國(guó)際關(guān)系與國(guó)際法-課件

國(guó)際關(guān)系與國(guó)際法何志鵬吉林大學(xué)法學(xué)院國(guó)際關(guān)系與國(guó)際法何志鵬第二講

國(guó)際關(guān)系的主體與主題第二講

國(guó)際關(guān)系的主體與主題國(guó)際關(guān)系主體國(guó)際關(guān)系中的行為體有哪些？國(guó)際關(guān)系主體國(guó)際關(guān)系中的行為體有哪些？ActorsThroughtheDefinitionofInternationalRelations1Astrict,narrowandsomewhatclassicaldefinitionofInternationalRelationswouldbethatitis:“thestudyofrelationshipsamongtheworld’sgovernments”ActorsThroughtheDefinitionActorsThroughtheDefinitionofInternationalRelations2Inpractice,whentalkingofInternationalRelations,wealsotakeintoaccountinternationaldimensionsof

relationsofgovernmentswithotheractors,(notjustwitheachother).Theseotheractors,e.g.

internationalorganizations,multinationalcorporations&individualscanalsointeractwitheachotherintheinternationalsphere,anareashapednotonlybythedirectpoliticalassociationofgovernmentleaders,butalsobyeconomicstructures,culture,domestic

politics,&geographical&historicalinfluences.ActorsThroughtheDefinitionActorsinIRSTATEACTORSGovernmentLeadersBureaucraticOrganizations&PersonnelParliamentsNON-STATEACTORSSubstateActorsTransnationalActorsNon-governmentalOrganizations(NGO’s)ActorsinIRSTATEACTORSGovernActorsinIR:StateActorsWeoftentalkaboutstatestakingactionsintheinternationalarena.BritaindecidestogotowarafterArgentinaoccupiedtheFalklands;ChinadecidestojointheWTO;Swedengives$1billionincredittodevelopingcountries...etc.Actually,thoughfocusingonthestatepersehelpssimplifythings,itoverlooksthefactthattherearevariousindividuals&groups&organizationsthatcan&dotake&implementdecisionsinthenameofthestate,including,forexample,governments&diplomats,parliamentarycommittees&assemblies.ActorsinIR:StateActorsWeoActorsinIR:Non-StateActors(a)Whileastate-centricunderstandingoftheinternationalsystemtraditionallydominated,thereisnowincreasedrecognitionofroleofnon-stateactorsinwhatsomerefertoasamulti-centricinternationalsystem,i.e.onewheremediacompanieslikeCNNorAlJazeera,&environmentalgroupssuchasGreenpeace&theWorldWildlifeFund,&terroristorganizationssuchasAlQaeda,&transnationalormulti-nationalcorporationssuchasCocaCola,IBM&Toyota&Unilever,&eveninfluentialindividualssuchassayBobGeldof,haveabigimpact.ActorsinIR:Non-StateActorsActorsinIR:Non-StateActors(b)WhilestatesmaystillbethemostimportantactorsinIR,theyareoftenstronglylimitedorinfluencedintheiractionsbyavarietyofnon-stateactorsWecanIdentify3maincategoriesofnon-StateActorsinIR:1)SubstateActors2)TransnationalActors3)NongovernmentalOrganizationsActorsinIR:Non-StateActorsActorsinIR:Non-StateActors(c)SubstateActorsDefinedas:“Groups&interestswithinstatesthatinfluencethestate’sforeignpolicy.”E.g.Greek-Americanlobby&armsembargoonTurkeyin1975orTüS?AD&Turkey’spolicyregardingtheEU,orTurkishconsumerswhoboycottedItalianproductswhenItalygavetemporarysheltertoPKKleader?calan.ActorsinIR:Non-StateActors(ActorsinIR:Non-StateActors(d)TransnationalActors(i)Definedas:Internationalactorswho“operateacrossstateborders”BusinessescommonlydescribedasMultinationalCorporations(orMNC’s)havebecomeveryimpt.transnationalactorsthatoverthepastcenturyhavehadanincreasinglylargeimpactonIR.Oneofearlierfamousexamplesofthisisrelatedtotheterm‘bananarepublic’.ActorsinIR:Non-StateActorsActorsinIR:Non-StateActors(d)TransnationalActors(ii)The‘BaNaNaRePuBlic’...

