博士研究生入學英語考試試卷

(2002.5.13)博士研究生入學英語考試試卷(2002.5.13)PartIVocabularyandStructure(20minutes)Directions:Thereare30incompletesentencesinthispart.ForeachsentencetherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C),andD).ChoosetheONEanswerthatbestcompletesthesentence.ThenwritedowntheanswerontheAnswerSheet.Whiletyping,HelenhasahabitofstoppingBtogiveherlongandflowinghairaSmooth.A.simultaneouslyB.occasionallyC.eventuallyD.promptlyMostelectronicdevicesofthiskind,Cmanufacturedforthispurpose,aretightlyPacked.A.whichisB.whatareC.asareD.theyarefoundthemissingletterCondietopshelf.A.lyingB.lainC.layingD.restingHefailedtocarryoutsomeoftheprovisionsofthecontract,andnowhehastoDtheconsequences.A.runintoB.abidebyC.stepintoD.answerforIt'susuallythecasethatpeopleseldombehaveinaBwaywheninafuriousstate.A.credibleB.rationalC.legalD.stable“MayItaketheinstrumentoutofthelaboratory?”"No,youDA.maynotB.cannotC.mightnotD.mustnotAlltheoff-shoresailorswereinhighspiritsastheyreadClettersfromtheirfamilies.A.intimateB.affectionateC.sentimentalD.sensitiveA.—Donthetable.TherearethreestrongcupofcoffeeC.ThreestrongcupsofcoffeearethereD.TherearethreecupsofstrongcoffeeE.TherearestrongthreecupsofcoffeeEverychemicalchangeeitherresultsfromenergybeingusedtoproducethechange,orcausesenergytobeAinsomeform.A.givenoffB.setoffC.usedupD.putoutAAofthelongreportby由ebudgetcommitteewassubmittedtothemayorforapproval.A.schemeB.shorthandC.scheduleD.sketchThebusinessofeachday,Asellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquitesmoothly.A.itbeingB.wasitC.beitD.itwasAtheEnglishexaminationIwouldhavegonetotheconcertlastSunday.A.ButforB.InspiteofC.AsforD.BecauseofToday,houseworkhasbeenmadeeasierbyelectricalB.A.instrumentsB.appliancesC.facilitiesD.equipmentDon'tCthenewstothepublicuntilwegiveyouthego-ahead.A.retainB.discardC.relieveD.release

Accustomedtoclimbingtrees,B.HtitwasnotdifficulttoreachthetopthetopwasnotdifficulttoreachIhadnodifficultreachingthetopToreachthetopwasnotdifficultAhisknowledgeofthemountainouscountry,JohnSmithwasappointedasguide.A.OnaccountofB.InspiteofC.RegardlessofD.Insteadof17.WhenItookhistemperature,itwastwodegreesaboveD.A.ordinaryB.averageC.regularD.normal.WithsufficientscientificinformationamannedtriptoMarsshouldbeC.A.potentialB.considerableC.feasibleD.obtainable19.Whydidyoupaysomuchmoneyforthatsmallapartment?YouAbetter.A.shouldhaveknownC.willhaveknownA.shouldhaveknownC.willhaveknownB.mayhaveknownD.musthaveknownwassuspiciousofhissincerityandremainedDbyhismanyarguments.A.unconfirmedB.reassuredC.unconvincedD.unconcerned“Whenagain?”“Whenhe—B,I'llletyouknow.”A.hecomes;comesB.willhecome;comesC.hecomes;willcomeD.willhecome;willcomeBecauseofthestrongsunMrs.William'snewdiningroomcurtainsAfromdarkbluetograywithinayear.A.fadedB.faintedC.paledD.diminishedOurattitudetowardourteachersshouldbeD,butnotslavishorsuperstitious.A.respectedB.respectableC.respectiveD.respectfulTherewastopreventtheaccident.A.somethingthatcoulddoB.anythingwecoulddoC.nothingwecoulddoD.nothingcouldbedoneWithallkindsoffabricsamples,thedesignercouldnotmakeuphermindB.A.toselectwhichoneB.whichonetoselectC.whichtobeselectedD.aboutselectingwhichYourhelpisAforthesuccessoftheproject.A.indispensableB.inevitableC.inherentD.indicativeLawyersoftenmakehigherCfortheirworkthantheyshould.A.costsB.pricesC.chargesD.billsDresswarmly,DyouUlcatchcold.A.onthecontraryB.orratherC.innowayD.orelseThepolicemanstoppedhimwhenhewasdrivinghomeand_Bhimofspeeding.A.blamedB.accusedC.deprivedD.chargedWewereratherupsetbyhis_Ctosupportourproposal.rejectingB.refusingC.denyingD.resistingPartIIReadingComprehension(40minutes)Directions:Therearefourpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandwritedownyouranswerontheAnswerSheet.PassageOneWhatdoesascientistdowhenheorshe"explains"something?Scientificexplanationcomesintwoforms:generalizationandreduction.Mostpsychologistsdealwithgeneralization.Theyexplainparticularinstancesofbehaviorasexampleofgenerallaws.Forinstance,mostpsychologistswouldexplainapathologicallystrongfearofdogsasanexampleofclassicalconditioning.Presumably,thepersonwasfrightenedearlierinlifebyadog.AnunpleasantstimuluswaspairedwiththesightoftheanimaLPerhapsthepersonwasknockeddownbyanexuberantdog,andthesubsequentsightofdogsevokestheearlierresponseear.Mostphysiologistsdealwithreduction.Phenomenaareexplainedintermsofsimplephenomena.Forexample,themovementofamuscleisexplainedintermsofchangesinthemembranesofmusclecells,entryofparticularchemicals,andinteractionsbetweenproteinmoleculeswithinthesecells.Amolecularbiologistwould“explain"theseeventsforcesthatbindvariousmoleculestogetherandcausevariouspartsofthesemoleculestobeattractedtooneanother.Thetaskofphysiologicalpsychologyisto“explain'behaviorinphysiologicalterms.Likeotherscientists,physiologicalpsychologistsbelievethatallnaturalphenomena一includinghumanbehavior—aresubjecttothelawsofphysics.Thus,thelawsofbehaviorcanbereducedtodescriptionsofphysiologicalprocesses.Howdoesonestudythephysiologyofbehavior?Physiologistscannotsimplybereductionist.Itisnotenoughtoobservebehaviorsandcorrelatethemwithphysiologicaleventsthatoccuratthesametime,Identicalbehaviors,underdifferentconditions,mayoccurfordifferentreasons,andthusbeinitiatedbydifferentphysiologicalmechanisms:Thismeansthatwemustunderstand“psychologically'whyaparticularbehavioroccursbeforewecanunderstandwhatphysiologicaleventsmadeitoccur.3LWhatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?A.Thedifferencebetweenascientific"and"unscientific"explanations.Thedifferencebetweenhumanandanimalbehavior.Whatfearwouldbeexplainedbythepsychologist,physiologist,andmolecularbiologist.Howscientistsdifferintheirapproachestoexplainingnaturalphenomena.Inthefirstparagraph,theword"deal"couldbestbereplacedbywhichofthefollowing?A.barterB.areplayingC.bargainD.areconcernedWhichofthefollowingismostclearlyanalogoustotheexampleinthepassageofthepersonwhofearsdogs?Achildchokesonafish-boneandasanadolescentisreluctanttoeatfish.Apersonfeelslonelyandafterawhilebuysadogforcompanionship.Achildstudiesscienceinschoolandlatergrowsuptobecomeateacher.Apersonhearsthatasnowstormispredictedandthateveningisafraidtodrivehome.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisimportantinexplainingamusclemovement?A.Classicalconditioning.B.Theflowofbloodtothemuscle.C.Proteininteractions.D.Theentryofunpleasantstimulithroughthecellmembrane.Theauthorimpliesthatwhichofthefollowingisthetypeofscientificexplanationmostlikelyusedbyamolecularbiologist?GeneralizationB.ExperimentationC.InteractionD.ReductionPassageTwoYoustareatwaterfallforaminuteortwo,thenshiftyourgazetoitssurroundings.Whatyounowseeappearstodriftupward,Youareaboardatraininabusystationwhensuddenlyanothertrainnexttoyourstartsmovingforward.Forafractionofasecondyoufeelthatyourtrainhaslurchedbackward.Theseopticalillusionsoccurbecausethebrainisconstantlymatchingitsmodelofrealitytosignalsfromthebody'ssensorsandinterpretingwhatmustbehappening-thatyourtrainmusthavemoved,nottheother;thatdownwardmotionsisnownormal,soachangefromitmustbeperceivedasupwardmotion.Thesensorsthatmakethismagicareoftwokinds.Eacheyecontainsabout120millionrods,whichprovidesomewhatblurryblackandwhitevision.Thesearethewindowsofnightvision;onceadaptedtothedark,theycandetectacandleburningtenmilesaway.Colorvisionineacheyecomesfromsixtosevenmillionstructurescalledcones.Underidealconditions,everyconecan"see"theentirerainbowspectrumofvisiblecolors,butonetypeofconeismostsensitivetored,anothertogreen,athirdtoblue.Bymonitoringhowanywavelengthoflightaffectsthedifferentcones,aconnectedganglioncellcandetermineits“color"andrelaythosedatabackward.Rodsandconessendtheirmassagespulsinganaverage20to25timespersecondalongtheopticnerve.Weseeanimageforafractionofasecondlongerthanitactuallyappears.Inmovies,reelsofstillphotographsareprojectedontoscreensat24framespersecond,trickingoureyesintoseeingacontinuousmovingpicture.Likeapparentmotion,colorvisionisalsosubjecttounusualaffects.Whendaygiveswaytonight,twilightbringswhatthepoetT.S.Eliotcalled"theviolethour."Aslightlevelsfall,therodsbecomeactive,andtheconesbecomeprogressivelylessresponsive.Rodsaremostsensitivetotheshorterwave-lengthsofblueandgreen,andtheyimpartastrangevividnesstothegarden'sblueflowers.However,lookatawhiteshirtduringthereddishlightofsunset,andyou'llstillseeitinits“true”color^white,notred.Oureyesareconstantlycomparinganobjectagainstitssurroundings.Theythereforeobservetheeffectofashiftinthecolorofilluminationonboth,andadjustaccordingly.Theeyescandistinguishseveralmilliongraduationsoflightandshadesofcolor.Eachwakingsecondtheyflashtensofmillionsofpiecesofinformationtothebrain,whichweavesthemincessantlyintoapictureoftheworldaroundus.Yetallthisisdoneatthebackofeacheyebyafabricofsensors,calledtheretina,aboutaswideandasthickasapostagestamp.AstheRenaissanceinventorandartistLeonardodaVinciwroteinwonder,"Whowouldbelievethatsosmallaspacecouldcontaintheimagesofalltheuniverse?"Andonlynow,500yearslater,arewebeginningtolearnhowtheeyesdoit.36.Visualillusionsoftenhappenwhentheimageofrealityis.A.signaledbyabout120millionrodsintheeyeinterpretedinthebrainaswhatmustbethecaseconfusedinthebody'ssensorsofbothrodsandconesmatchedtosixtosevenmillionstructurescalledconesThevisualsensorthatiscapableofdistinguishingshadesofcoloriscalled.38.A.conesB.colorvisionC.rodsD.spectrum38.Atnightrodscanbesoactiveastobeabletoseeclearly.A.redB.blueC.whiteD.violetTheretinasendspulsetothebrain.A.inshortwavelengthsB.byaganglioncellC.ascolorpictureD.alongtheopticnerveTwenty-fourstillphotographsaremadeintoacontinuousmovingpicturejustbecausetheimageweseeusuallystayslongerthanitactuallyappearstheeyescatchmillionpiecesofinformationcontinuouslyrodsandconessendmessage20to25timesasecondweseeobjectincomparisonwithitssurroundingsTheauthor'spurposeinwritingthepassageisto?regretthatwearetooslowinthestudyofeyesmarvelatthegreatworkdonebytheretinainformusaboutthedifferentfunctionsoftheeyeorgansshowthatwesometimesaredeceivedbyourowneyesPassageThreeAninvisibleborderdividesthosearguingofcomputersintheclassroomonthebehalfofstudents'careerprospectsandthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomforbroaderreasonsofradicaleducationalreform.Veryfewwritersonthesubjecthaveexploredthisdistinction—indeed,contradiction—whichgoestotheheartofwhatiswrongwiththecampaigntoputcomputersintheclassroom.Aneducationthataimsatgettingastudentacertainkindofjobisatechnicaleducation,justifiedforreasonsradicallydifferentfromwhyeducationisuniversallyrequiredbylaw.Itisnotsimplytoraiseeveryone'sjobprospectsthatallchildrenarelegallyrequiredtoattendschoolintotheirteens.Rather,wehaveacertainconceptionoftheAmericancitizen,acharacterwhoisincompleteifhecannotcompetentlyassesshowhislivelihoodandhappinessareaffectedbythingsoutsideofhimself.Butthiswasnotalwaysthecase;beforeitwaslegallyrequiredforallchildrentoattendschooluntilacertainage,itwaswidelyacceptedthatsomewerejustnotequippedbynaturetopursuethiskindofeducation.Withoptimismcharacteristicofallindustrializedcountries,wecametoacceptthateveryoneisfittobeeducated.Computer-educationadvocatesforsakethisoptimisticnotionforapessimismthatbetraystheirotherwisecheeryoutlook.Bankingontheconfusionbetweeneducationalandvocationalreasonsforbringingcomputersintoschools,computer-edadvocatesoftenemphasizethejobprospectsofgraduatesovertheireducationalachievement.Therearesomegoodargumentsforatechnicaleducationgiventherightkindofstudent.ManyEuropeanschoolsintroducetheconceptofprofessionaltrainingearlyoninordertomakesurechildrenareproperlyequippedfortheprofessionstheywanttojoin.Itis,however,presumptuoustoinsistthattherewillonlybesomanyscientists,somanybusinessmen,somanyaccountants.Besides,thisisunlikelytoproducetheneedednumberofeverykindofprofessionalinacountryaslargeasoursandwheretheeconomyisspreadoversomanystatesandinvolvessomanyinternationalcorporations.But,forasmallgroupofstudents,professionaltrainingmightbethewaytogosincewell-developedskills,allotherfactorsbeingequal,canbethedifferencebetweenhavingajobandnot.Ofcourse,thebasicsofusinganycomputerthesedaysareverysimple.Itdoesnottakealifelongacquaintancetopickupvarioussoftwareprograms.Ifonewantedtobecomeacomputerengineer,thatis,ofcourse,anentirelydifferentstory.Basiccomputerskillstake一attheverylongest一acoupleofmonthstolearn.Inanycase,basicskillsareonlycomplementarytothehostofrealskillsthatarenecessarytobecominganykindofprofessional.Ttshouldbeobserved,ofcourse,thatnoschool,vocationalornot,ishelpedbyaconfusionoveritspurpose.Theauthorthinksthepresentrushtoputcomputersintheclassroomis.A.selfcontradictoryB.dubiouslyorientedC.farreachingD.radicallyreformatoryThebeliefthateducationisindispensabletoallchildren.isindicativeofapessimismindisguiseisdeeplyrootedinthemindsofcomputer-edadvocatescameintobeingalongwiththearrivalofcomputersoriginatedfromtheoptimisticattitudeofindustrializedcountriesItcouldbeinferredfromthepassagethatintheauthor'scountrytheEuropeanmodelofprofessionaltrainingis.oflittlepracticalvalueworthtryinginvarioussocialsectionsdependentuponthestartingageofcandidatesattractivetoeverykindofprofessionalAccordingtotheauthor,basiccomputerskillsshouldbe.highlightedinacquisitionofprofessionalqualificationsB.masteredthroughalife-longcourseequallyemphasizedbyanyschool,vocationalorotherwiseincludedasanauxiliarycourseinschoolPassageFourThewould-besleeperwhore-fightshisdailybattlesinbedorrehearsestomorrow'sproblems一findsithardtofallasleep.Thenhestartsworryingabouthisinabilitytosleep,whichincreaseshisinsomniac,whichincreaseshisworries,whichinanewdevelopmentthatmayhelptheinsomniactobreakthisviciouscycle,Dr.WernerP.KoellaoftheWorcesterFoundationforExperimentalBiologyhasdiscoveredachemicalinthebrainthatmaycontrolnormalsleep.Thesubstance,knownasserotonin,isoneofanumberofso-calledneurohormoneinthebrainthatresearcherssuspectplayanimportantpartincontrollingthemindandtheemotions.Suchchemicals,researchershavelearned,assistintransmittingnerveimpulsesfromonenervecelltoanother.Serotonin,Koelianotes,isproducedinparticularlyhighconcentrationsinthehypothalamus,the??primitive"lowerpartofthebrainandthestem,whichjoinsthebraintothetopofthespinalcordandisknowntocontainthecenterscontrollingthelevelofconsciousness.Conceivably,Koellareasoned,serotoninwasthetransmittersubstanceinthebrainstemandhypothalamusthatregulatedsleep.Inpreliminaryexperiments,KoellafoundthatgivingSerotonintocats'brainsandattachedtoanEEG(electroencephalogram)machinetorecordthebrainwaves;next,theserotoninwasinjecteddirectlyintobrainoranarteryintheneck.Thepupilsoftheanimals'eyesnarrowedandtheelectroencephalogramsshowed"slow"wavescharacteristicofdeepsleepwithin1totenminutes.Morerecently,Koelladeprivedcatsofserotonin.Theanimals,againequippedwithimplantedelectrodes,weregivenPCPA,adrugthatblockstheformationofserotonin.Theywerethenplacedinsmallcompartmentsfittedwithone-waymirrorsandwatchedroundtheclock.Normallycatssleepaboutfifteenhoursaday;butKoella'scatsafterreceivingPCPA,spentabout30minutesofeachdaysleeping.Mostofthetime,theirEEG'Sshowedthebrainwavepatternsofarousal.Occasionallythecatswouldcurlupasiftogotosleep,butwouldsoongetbackontheirfeettowanderabout.Theanimalsshowedsignsofirritabilityandoftenmeowedcomplaininglyafterafewdaysofsleepdeprivation,buthadnormalreflexes.TheeffectsofthePCPAworeoffeightdaystotwoweeksafteradministrationofthedrug;thecatsreturnedtotheirnormalsleepingpatternsasserotoninlevelsintheirbrainsroseagain.Koellabelievesthatatleastsometypesofchronicinsomniamaybecausedbyadropinbrain-serotoninlevels.TheWorcesterphysiologistisnowworkingonchemicalwaystoraisethebrain'sserotoninlevelsandproduce,inhiswords,"atrulyphysiologicalsleepingpill.'Syntheticsleepingpills,suchasbarbiturates,bringsleep,butataprice:theydepressthecentralnervoussystem,reduceheartactionandrespiration—andtheycanbecomehabitformingorevenaddictive.Themainideaofthispassageis.Dr.KoellahasdonemanyexperimentswithcatsDrKoellahasdiscoveredachemicalcalledserotoninwhichmightbethebody'snaturalhormoneforcontrollingsleepSerotoninmightbeabettersleepingaidbecauseitisanaturalhormoneAgoodnight'ssleepispossibleAccordingtoDr.Koella,somepeoplecannotsleepnormallybecause.A.theirbrain-serotoninlevelsarelowtheyworrytoomuchabouttheirinabilitytosleepC.theysufferfromchronicdiseasesD.theyaddicttosyntheticsleepingpills48.ThesentenceTheywenwatchedroundtheclock.Meansthat.48.ThesentenceTheywenwatchedroundtheclock.Meansthat.thecatswalkedaroundaclockthecatswerewatched24hoursadaytherewasaroundclockinthecats,compartmentsthecatswerewatchedtowalkaroundtheclockInparagraph6,Dr.Koellaimplies,butdoesnotdirectlystated,that.hehasdevelopedanaturalsleepingpillwhichwillraisetheserotoninlevelinthebodysleepingpillsarehabit-forminganaturalsleepingpillwouldbesuperiortosyntheticpillsbecauseitwouldhavenobadeffectsonthebodychemicalwaystoraisethebrain'sserotoninlevelsproduceatrulyphysiological

sleepingpillThelanguageusedinthisarticleindicatesthatDr.Koella.ispositivethatserotonincontrolssleepisquiteuncertainwhetherserotonincontrolssleepthinksthatserotoninmightcontrolsleepisquitecertainwhetherserotonincontrolssleepClozeTest(15minutes)Directions:Foreachnumberblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarkedA),B,C)andD).ChoosethebestoneandwritedownyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET.Thelawisagreatmassofrules,showingwhenandhowfaramanisliabletobepunished,ortobemadeto51overmoneyorpropertytohis52andsoforth.