PLC英文文獻+翻譯

您發(fā)取理工大拳ySgfKANHUIUNIVERSITYOFSCIENCE&TECHNOLOGY自動化專業(yè)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計英文翻譯學(xué)院（部）:專業(yè)班級：—學(xué)生姓名：指導(dǎo)教師：年月曰ProgrammableLogicControllerONE:PLCoverviewProgrammablecontrolleristhefirstinthelate1960sintheUnitedStates,thencalledPLCprogrammablelogiccontroller(ProgrammableLogicController)isusedtoreplacerelays.Fortheimplementationofthelogicaljudgment,timing,sequencenumber,andothercontrolfunctions.TheconceptispresentedPLCGeneralMotorsCorporation.PLCandthebasicdesignisthecomputerfunctionalimprovements,flexible,genericandotheradvantagesandrelaycontrolsystemsimpleandeasytooperate,suchastheadvantagesofcheappricescombinedcontrollerhardwareisstandardandoverall.Accordingtothepracticalapplicationoftargetsoftwareinordertocontrolthecontentoftheuserproceduresmemorycontroller,thecontrollerandconnectingtheaccusedconvenienttarget.Inthemid-1970s,thePLChasbeenwidelyusedasacentralprocessingunitmicroprocessor,importexportmoduleandtheexternalcircuitsareused,large-scaleintegratedcircuitsevenwhenthePlcisnolongertheonlylogical(IC)judgmentfunctionsalsohavedataprocessing,PIDconditioninganddatacommunicationsfunctions.InternationalElectrotechnicalCommission(IEC)standardspromulgatedprogrammablecontrollerforprogrammablecontrollerdraftmadethefollowingdefinition:programmablecontrollerisadigitalelectroniccomputersoperatingsystem,specificallyforapplicationsintheindustrialdesignenvironment.Itusedprogrammablememory,usedtoimplementlogicintheirinternalstorageoperations,sequencecontrol,timing,countingandarithmeticoperations,suchasoperatinginstructions,andthroughdigitalandanaloginputandoutput,thecontrolofvarioustypesofmachineryorproductionprocesses.Programmablecontrollerandrelatedperipherals,andindustrialcontrolsystemseasilylinkedtoformawhole,toexpanditsfunctionaldesign.Programmablecontrollerfortheuser,isanon-contactequipment,theprocedurescanbechangedtochangeproductionprocesses.Theprogrammablecontrollerhasbecomeapowerfultoolforfactoryautomation,widelypopularreplication.Programmablecontrollerisuser-orientedindustriesdedicatedcontrolcomputer,withmanydistinctivefeatures.First,highreliability,anti-interferencecapability;Second,programmingvisual,simple;Third,adaptabilitygood;Fourthfunctionalimprovements,strongfunctionalinterface.TWO:HistoryofPLCProgrammableLogicControllers(PLC),acomputingdeviceinventedbyRichardE.Morleyin1968,havebeenwidelyusedinindustryincludingmanufacturingsystems,transportationsystems,chemicalprocessfacilities,andmanyothers.Atthattime,thePLCreplacedthehardwiredlogicwithsoft-wiredlogicorso-calledrelayladderlogic(RLL),aprogramminglanguagevisuallyresemblingthehardwiredlogic,andreducedtherebytheconfigurationtimefrom6monthsdownto6days[MoodyandMorley,1999].AlthoughPCbasedcontrolhasstartedtocomeintoplace,PLCbasedcontrolwillremainthetechniquetowhichthemajorityofindustrialapplicationswilladhereduetoitshigherperformance,lowerprice,andsuperiorreliabilityinharshenvironments.Moreover,accordingtoastudyonthePLCmarketofFrostandSullivan[1995],anincreaseoftheannualsalesvolumeto15millionPLCperyearwiththehardwarevalueofmorethan8billionUSdollarshasbeenpredicted,thoughthepricesofcomputinghardwareissteadilydropping.TheinventorofthePLC,RichardEMorley,fairlyconsidersthePLCmarketasa5-billionindustryatthepresenttime.ThoughPLCsarewidelyusedinindustrialpractice,theprogrammingofPLCbasedcontrolsystemsisstillverymuchrelyingontrial-and-error.Alikesoftwareengineering,PLCsoftwaredesignisfacingthesoftwaredilemmaorcrisisinasimilarway.MorleyhimselfemphasizedthisaspectmostforcefullybyindicatingIfhouseswerebuiltlikesoftwareprojects,asinglewoodpeckercoulddestroycivilization.”Particularly,practicalproblemsinPLCprogrammingaretoeliminatesoftwarebugsandtoreducethemaintenancecostsofoldladderlogicprograms.ThoughthehardwarecostsofPLCaredroppingcontinuously,reducingthescantimeoftheladderlogicisstillanissueinindustrysothatlow-costPLCcanbeused.Ingeneral,theproductivityingeneratingPLCisfarbehindcomparedtootherdomains,forinstance,VLSIdesign,whereefficientcomputeraideddesigntoolsareinpractice.ExistentsoftwareengineeringmethodologiesarenotnecessarilyapplicabletothePLCbasedsoftwaredesignbecausePLC-programmingrequiresasimultaneousconsiderationofhardwareandsoftware.Thesoftwaredesignbecomes,thereby,moreandmorethemajorcostdriver.Inmanyindustrialdesignprojects,morethanofthemanpowerallocatedforthecontrolsystemdesignandinstallationisscheduledfortestinganddebuggingPLCprograms.Inaddition,currentPLCbasedcontrolsystemsarenotproperlydesignedtosupportthegrowingdemandforflexibilityandreconfigurabilityofmanufacturingsystems.Afurtherproblem,impellingtheneedforasystematicdesignmethodology,istheincreasingsoftwarecomplexityinlarge-scaleprojects.TheobjectiveofthisthesisistodevelopasystematicsoftwaredesignmethodologyforPLCoperatedautomationsystems.Thedesignmethodologyinvolveshigh-leveldescriptionbasedonstatetransitionmodelsthattreatautomationcontrolsystemsasdiscreteeventsystems,astepwisedesignprocess,andsetofdesignrulesprovidingguidanceandmeasurementstoachieveasuccessfuldesign.Thetangibleoutcomeofthisresearchistofindawaytoreducetheuncertaintyinmanagingthecontrolsoftwaredevelopmentprocess,thatis,reducingprogramminganddebuggingtimeandtheirvariation,increasingflexibilityoftheautomationsystems,andenablingsoftwarereusabilitythroughmodularity.Thegoalistoovercomeshortcomingsofcurrentprogrammingstrategiesthatarebasedontheexperienceoftheindividualsoftwaredeveloper.Three:nowofPLCFromthestructureisdividedintofixedPLCandModulePLC,thetwokindsofPLCincludingCPUboard,I/Oboard,displaypanel,memoryblock,power,theseelementsintoadonotremoveoverall.ModuletypePLCincludingCPUmodule,I/Omodules,memory,thepowermodules,bottomoraframe,thesemodulescanbeaccordingtocertainrulescombinationconfiguration.Intheuserview,adetailedanalysisoftheCPU'sinternalunnecessary,butworkingmechanismofeverypartofthecircuit.TheCPUcontrolworks,byitreadsCPUinstruction,interpretstheinstructionandexecutesinstructions.Butthepaceofworkbyshocksignalcontrol.Unitworkunderthecontrollercommandusedinadigitalorlogicoperations.Incomputingandstorageregisterofcomputationresult,itisalsoamongthecontrollercommandandwork.CPUspeedandmemorycapacityistheimportantparametersfotPLC.itsdeterminesthePLCspeedofwork,IOPLCnumberandsoftwarecapacity,solimitstocontrolsize.CentralProcessingUnit(CPU)isthebrainofaPLCcontroller.CPUitselfisusuallyoneofthemicrocontrollers.Aforetimethesewere8-bitmicrocontrollerssuchas8051,andnowtheseare16-and32-bitmicrocontrollers.Unspokenruleisthatyou'llfindmostlyHitachiandFujicumicrocontrollersinPLCcontrollersbyJapanesemakers,SiemensinEuropeancontrollers,andMotorolamicrocontrollersinAmericanones.CPUalsotakescareofcommunication,interconnectednessamongotherpartsofPLCcontrollers,programexecution,memoryoperation,overseeinginputandsettingupofanoutput.Systemmemory(todaymostlyimplementedinFLASHtechnology)isusedbyaPLCforaprocesscontrolsystem.Asideform.thisoperatingsystemitalsocontainsauserprogramtranslatedforamladderdiagramtoabinaryform.FLASHmemorycontentscanbechangedonlyincasewhereuserprogramisbeingchanged.PLCcontrollerswereusedearlierinsteadofPLASHmemoryandhavehadEPROMmemoryinsteadofFLASHmemorywhichhadtobeerasedwithUVlampandprogrammedonprogrammers.WiththeuseofFLASHtechnologythisprocesswasgreatlyshortened.Reprogrammingaprogrammemoryisdonethroughaserialcableinaprogramforapplicationdevelopment.Usermemoryisdividedintoblockshavingspecialfunctions.Somepartsofamemoryareusedforstoringinputandoutputstatus.Therealstatusofaninputisstoredeitheras"1”oras"0"inaspecificm(eachinputoroutputhasonecorrespondingbitinmemory.Otherpartsofmemoryareusedtostorevariablecontentsforvariablesusedinusedprogram.Forexample,timevalue,orcountervaluewouldbestoredinthispartofthememory.PLCcontrollercanbereprogrammedthroughacomputer(usualway),butalsothroughmanualprogrammers(consoles).ThispracticallymeansthateachPLCcontrollercanprogrammedthroughacomputerifyouhavethesoftwareneededforprogramming.Today'stransmissioncomputersareidealforreprogrammingaPLCcontrollerinfactoryitself.Thisisofgreatimportancetoindustry.Oncethesystemiscorrected,itisalsoimportanttoreadtherightprogramintoaPLCagain.ItisalsogoodtocheckfromtimetotimewhetherprograminaPLChasnotchanged.Thishelpstoavoidhazardoussituationsinfactoryrooms(someautomakershaveestablishedcommunicationnetworkswhichregularlycheckprogramsinPLCcontrollerstoensureexecutiononlyofgoodprograms).AlmosteveryprogramforprogrammingaPLCcontrollerpossessesvarioususefuloptionssuchas:forcedswitchingonandoffofthesysteminput/outputs(I/Olines),programfollowupinrealtimeaswellasdocumentingadiagram.Thisdocumentingisnecessarytounderstandanddefinefailuresandmalfunctions.Programmercanaddremarks,namesofinputoroutputdevices,andcommentsthatcanbeusefulwhenfindingerrors,orwithsystemmaintenance.Addingcommentsandremarksenablesanytechnician(andnotjustapersonwhodevelopedthesystem)tounderstandaladderdiagramrightaway.Commentsandremarkscanevenquotepreciselypartnumbersifreplacementswouldbeneeded.Thiswouldspeeduparepairofanyproblemsthatcomeupduetobadparts.Theoldwaywassuchthatapersonwhodevelopedasystemhadprotectionontheprogram,sonobodyasidefromthispersoncouldunderstandhowitwasdone.Correctlydocumentedladderdiagramallowsanytechniciantounderstandthoroughlyhowsystemfunctions.Electricalsupplyisusedinbringingelectricalenergytocentralprocessingunit.MostPLCcontrollersworkeitherat24VDCor220VAC.OnsomePLCcontrollersyou'llfindelectricalsupplyasaseparatemodule.ThoseareusuallybiggerPLCcontrollers,whilesmallandmediumseriesalreadycontainthesupplymodule.UserhastodeterminehowmuchcurrenttotakefromI/Omoduletoensurethatelectricalsupplyprovidesappropriateamountofcurrent.Differenttypesofmodulesusedifferentamountsofelectricalcurrent.Thiselectricalsupplyisusuallynotusedtostartexternalinputoroutput.UserhastoprovideseparatesuppliesinstartingPLCcontrollerinputsbecausethenyoucanensuresocalled“pure”supplyforthePLcontroller.Withpuresupplywemeansupplywhereindustrialenvironmentcannotaffectitdamagingly.SomeofthesmallerPLCcontrollerssupplytheirinputswithvoltagefromasmallsupplysourcealreadyincorporatedintoaPLC.Four：PLCdesigncriteriaAsystematicapproachtodesigningPLCsoftwarecanovercomedeficienciesinthetraditionalwayofprogrammingmanufacturingcontrolsystems,andcanhavewideramificationsinseveralindustrialapplications.Automationcontrolsystemsaremodeledbyformallanguagesor,equivalently,bystatemachines.Formalrepresentationsprovideahigh-leveldescriptionofthebehaviorofthesystemtobecontrolled.Statemachinescanbeanalyticallyevaluatedastowhetherornottheymeetthedesiredgoals.Secondly,astatemachinedescriptionprovidesastructuredrepresentationtoconveythelogicalrequirementsandconstraintssuchasdetailedsafetyrules.Thirdly,well-definedcontrolsystemsdesignoutcomesareconducivetoautomaticcodegeneration-Anabilitytoproducecontrolsoftwareexecutableoncommercialdistinctlogiccontrollerscanreduceprogramminglead-timeandlaborcost.Inparticular,thethesisisrelevantwithrespecttothefollowingaspects.Inmodernmanufacturing,systemsarecharacterizedbyproductandprocessinnovation,becomecustomer-drivenandthushavetorespondquicklytochangingsystemrequirements.Amajorchallengeisthereforetoprovideenablingtechnologiesthatcaneconomicallyreconfigureautomationcontrolsystemsinresponsetochangingneedsandnewopportunities.Designandoperationalknowledgecanbereusedinreal-time,therefore,givingasignificantcompetitiveedgeinindustrialpractice.Studieshaveshownthatprogrammingmethodologiesinautomationsystemshavenotbeenabletomatchrapidincreaseinuseofcomputingresources.Forinstance,theprogrammingofPLCstillreliesonaconventionalprogrammingstylewithladderlogicdiagrams.Asaresult,thedelaysandresourcesinprogrammingareamajorstumblingstonefortheprogressofmanufacturingindustry.Testinganddebuggingmayconsumeover50%ofthemanpowerallocatedforthePLCprogramdesign.Standards[IEC60848,1999;IEC-61131-3,1993;IEC61499,1998;ISO15745-1,1999]havebeenformedtofixanddisseminatestate-of-the-artdesignmethods,buttheynormallycannotparticipateinadvancingtheknowledgeofefficientprogramandsystemdesign.Asystematicapproachwillincreasethelevelofdesignautomationthroughreusingexistingsoftwarecomponents,andwillprovidemethodstomakelarge-scalesystemdesignmanageable.Likewise,itwillimprovesoftwarequalityandreliabilityandwillberelevanttosystemshighsecuritystandards,especiallythosehavinghazardousimpactontheenvironmentsuchasairportcontrol,andpublicrailroads.Thesoftwareindustryisregardedasaperformancedestructorandcomplexitygenerator.Steadilyshrinkinghardwarepricesspoilstheneedforsoftwareperformanceintermsofcodeoptimizationandefficiency.Theresultisthatmassiveandlessefficientsoftwarecodeononehandoutpacesthegainsinhardwareperformanceontheotherhand.Secondly,softwareproliferatesintocomplexityofunmanageabledimensions;softwareredesignandmaintenance-essentialinmodernautomationsystems-becomesnearlyimpossible.Particularly,PLCprogramshaveevolvedfromacouplelinesofcode25yearsagotothousandsoflinesofcodewithasimilarnumberof1/Opoints.Increasedsafety,forinstancenewpoliciesonfireprotection,andtheflexibilityofmodernautomationsystemsaddcomplexitytotheprogramdesignprocess.Consequently,thelife-cyclecostofsoftwareisapermanentlygrowingfractionofthetotalcost.80-90%ofthesecostsaregoingintosoftwaremaintenance,debugging,adaptationandexpansiontomeetchangingneeds.Today,theprimaryfocusofmostdesignresearchisbasedonmechanicalorelectricalproducts.Oneoftheby-productsofthisproposedresearchistoenhanceourfundamentalunderstandingofdesigntheoryandmethodologybyextendingittothefieldofengineeringsystemsdesign.Asystemdesigntheoryforlarge-scaleandcomplexsystemisnotyetfullydeveloped.Particularly,thequestionofhowtosimplifyacomplicatedorcomplexdesigntaskhasnotbeentackledinascientificway.Furthermore,buildingabridgebetweendesigntheoryandthelatestepistemologicaloutcomesofformalrepresentationsincomputersciencesandoperationsresearch,suchasdiscreteeventsystemmodeling,canadvancefuturedevelopmentinengineeringdesign.Fromalogicalperspective,PLCsoftwaredesignissimilartothehardwaredesignofintegratedcircuits.ModernVLSIdesignsareextremelycomplexwithseveralmillionpartsandaproductdevelopmenttimeof3years[Whitney,1996].Thedesignprocessisnormallyseparatedintoacomponentdesignandasystemdesignstage.Atcomponentdesignstage,singlefunctionsaredesignedandverified.Atsystemdesignstage,componentsareaggregatedandthewholesystembehaviorandfunctionalityistestedthroughsimulation.Ingeneral,acompleteverificationisimpossible.Hence,asystematicapproachasexemplifiedforthePLCprogramdesignmayimpactthelogicalhardwaredesign.可編程控制器一、PLC概述可編程控制器是60年代末在美國首先出現(xiàn)的，當(dāng)時叫可編程邏輯控制器PLC(ProgrammableLogicController),目的是用來取代繼電器。以執(zhí)行邏輯判斷、計時、計數(shù)等順序控制功能。提出PLC概念的是美國通用汽車公司。PLC的基本設(shè)計思想是把計算機功能完善、靈活、通用等優(yōu)點和繼電器控制系統(tǒng)的簡單易懂、操作方便、價格便宜等優(yōu)點結(jié)合起來，控制器的硬件是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的、通用的。根據(jù)實際應(yīng)用對象，將控制內(nèi)容編成軟件寫入控制器的用戶程序存儲器內(nèi)，使控制器和被控對象連接方便。70年代中期以后，PLC已廣泛地使用微處理器作為中央處理器，輸入輸出模塊和外圍電路也都采用了中、大規(guī)模甚至超大規(guī)模的集成電路，這時的PLC已不再是僅有邏輯(Logic)判斷功能，還同時具有數(shù)據(jù)處理、PID調(diào)節(jié)和數(shù)據(jù)通信功能。國際電工委員會(IEC)頒布的可編程控制器標(biāo)準(zhǔn)草案中對可編程控制器作了如下的定義：可編程控制器是一種數(shù)字運算操作的電子系統(tǒng)，專為在工業(yè)環(huán)境下應(yīng)用而設(shè)計。它采用了可編程序的存儲器，用來在其內(nèi)部存儲執(zhí)行邏輯運算，順序控制、定時、計數(shù)和算術(shù)運算等操作的指令，并通過數(shù)字式和模擬式的輸入和輸出，控制各種類型的機械或生產(chǎn)過程。可編程控制器及其有關(guān)外圍設(shè)備，易于與工業(yè)控制系統(tǒng)聯(lián)成一個整體，易于擴充其功能的設(shè)計?？删幊炭刂破鲗τ脩魜碚f，是一種無觸點設(shè)備，改變程序即可改變生產(chǎn)工藝。目前，可編程控制器已成為工廠自動化的強有力工具，得到了廣泛的普及推廣應(yīng)用。可編程控制器是面向用戶的專用工業(yè)控制計算機，具有許多明顯的特點。①可靠性高，抗干擾能力強；②編程直觀、簡單；③適應(yīng)性好；④功能完善，接口功能強二、PLC的歷史1968年，RichardE.Morley創(chuàng)造出了新一代工業(yè)控制裝置可編程邏輯控制器(PLC),現(xiàn)在，PLC已經(jīng)被廣泛應(yīng)用于工業(yè)領(lǐng)域，包括機械制造也、運輸系統(tǒng)、化學(xué)過程設(shè)備、等許多其他領(lǐng)域。初期可編程控制器只是用一種類似于語言的軟件邏輯于代替繼電器硬件邏輯，并且使開發(fā)時間由6個月縮短到6天。雖然計算機控制技術(shù)已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生，但是PLC控制因為它的高性能、成本低、并且對惡劣的環(huán)境有很強的適應(yīng)能力而在工業(yè)控制的廣泛應(yīng)用中保持優(yōu)勢。而且，盡管硬件的價格在逐漸下跌，據(jù)估計，根據(jù)Frost和Sullivan對PLC市場的調(diào)查研究表明，每年銷售硬件的價格要比銷售PLC的價格（一千五百萬）至少多出八十億美元。PLC的創(chuàng)造者RichardE.Morley十分肯定的認(rèn)為目前PLC市場是一個價值五十億的工業(yè)雖然PLC廣泛應(yīng)用于工業(yè)控制中，PLC控制系統(tǒng)的程序依然和語法有關(guān)。和軟件過程一樣，PLC的軟件設(shè)計也以同樣的方式會遇到軟件錯誤或危機。Morley在演講中著重強調(diào)了這個方面。如果房子建造的像軟件過程一樣，那么僅僅一只啄木鳥就可以摧毀文明。特別的，PLC程序要解決的實際問題是消除軟件錯誤和減少老式梯形邏輯語言的花費。