Whenwetalkof‘bananarepublics’wearereferringtocorruptadministrationsor‘states’,wherethingsarenotdeterminedby,&intheinterestsofthepeopleofthestate(orbytheirrepresentatives),butbyexternalpowers.ActorsinIR:Non-StateActorsActorsinIR:Non-StateActors(d)TransnationalActors(iii)

ThistermoriginatesfromearlyC20th

&therelationshipoftheMNCthe‘UnitedFruitCompany’withsmallstatesinCentralAmerica,manyofwhichweremajorsuppliersofbananas.Wenowknowthatitwasthroughtheactionsofthiscompanythatsomegovernmentswereestablishedtodefendthecompany’sinterests.InreturnfortheUnitedFruitCompany’ssupport,politicianswerebasicallymadedependent.The‘BaNaNaRePuBlic’...ActorsinIR:Non-StateActorsActorsinIR:Non-StateActors(e)NongovernmentalOrganizationsNongovernmentalOrganizations(commonlyknownasNGO's)canalsobeimportantinternationalactors.SuchNGO'sareprivateorganizationswhichhavemembership,collectfinancesfrom&takeactionsinvariouspartsoftheworld.E.g.Greenpeace,TheInternationalCommitteeoftheRedCross&RedCrescent,AmnestyInternational.ActorsinIR:Non-StateActorsActorsinIR:Non-StateActors(f)

IntergovernmentalOrganizationsIGO’s*arenotactuallystates,butratherorganizationswithmembershipscomposedofvariousnationalgovernments.Nodoubt,themostfamousistheUnitedNations(UN),buttherearethousandsofothersfromOPECtoNATOtoASEANtotheEU&AUtotheWTO,&theBlackSeaEconomicCooperationCouncil.*TogetherwerefertoINGO’s(InternationalNGO’s)& IGO’sasInternationalOrganizations,orIO’s.ActorsinIR:Non-StateActors國(guó)際關(guān)系的主題KeyConceptsinIR國(guó)際關(guān)系的主題KeyConceptsinIR思考和討論中國(guó)大閱兵2009年10月1日，中國(guó)在北京舉行了盛大的閱兵式。請(qǐng)思考：這種閱兵有何國(guó)際影響？這種閱兵代表了中國(guó)對(duì)于國(guó)際關(guān)系的何種理解？思考和討論中國(guó)大閱兵2009年10月1日，中國(guó)在北京舉行了盛中國(guó)對(duì)于國(guó)際關(guān)系的認(rèn)識(shí)安全第一周邊安全不保障世界和平有隱患實(shí)力決定地位落后就挨打弱小就被欺負(fù)這種認(rèn)識(shí)與和諧世界的主張是否合拍？中國(guó)對(duì)于國(guó)際關(guān)系的認(rèn)識(shí)安全第一Hypothesis Despitesomerecentstrikingsuccessesininternationalcooperation,presentinternationalpatternsdonotyetadequatelyprotectthevitalneedsandfundamentalinterestsofallnationsandpeoplesintheglobalcommunity.Hypothesis DespitesomerecentTwoCentralConceptsThestandardofnationalinterestTheprimaryroleofpowerSome,suchasR.L.Holmes,maintainthatthenation-statesystemitselfisthemajorcontributingfactorincontemporarywarsTwoCentralConceptsThestanda國(guó)際關(guān)系的核心概念國(guó)家利益國(guó)家利益是主權(quán)國(guó)家制定和推行對(duì)外政策的依據(jù)，是對(duì)外活動(dòng)的目的利益相同：合作的基礎(chǔ)利益相悖：摩擦和沖突國(guó)家力量國(guó)家力量亦稱綜合國(guó)力。是主權(quán)國(guó)家賴以生存和發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)，是捍衛(wèi)本國(guó)利益的能力，是衡量一個(gè)國(guó)家在國(guó)際社會(huì)中地位、作用的重要尺度二者的變化決定國(guó)際關(guān)系變化發(fā)展國(guó)際關(guān)系的核心概念國(guó)家利益國(guó)家力量二者的變化決定國(guó)際關(guān)系變化無政府及其解釋無政府狀態(tài)治國(guó)方略中的權(quán)勢(shì)與原則政治現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的六項(xiàng)原則政治如會(huì)，被人性法則統(tǒng)治以權(quán)力或?qū)嵙槌霭l(fā)點(diǎn)定義的利益概念是基礎(chǔ)被定義為權(quán)力的利益概念放之四海而皆準(zhǔn)，但其解釋可變政治行為中道德重要性拒絕以通用的道德法則來判斷某一具體國(guó)家的道德訴求政治現(xiàn)實(shí)主義對(duì)政治事務(wù)的鮮明的學(xué)術(shù)和道德態(tài)度都無可否認(rèn)無政府的解釋世界政治的無政府結(jié)構(gòu)無政府與權(quán)勢(shì)斗爭(zhēng)無政府乃各國(guó)所為無政府及其解釋無政府狀態(tài)無政府的緩解世界政治中合作的條件康德、自由遺產(chǎn)和對(duì)外事務(wù)聯(lián)盟：制衡與搭車外交的未來國(guó)際法的用途和局限相互依賴與國(guó)際體制的效能聯(lián)合國(guó)與國(guó)際安全無政府的緩解世界政治中合作的條件GoalsoftheStateCanonebecompletelyindependent,autonomous,andself-sufficient?No,weareallinterdependentForeignPolicy:StatesconducttopromotegoalsofSecurity,Stability,andProsperityGenerallyconstructedbyelitesoutofthepubliceye.Whatisthe(dis)advantageofthis?Donothavethebenefitofpublicfeedbackbutoftendon’twanttotipourhattoothersGoalsoftheStateCanonebecCharacteristicsofIREquilibrium/BalanceofPower均衡/權(quán)力平衡Cooperation/Multilateralism合作/多邊主義