Theserulesarecontained_53books.Alawyerlearnstheminthemainby_54books.Hebeginsbydoing55elsethanreadingandafterhehaspreparedhimself56Say,threeyears'studytopractice,57,allhislifelongandalmosteveryday,hewillbe58bookstoreadalittlemorethanhealreadyknowsaboutsomenewquestions59hehastoanswer.Thepowertousebooks,then,isa60whichagoodlawyeroughtto61Heoughttohaveenoughflexibilityto62iteasyforhimtocollectideas63_printedwords.Heoughttohavesomereadinessinfinding,_64abookcontains,andsomethingofaninstinctfor65tolookforwhathewants.But66_thisisthepowerofwhichhewillfirstfeeltheneed,itisnotthemost_67.Alawyerdoesnotstudylawtoreciteit:hestudiesittouseitand_68ontheruleswhichhehaslearnedinreallife.His6_9_istotrycasesincourtandto70menwhattokeeporgetoutoftrouble.5LA.getA.inhabitantsA.byA.readingA.muchA.duringA.justA.lookingintoA.whatA.promise5LA.getA.inhabitantsA.byA.readingA.muchA.duringA.justA.lookingintoA.whatA.promiseA.coverA.enableA.ofB.handB.settlersB.uponB.writingB.somethingB.overB.stillB.leavingbehindB.whyB.causeB.regardB.weighfromA.whatB.howA.whyB.whereA.althoughB.ifC.lookC.neighborsC.forC.recitingC.plentyC.withinC.almostC.seeingthroughC.whichtalentC.possessC.suggestC.aboutC.thatC.whenC.providedtakeD.residentsD.inD.compilingD.littleD.byD.perhapsD.payingback.howD.missionD.evaluateD.makeD.towardsD.whichD.whichD.unlessA.naturalA.dependsA.targetA.adviseA.naturalA.dependsA.targetA.adviseB.strangeB.actsB.opportunityorderC.importantC.countsC.advicetrust(15minutes)D.magnificentD.drawsD.businessforbidShortAnswerQuestionsDirections:Inthispartthereisashortpassagewithfivequestionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementinthefewestpossiblewords.TheordinaryfamilyincolonialNorthAmericawasprimarilyconcernedwithsheerphysicalsurvivalandbeyondthat,itsowneconomicprosperity.Thus,childrenwerevaluedintermsoftheirproductivity,andtheyassumedtheroleofproducerquiteearly.Untiltheyfulfilledthisrole,theirpositioninthestructureofthefamilywasoneofsubordination,andtheirpsychologicalneedsandcapacitiesreceivedlittleconsideration.Asthesocietybecamemorecomplex,thestatusofchildreninthefamilyandinthesocietybecamemoreimportant.Inthecomplex,technologicalsocietythattheUnitedStateshasbecome,eachmembermustfulfillanumberofpersonalandoccupationalrolesandbeinconstantcontactwithagreatmanyothermembers.Consequently,viewingchildrenaspotentiallyacceptableandnecessarilymultifacetedmembersofsocietymeansthattheyareregardedmoreaspeopleintheirownrightthanasutilitarianorganisms.Thisacceptanceofchildrenasequalparticipantsinthecontemporaryfamilyisreflectedinthevarietyofstatuesprotectingtherightsofchildrenandinthesocialandpublicwelfareprogramsdevotedexclusivelytotheirwell-being.Thisnewviewofchildrenandtheincreasingcontactbetweenthemembersofsocietyhasalsoresultedinasurgeofinterestinchild-rearingtechniques.Peopletodayspendaconsiderableportionoftheirtimeconferringontheproperwaytobringupchildren.Itisnowpossibletoinfluencethedetailsofthesocializationofanotherperson'schildbyspreadingthegospelofcurrentandfashionabletheoriesandmethodsofchildrearing.ThesocializationofthecontemporarychildintheUnitedStatesinatwo-waytransactionbetweenparentandchildratherthanaone-way,parent-to-childtrainingprogram.Asaconsequence,socializingchildrenandlivingwiththemoveralongperiodoftimeisforparentsamixtureofpleasure,satisfaction,andproblems.Questions:Whatisthesubjectofthispassage?Accordingtotheauthor,childrenincolonialNorthAmericaweremainlyvaluedfortheirWhatdoestheauthormentiona