrientsinsoil.Sowe'll morecallthatadraw.

discounters.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueoflab-grownbeef?Ithasalreadysoldwell.Itisnowmoreaffordable.Itismoresustainablethanplants.Itfirstemergedinthe20thcentury.Thetableinthepassageisintendedto A.callforourattentiontosomeenvironmentalissuesB.explainwhylab-grownbeefiswell-receivedC.illustratehoweco-firiendlybeefequivalentD.justifyouractionstogiveuptest-tubebeefWhatcanbelearnedfromthetable?CulturedmeattastesbetterifbarbecuedproperlyB.Lab-grownbeefemitslessgreenhousegasthanC.Test-tubebeeftakesmuchmorewaterthanold-schoolbeefD.Makingametrictonoflab-grownproteinrequires2.6(C)Asartificial-intelligenceproductssteadilyimproveatpretendingtobehuman—anAIproducedvoicethatbooksrestaurantreservationsbyphone,example,orachatrobotthatanswersconsumers’questionsonline~peoplewillincreasinglybeputintheunsettlingsituationofnotknowingwhethertheyaretalkingtoamachine.Butthetruthmaymakesuchproductslesseffective:recentresearchfindsatrade-offbetweentransparency透明度)andcooperationinhuman-computerinteractions.Thestudyusedasimplegameinwhichpairedplayersmakeaseriesofdecisionstocooperatewithorbetraytheirpartner.Inthelongrun,itpaysforbothtokeepcooperating~butthereisalwaysthetemptationtobetrayandearnextrapointsshortterm,atthepartner'sexpense.TheresearchersusedanAlalgorithm算法)that,whenposingasaperson,implementedastrategythatwasbetterthanpeopleareatgettinghumanpartnerstocooperate.Butpreviousworksuggestedpeopletendtodisbelievemachines,sothescientistswonderedwhatwouldhappeniftherobotrevealeditselfassuch.Theteamhopedpeopleplayingwithaknownrobotwouldrecognizeitsabilitytocooperate(withoutbeingapushover)andwouldeventuallygetpasttheirdisbelief."Sadly,wefailedatthisgoal,"saysTalalRahwan,acomputerscientistatNewYorkUniversityinAbuDhabiandaseniorauthoronthepaper,publishedlastNovemberinNatureMachineIntelligence.“Nomatterwhatthealgorithmdid,peoplejuststucktotheirprejudice.”Arobotplayingopenlyasarobotwaslesslikelytogetcooperationthananotherhuman,eventhoughitsstrategywasclearlymorebeneficialtoplayers.(Ineachmode,therobotplayed50roundsagainstatleast150individuals.)Inanadditionalexperiment,playersweretold,“Datasuggestthatpeoplearebetteroffiftheytreatthe"robotasifitwereahuman."Ithadnoeffect.VirginiaDignum,wholeadstheSocialandEthicalArtificialIntelligencegroupatUmeaUniversityinSwedenandwasnotinvolvedinthestudy,praisestheresearchersforexploringthetransparency-efficacytrade-off,butshewouldliketoseeittestedbeyondthepaper'sparticularsetup.Theauthorssaythatinthepublicfield,peopleshouldbeaskedforagreementtobedeceivedaboutarobot'sidentity.Itcannotbeonaninteraction-byinteractionorelsethe“deception”obviouslywillnotwork.Butblanketpermissionforoccasionaldeception,evenifitcanbeobtained,stillraisesethicalquandaries道德困境Dignumsayshumansshouldhavetheoptiontoknowaftertheyhaveinteractedwitharobot--butifsheiscallingcustomerservicewithasimplequestion,sheadds,“Ijustwanttogetmyanswer."Theword"trade-offisclosestinmeaningto .balancing B.combining C.distinction