DominanceandDependence主導(dǎo)地位與依賴War戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)CharacteristicsofIREquilibriInternationalPowerDistributionPatternsEquilibriumorBalanceofPowerbetweentwoormorestatesInternationalPowerDistributiCooperation/MultilateralismMostcooperativemultilateralrelationsareinformalAremanytypesofformalcooperationDiplomacy-contactbyskilledmediatorsTreatiesandAlliances-contractsbetweenoneormorenationsInternationalLaw-isaworldcourtintheHaguebutmanynationsdon’tacceptsuchathreattosovereigntyInter-GovernmentOrganizations(IGOs)Cooperation/MultilateralismMosDominanceandDependenceColonialism:Military,Economic,andPoliticalDominationNeo-Colonialism:TransnationalglobalizationofCulture/Institutions(McWorld)IMF/WorldBank:TellcountriesthatwantloanstochangeeconomicpoliciesDominanceandDependenceColoni國(guó)際關(guān)系的范圍國(guó)際關(guān)系觀察、思考、討論的范圍是什么？國(guó)際關(guān)系的范圍國(guó)際關(guān)系觀察、思考、討論的范圍是什么？IR&ItsIssueAreasWerefertokeytopicsstudiedininternationalrelationsasits“issueareas”.Theimportanceofanissueareacanvaryovertimedependingupondevelopments,butwecangivetheArab-IsraeliConflict,RegionalIntegration,Terrorism&ClimateChangeasexampleswhichareprominent.IR&ItsIssueAreasWerefertWhatarethecentralchallengesfacingtheworldtoday?Globalization:WorldMerchandiseExports,1953–2002Source:WorldtradeOrganization,InternationalTradeStatistics,2003,WhatarethecentralchallengeGlobalizationGlobalThreatNuclearproliferationinotherpartsoftheworldIncreaseinthelethalityofterrorismEmergenceofmilitantIslamGlobalPovertyandDiseaseEcologicalproblems:population,ozonedeterioration,globalwarming,etc.GlobalConcernAlarmingincreaseincivilwarsbasedonethnicity,religion,andtribeandclanloyaltiesGlobalResolutionGlobalizationGlobalThreatChallengesofGlobalization國(guó)際關(guān)系學(xué)中的新議題主權(quán)問題:Achallengetosovereignty國(guó)家屬性的變化與新的安全挑戰(zhàn)PoliticalinstabilityEnvironmentaldegradationTheplightoflabor性別問題ChallengesofGlobalization國(guó)際關(guān)IR&ItsSubfields(1)IRiscloselyrelatedtopoliticalscience,(infactsometimes,heUSA,itisconsideredasubfieldofpoliticalscience),&assuchitisconcernedwithinternationalpolitics,i.e.“thedecisionsofgovernmentsconcerningtheiractionstowardsothergovernments”.However,theboundariesofthefieldofIRaresomewhatuncertain&itcanbeconsideredinsomerespectsaninterdisciplinaryfieldwhichrelatesinternationalpoliticstootherfields,suchashistory,economics&sociology.IR&ItsSubfields(1)IRisclIR&ItsSubfields(2)Wecanalsotrytodeterminethelimits ofIRbyoutliningthesubfieldsitincludes. Wecanidentify2mainsubfields:

InternationalSecurity &

International

PoliticalEconomy(IPE).INTERNATIONAL

RELATIONSINTERNATIONALSECURITYINTERNATIONALPOLITICALECONOMYIR&ItsSubfields(2)WecanaIR&ItsSubfields(3)TraditionallystudyofIRhasfocusedonthecentralquestionsofwar&peace(Whyistherewar?Howcanpeacefulrelationsamongstatesbeestablished?Doesa‘balance-of-power’helppreventwar?Howdo‘a(chǎn)rmsraces’develop?etc.).WecallthesubfieldfocusingonsuchissuesthatofInternationalSecurity.Bythe1970’sthegrowingroleofeconomicsinIRwasincreasinglyrecognized.A2ndmajorsubfieldofIRdeveloped&gainedimportanceunderthenameofInternationalPoliticalEconomy(or,IPE).Thissubfieldfocusedonthepoliticalrelevanceoftrade&financialinteractionsamongstatesforIR.Todaythecloseassociationbetweenthesetwomainsubfieldsiscommonlyrecognized.IR&ItsSubfields(3)TraditioIR&DailyLifeNotthenjustgovernmentleaders&ministerswhoshapeinternationalaffairs.E.g.,eachtimeyoubuyaproduct,(e.g.isitJapanese,American,French?Isitenvironmentallyfriendly?),youwillbehavinganimpactonIR;or,whenyouvoteindomesticelections,(e.g.forapro-oranti-EUparty),youwillbehavinganimpactonIR.Theinverseisalsoincreasinglytrue!I.e.developmentsinIRalsoimpactourdailylives(e.g.AmajorwarintheMiddleEastcouldleadtoanincreaseinfuelprices,leavinguslessincometospendonentertainment,ormakingusmorelikelytowalkorusepublictransport).IR&DailyLifeNotthenjustg國(guó)際關(guān)系與國(guó)際法何志鵬吉林大學(xué)法學(xué)院國(guó)際關(guān)系與國(guó)際法何志鵬第二講

國(guó)際關(guān)系的主體與主題第二講

國(guó)際關(guān)系的主體與主題國(guó)際關(guān)系主體國(guó)際關(guān)系中的行為體有哪些？國(guó)際關(guān)系主體國(guó)際關(guān)系中的行為體有哪些？ActorsThroughtheDefinitionofInternationalRelations1Astrict,narrowandsomewhatclassicaldefinitionofInternationalRelationswouldbethatitis:“thestudyofrelationshipsamongtheworld’sgovernments”ActorsThroughtheDefinitionActorsThroughtheDefinitionofInternationalRelations2Inpractice,whentalkingofInternationalRelations,wealsotakeintoaccountinternationaldimensionsof

relationsofgovernmentswithotheractors,(notjustwitheachother).Theseotheractors,e.g.