盡管PLC的硬件成本在繼續(xù)下降，但是在工業(yè)控制上減少梯形邏輯的掃描時間仍然是一個問題，以至于可以用到低耗時的PLC。一般來說，和其他領(lǐng)域相比生產(chǎn)PLC的周期要短很多。例如，在實踐中，VISI設(shè)計是一種有效的計算機輔助設(shè)計。PLC不需要使用目前的以軟件設(shè)計為基礎(chǔ)軟件工程方法論，因為PLC程序要求對軟件和硬件搜都要考慮到。因此，軟件設(shè)計越來越成為花費動力。在許多的工業(yè)設(shè)計工程中，多數(shù)人力分配給了控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計和安裝，并且他們被要求對PLC進行程序測試和錯誤排除。再者，PLC控制系統(tǒng)不適合設(shè)計對適應(yīng)性和重構(gòu)有越來越多要求的生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)。一個更深入的問題是在大規(guī)模的工程中軟件越來越復(fù)雜，促使要有一個系統(tǒng)化的設(shè)計方法論。主題的客觀性是為PLC自動控制系統(tǒng)建立一個系統(tǒng)化的軟件設(shè)計方法論。這個設(shè)計方法論包括以狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換模型為基礎(chǔ)的精確的描述，這個轉(zhuǎn)臺轉(zhuǎn)換模型是自動控制系統(tǒng)的抽象系統(tǒng)。方法論還包括一個逐步的設(shè)計過程，并且要設(shè)置一個設(shè)計規(guī)則，這樣才能為一個成功的設(shè)計提供導(dǎo)向和方法。這項研究的真正目的是找到一個減少控制軟件發(fā)展過程的不穩(wěn)定性的方法，也就是說，減少程序和調(diào)試時間以及他們的變化，以增強自動控制系統(tǒng)的適應(yīng)性，并且通過調(diào)整軟件使得軟件可以再度使用。這樣的目的是為了克服目前程序策略的不足之處，而目前的程序策略是以個人軟件開發(fā)者的經(jīng)驗為基礎(chǔ)的。三、現(xiàn)今的PLC從結(jié)構(gòu)上分，PLC分為固定式和模塊式兩種。固定式PLC包括CPU板、I/O板、顯示面板、內(nèi)存塊、電源等，這些元素組合成一個不可拆卸的整體。模塊式PLC包括CPU模塊、I/O模塊、內(nèi)存、電源模塊、底板或機架，這些模塊可以按照一定規(guī)則組合配置。在使用者看來，不必要詳細(xì)分析CPU的內(nèi)部電路，但對各部分的工作機制還是應(yīng)有足夠的理解。CPU的控制器控制CPU工作，由它讀取指令、解釋指令及執(zhí)行指令。但工作節(jié)奏由震蕩信號控制。運算器用于進行數(shù)字或邏輯運算，在控制器指揮下工作。寄存器參與運算，并存儲運算的中間結(jié)果，它也是在控制器指揮下工作。CPU速度和內(nèi)存容量是PLC的重要參數(shù)，它們決定著PLC的工作速度，IO數(shù)量及軟件容量等，因此限制著控制規(guī)模。中央處理器（CPU）是PLC控制器的大腦。通常CPU本身就是一個微控制器。起先是8位微控制器例如8051，現(xiàn)在發(fā)展為16位和32位微控制器。你會發(fā)現(xiàn)大部分由日本制造商制造的PLC中是日立和Fujicu的微控制器，西門子的微控制器多應(yīng)用在歐洲的PLC中，摩托羅拉生產(chǎn)的微控制器則獨占美國市場。CPU同樣關(guān)注通信，PLC控制器，操作程序的執(zhí)行，監(jiān)督記憶設(shè)置的輸入和輸出等部分的關(guān)聯(lián)性。PLC使用系統(tǒng)存儲器（現(xiàn)在大部分采用閃存技術(shù)了）用于過程控制系統(tǒng)。除了這個操作系統(tǒng)之外，它還包括一個由梯形圖翻譯成而進制形式的用戶程序?？觳列痛鎯ζ鳎‵LASHmemory）的內(nèi)容只有在改變用戶程序的時候可以被改變。PLC控制器比快擦型存儲器使用得更早，EPROM存儲器比快擦型存儲器也更早，快擦型存儲器必須用紫外線（UV,Ultra-VioletRay）燈擦除，并在編程器上進行編程。由于快擦型存儲器技術(shù)的應(yīng)用，使得這個過程大大縮短了。在應(yīng)用程序開發(fā)中，通過一個串行電纜可以對程序存儲器進行重新編程。用戶存儲器被分成具有特殊功能的塊。一部分存儲器用來存儲輸入和輸出狀態(tài)。一個輸入的實際狀態(tài)存儲狀態(tài)存儲在專用存儲器位上，為“假者“0”每一個輸入和輸出在存儲器中都有一個相應(yīng)的位。另外一部分存儲器用來存儲用戶程序中的變量的內(nèi)容。例如，定時器值，或者記數(shù)器值存放在存儲器的這個部分。PLC控制器可以通過計算機（通常方式）重新編程，但是也可以通過人工編程器9控制臺）編程。實際上，這意味著，如果你有編程所需要的軟件，早期PLC控制器可以通過計算機進行編程。今天的傳輸計算機是工廠自己對PLC控制器進行重新編程的理想設(shè)備。這對于工業(yè)企業(yè)來說是非常重要的。一旦系統(tǒng)修改結(jié)束，將正確的程序重新讀入PLC控制器也是非常重要的。定期才查PLC中的程序是否改變是非常好的事情。這有助于避免車間發(fā)生危險情況（一些汽車制造商已經(jīng)建立了通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)，可以定期檢查PLC中的程序，以保證運行的程序都是正確的）。幾乎所有用于為PLC控制器編程的程序都擁有各種不同的選項，例如系統(tǒng)輸入/輸出（I/O線）的強制開關(guān)，程序?qū)崟r跟蹤以及圖表驗證。圖表驗證對于理解、定義失敗和故障非常必要。程序員可以添加標(biāo)記，書日和輸出設(shè)備名稱，以及對于查找錯誤或者對于系統(tǒng)維護很有用的注釋。添加注釋和標(biāo)記可以使技術(shù)人員（不僅僅是開發(fā)人員）很快理解梯形圖。注釋和標(biāo)記甚至還可以準(zhǔn)確地引用零件號，