D.agreement44.Accordingtothepassage,whatattitudedopeoplegenerallytaketowardsrobots?A.Highlypositive. B.Casual. C.Stronglyopposed. D.45.Whatcanbeinferredabouttheresearchfindingsfromthepassage?Theyfailtosupporttheresearchers’assumption.Theywilldrawpeople'sattentiontorobots'problems.Theyaredifferentfromthepreviousresearchfindings.Theycanexplainwhypeopletreatarobotlikeahuman.46.Accordingtothepassage,whatisVirginiaDignummostlikelytoagreeA.TalalRahwan'sresearchfindingscan'tapplytothereal-worldsituations.Blanketpermissionforinteractingwitharobotdoesmoreharmthangood.Peopleneedn'tbetoldthattheyareinteractingwitharobotonalloccasions.Therelationshipbetweentransparencyandefficacyhasbeenfullyexplored.SectionCDirections:Completethefollowingpassagebyusingthesentencesgivenbelow.EachButallsortsofchoicesmadebythe firmsproducingself-drivingcarswillwholivesandButallsortsofchoicesmadebythe firmsproducingself-drivingcarswillwholivesandwhodiesinindirectways.Ratherthanaskingphilosophersfortheirthoughts,theydecidedinsteadtoaskpublic.Thatseemstoconflictwithmostpeople'smoralpreferences.Thepreferenceforsavingwomen,forinstance,wasstrongerinplaceswithlevelsofgenderequality.Therewereweakerpreferencesforsavingwomenovermen,pedestrianspassengersinthecarandfortakingactionratherthandoingnothing.Theexcitementaroundself-drivingcars,though,hasmadetheproblemfamous.AselectionfromthetrolleyThetrolleyproblemusedtobeapopularquestioninphilosophicalethics(學(xué)).Itrunsasfollows:atrolley,oratrain,isspeedingdownatracktowardsajunction(三叉路口Someevildoerhastiedfivepeopletothetrackahead,andanotherpersontothebranchline.Youarestandingnexttoalever(操縱桿thatcontrolsthejunction.Donothing,andthefivepeoplewillbekilled.Pulltheandonlyonepersondies.Whatistheethicalcourseofaction? 47 Atrulyself-drivingcar,afterall,willhavetobegivenethicalinstructionsofsomesortbyitshumanprogrammers.Thathasledtoaboomfortheworld'sprofessionalethicists,whosuddenlyfindthemselvesinhotdemand.InapaperjustpublishedinNature,ateamofpsychologistsandcomputerscientists,ledbyEdmondAwadoftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT),describeadifferentapproach. 48 Theycreatedawebsitewhichpresentsvisitorswithaseriesofchoicesaboutwhomtosaveandwhomtokill.Thewebsiteprovedahit.Intheenditgatherednearly40mdecisions.Thestrongestpreferences,expressedbyrespondentsfromalloverthewereforsavinghumanlivesoveranimalones,preferringtosavemanyratherthanfewandprioritisingchildrenovertheold.49IyadRahwan,acomputerscientistatMITandoneofthepaper’sauthors,saysthatmanypeopledismissthetrolleyproblemaspointlessasitisunlikelytoariseinreallife.Heisunconvinced.Thespecificsituationsdescribedbythewebsitehardlyeveroccur,hesays. 50 Hegivestheexampleofovertakingcyclists:"Ifyoustayrelativelyneartothecyclelane,you'reincreasingthechanceofhittingacyclist,butreducingthechanceofhittinganothercarinthenextlaneover,”hesays.SummaryWritingDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizeinnomorethan60wordsthemainideaofthepassageandhowitisillustrated.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.SharkattacksinU.S.waters—andhowcommontheyreallyareThefirstAmericansharkpanicbeganinthehotsummerof1916,whenaseriesofattacksoftheJerseyShorekilledfourintwoweeks.Thiswasthoughttobetheworkofasinglegreatwhiteshark—aspeciesnativetotheAtlanticcoastandthelikelyinvolvedinrecentattacks.Inatimewhenlittlewasknownaboutbeastsfromthedeep,thedeathswerebignews.Onepaperwarnedthat,facingascarcityoffish,thesharkhad"probablyacquiredatasteforhumanflesh."But1916didnotstartanewtimeofhuman-huntingsharks.TherateofattacksintheU.S.stayedrelativelystable,attwoorthreeperyear,fordecades.Fromthe1950son,thatnumberrosewithhumanpopulationgrowth,anditsattendantincreasepeopleinthewater.Globally,bothnumbershavebeenclimbingfastersincethelate1980sandintothe21stcentury