internationalorganizations,multinationalcorporations&individualscanalsointeractwitheachotherintheinternationalsphere,anareashapednotonlybythedirectpoliticalassociationofgovernmentleaders,butalsobyeconomicstructures,culture,domestic

politics,&geographical&historicalinfluences.ActorsThroughtheDefinitionActorsinIRSTATEACTORSGovernmentLeadersBureaucraticOrganizations&PersonnelParliamentsNON-STATEACTORSSubstateActorsTransnationalActorsNon-governmentalOrganizations(NGO’s)ActorsinIRSTATEACTORSGovernActorsinIR:StateActorsWeoftentalkaboutstatestakingactionsintheinternationalarena.BritaindecidestogotowarafterArgentinaoccupiedtheFalklands;ChinadecidestojointheWTO;Swedengives$1billionincredittodevelopingcountries...etc.Actually,thoughfocusingonthestatepersehelpssimplifythings,itoverlooksthefactthattherearevariousindividuals&groups&organizationsthatcan&dotake&implementdecisionsinthenameofthestate,including,forexample,governments&diplomats,parliamentarycommittees&assemblies.ActorsinIR:StateActorsWeoActorsinIR:Non-StateActors(a)Whileastate-centricunderstandingoftheinternationalsystemtraditionallydominated,thereisnowincreasedrecognitionofroleofnon-stateactorsinwhatsomerefertoasamulti-centricinternationalsystem,i.e.onewheremediacompanieslikeCNNorAlJazeera,&environmentalgroupssuchasGreenpeace&theWorldWildlifeFund,&terroristorganizationssuchasAlQaeda,&transnationalormulti-nationalcorporationssuchasCocaCola,IBM&Toyota&Unilever,&eveninfluentialindividualssuchassayBobGeldof,haveabigimpact.ActorsinIR:Non-StateActorsActorsinIR:Non-StateActors(b)WhilestatesmaystillbethemostimportantactorsinIR,theyareoftenstronglylimitedorinfluencedintheiractionsbyavarietyofnon-stateactorsWecanIdentify3maincategoriesofnon-StateActorsinIR:1)SubstateActors2)TransnationalActors3)NongovernmentalOrganizationsActorsinIR:Non-StateActorsActorsinIR:Non-StateActors(c)SubstateActorsDefinedas:“Groups&interestswithinstatesthatinfluencethestate’sforeignpolicy.”E.g.Greek-Americanlobby&armsembargoonTurkeyin1975orTüS?AD&Turkey’spolicyregardingtheEU,orTurkishconsumerswhoboycottedItalianproductswhenItalygavetemporarysheltertoPKKleader?calan.ActorsinIR:Non-StateActors(ActorsinIR:Non-StateActors(d)TransnationalActors(i)Definedas:Internationalactorswho“operateacrossstateborders”BusinessescommonlydescribedasMultinationalCorporations(orMNC’s)havebecomeveryimpt.transnationalactorsthatoverthepastcenturyhavehadanincreasinglylargeimpactonIR.Oneofearlierfamousexamplesofthisisrelatedtotheterm‘bananarepublic’.ActorsinIR:Non-StateActorsActorsinIR:Non-StateActors(d)TransnationalActors(ii)The‘BaNaNaRePuBlic’...

Whenwetalkof‘bananarepublics’wearereferringtocorruptadministrationsor‘states’,wherethingsarenotdeterminedby,&intheinterestsofthepeopleofthestate(orbytheirrepresentatives),butbyexternalpowers.ActorsinIR:Non-StateActorsActorsinIR:Non-StateActors(d)TransnationalActors(iii)

ThistermoriginatesfromearlyC20th

&therelationshipoftheMNCthe‘UnitedFruitCompany’withsmallstatesinCentralAmerica,manyofwhichweremajorsuppliersofbananas.Wenowknowthatitwasthroughtheactionsofthiscompanythatsomegovernmentswereestablishedtodefendthecompany’sinterests.InreturnfortheUnitedFruitCompany’ssupport,politicianswerebasicallymadedependent.The‘BaNaNaRePuBlic’...ActorsinIR:Non-StateActorsActorsinIR:Non-StateActors(e)NongovernmentalOrganizationsNongovernmentalOrganizations(commonlyknownasNGO's)canalsobeimportantinternationalactors.SuchNGO'sareprivateorganizationswhichhavemembership,collectfinancesfrom&takeactionsinvariouspartsoftheworld.E.g.Greenpeace,TheInternationalCommitteeoftheRedCross&RedCrescent,AmnestyInternational.ActorsinIR:Non-StateActorsActorsinIR:Non-StateActors(f)

IntergovernmentalOrganizationsIGO’s*arenotactuallystates,butratherorganizationswithmembershipscomposedofvariousnationalgovernments.Nodoubt,themostfamousistheUnitedNations(UN),buttherearethousandsofothersfromOPECtoNATOtoASEANtotheEU&AUtotheWTO,&theBlackSeaEconomicCooperationCouncil.*TogetherwerefertoINGO’s(InternationalNGO’s)& IGO’sasInternationalOrganizations,orIO’s.ActorsinIR:Non-StateActors國(guó)際關(guān)系的主題KeyConceptsinIR國(guó)際關(guān)系的主題KeyConceptsinIR思考和討論中國(guó)大閱兵2009年10月1日，中國(guó)在北京舉行了盛大的閱兵式。請(qǐng)思考：這種閱兵有何國(guó)際影響？這種閱兵代表了中國(guó)對(duì)于國(guó)際關(guān)系的何種理解？思考和討論中國(guó)大閱兵2009年10月1日，中國(guó)在北京舉行了盛中國(guó)對(duì)于國(guó)際關(guān)系的認(rèn)識(shí)安全第一周邊安全不保障世界和平有隱患實(shí)力決定地位落后就挨打弱小就被欺負(fù)這種認(rèn)識(shí)與和諧世界的主張是否合拍？中國(guó)對(duì)于國(guó)際關(guān)系的認(rèn)識(shí)安全第一Hypothesis Despitesomerecentstrikingsuccessesininternationalcooperation,presentinternationalpatternsdonotyetadequatelyprotectthevitalneedsandfundamentalinterestsofallnationsandpeoplesintheglobalcommunity.Hypothesis DespitesomerecentTwoCentralConceptsThestandardofnationalinterestTheprimaryroleofpowerSome,suchasR.L.Holmes,maintainthatthenation-statesystemitselfisthemajorcontributingfactorincontemporarywarsTwoCentralConceptsThestanda國(guó)際關(guān)系的核心概念國(guó)家利益國(guó)家利益是主權(quán)國(guó)家制定和推行對(duì)外政策的依據(jù)，是對(duì)外活動(dòng)的目的利益相同：合作的基礎(chǔ)利益相悖：摩擦和沖突國(guó)家力量國(guó)家力量亦稱綜合國(guó)力。是主權(quán)國(guó)家賴以生存和發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)，是捍衛(wèi)本國(guó)利益的能力，是衡量一個(gè)國(guó)家在國(guó)際社會(huì)中地位、作用的重要尺度二者的變化決定國(guó)際關(guān)系變化發(fā)展國(guó)際關(guān)系的核心概念國(guó)家利益國(guó)家力量二者的變化決定國(guó)際關(guān)系變化無政府及其解釋無政府狀態(tài)治國(guó)方略中的權(quán)勢(shì)與原則政治現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的六項(xiàng)原則政治如會(huì)，被人性法則統(tǒng)治以權(quán)力或?qū)嵙槌霭l(fā)點(diǎn)定義的利益概念是基礎(chǔ)被定義為權(quán)力的利益概念放之四海而皆準(zhǔn)，但其解釋可變政治行為中道德重要性拒絕以通用的道德法則來判斷某一具體國(guó)家的道德訴求政治現(xiàn)實(shí)主義對(duì)政治事務(wù)的鮮明的學(xué)術(shù)和道德態(tài)度都無可否認(rèn)無政府的解釋世界政治的無政府結(jié)構(gòu)無政府與權(quán)勢(shì)斗爭(zhēng)無政府乃各國(guó)所為無政府及其解釋無政府狀態(tài)無政府的緩解世界政治中合作的條件康德、自由遺產(chǎn)和對(duì)外事務(wù)聯(lián)盟：制衡與搭車外交的未來國(guó)際法的用途和局限相互依賴與國(guó)際體制的效能聯(lián)合國(guó)與國(guó)際安全無政府的緩解世界政治中合作的條件GoalsoftheStateCanonebecompletelyindependent,autonomous,andself-sufficient?No,weareallinterdependentForeignPolicy:StatesconducttopromotegoalsofSecurity,Stability,andProsperityGenerallyconstructedbyelitesoutofthepubliceye.Whatisthe(dis)advantageofthis?Donothavethebenefitofpublicfeedbackbutoftendon’twanttotipourhattoothersGoalsoftheStateCanonebecCharacteristicsofIREquilibrium/BalanceofPower均衡/權(quán)力平衡Cooperation/Multilateralism合作/多邊主義

DominanceandDependence主導(dǎo)地位與依賴War戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)CharacteristicsofIREquilibriInternationalPowerDistributionPatternsEquilibriumorBalanceofPowerbetweentwoormorestatesInternationalPowerDistributiCooperation/MultilateralismMostcooperativemultilateralrelationsareinformalAremanytypesofformalcooperationDiplomacy-contactbyskilledmediatorsTreatiesandAlliances-contractsbetweenoneormorenationsInternationalLaw-isaworldcourtintheHaguebutmanynationsdon’tacceptsuchathreattosovereigntyInter-GovernmentOrganizations(IGOs)Cooperation/MultilateralismMosDominanceandDependenceColonialism:Military,Economic,andPoliticalDominationNeo-Colonialism:TransnationalglobalizationofCulture/Institutions(McWorld)IMF/WorldBank:TellcountriesthatwantloanstochangeeconomicpoliciesDominanceandDependenceColoni國(guó)際關(guān)系的范圍國(guó)際關(guān)系觀察、思考、討論的范圍是什么？國(guó)際關(guān)系的范圍國(guó)際關(guān)系觀察、思考、討論的范圍是什么？IR&ItsIssueAreasWerefertokeytopicsstudiedininternationalrelationsasits“issueareas”.Theimportanceofanissueareacanvaryovertimedependingupondevelopments,butwecangivetheArab-IsraeliConflict,RegionalIntegration,Terrorism&ClimateChangeasexampleswhichareprominent.IR&ItsIssueAreasWerefertWhatarethecentralchallengesfacingtheworldtoday?Globalization:WorldMerchandiseExports,1953–2002Source:WorldtradeOrganization,InternationalTradeStatistics,2003,WhatarethecentralchallengeGlobalizationGlobalThreatNuclearproliferationinotherpartsoftheworldIncreaseinthelethalityofterrorismEmergenceofmilitantIslamGlobalPovertyandDiseaseEcologicalproblems:population,ozonedeterioration,globalwarming,etc.GlobalConcernAlarmingincreaseincivilwarsbasedonethnicity,religion,andtribeandclanloyaltiesGlobalResolutionGlobalizationGlobalThreatChallengesofGlobalization國(guó)際關(guān)系學(xué)中的新議題主權(quán)問題:Achallengetosovereignty國(guó)家屬性的變化與新的安全挑戰(zhàn)PoliticalinstabilityEnvironmentaldegradationTheplightoflabor性別問題ChallengesofGlobali