高級英語修辭手法課件

AdvancedEnglish(1)ForSept.12,2014:1.courseexplain&courserequirement2.paraphrase3.figuresofspeechForthiscourse,youaresupposedto:learnnewwordsandexpressions;learntoanalysegrammaticallycomplicatedsentences;learntoidentifydifferentfiguresofspeech;learntoparaphrase;learntosummarize;learntoquery.Assignmentcanbe:exercises(reviewcheck)textrecitationwordsandexpressionsdictationpresentationofyourhomework(overatopic,aquestion,etc.)ParaphraseWhatisa“paraphrase”?“there-expressionofsthwrittenorsaidindifferentwords,esp.wordsthatareeasiertounderstand”——Longman’sDictionaryofContemporaryEnglishItwouldthereforebeinadvisableto:sticktotheoriginalstructureandchangeonlyawordortwo;keeptheimpliedmeaningundersurface;remainafigureofspeechintheparaphrase;maketheparaphraseevenmoreobscurethantheoriginal.Howdoweparaphrase?

Nowtakealookat:Theoriginalpassage:Studentsfrequentlyoverusedirectquotationsintakingnotes,andasaresulttheyoverusequotationsinthefinalresearchpaper.Probablyonlyabout10%ofyourfinalmanuscriptshouldappearasdirectlyquotedmatter.Therefore,youshouldstrivetolimittheamountofexacttranscribingofsourcematerialswhiletakingnotes.FiguresofspeechcolourfulIn“acolourfulgarden”in“acolourfullife”or“acolourfulcareer”What’sthedifference?“Heranquicklydownthestreet.”“Heranlikeaharedownthestreet.”“Hehareddownthestreet.”SimileSimileisafigureofspeechinwhichtwoquitedifferentthingsarecomparedastheyseemsimilarinaway.Thiskindofcomparisonisnormallyintroducedby“l(fā)ike”or“as”.Summarizeit:Awayofdescribingsomethingbycomparingitwithsthelseusing“as”or“l(fā)ike”E.g.Helooksverymuchlikehisbrother.Herunslikearabbit.MetaphorAfigureofspeechwhichconsistsinsubstitutingforthenameofathingthenameofanattribute（

屬性）ofitorofsomethingcloselyrelated.Thetermisoftenlooselydefinedas“animpliedcomparison”,“asimilewithout‘like’or‘a(chǎn)s’”.E.g.Lifeisayo-yo.It'saseriesofupsanddowns.Thetownwasstormedafteralongsiege.PersonificationThisinvolvesturninganobject–eitherinanimate（無生命的）ornatural–intoahumanoranimalform,withhumanoranimalactionsandfeelings.Metonymy借代Thesubstitutionofanounforanothercloselyassociatednoun.Thesubstitutednounderives（獲得）itsmeaninginthecontextitisusedbytheassociationproducedinthereaders’mind.Synecdoche（提喻：是不直接說某一事物的名稱，而是借事物的本身所呈現(xiàn)的各種對應(yīng)的現(xiàn)象來表現(xiàn)該事物的這樣一種修辭手段。)Afigurebywhichamorecomprehensivetermisusedforalesscomprehensiveorviceversa;aswholeforpartorpartforwhole,genus（類，種；屬）forspeciesorspeciesforgenus,etc.Note:Synecdochecaneasilybemistakenformetonymy.ExampleofsynedocheIfIhadsomewheels,I'dputonmybestthreadsandaskforJane'shandinmarriage.Thearmyincludedtwohundredhorseandthreehundredfoot.Itissurehardtoearnadollarthesedays.Hyperbole夸張Hyperboleisafigureofspeechwhichcontainsadeliberateexaggeration–thisiswhenwriters‘gooverthetop’withtheiruseoflanguage,suggestingthatsomethingisthestrongest,thebest,thegreatest,whichofcoursedistorts

thetruth.Understatement含蓄陳述(Litotes)TheoppositeofhyperboleStatinganideainwordsthatarelessstrongthananticipated.tomakesomethingappearsmallerorlessimportantthanitreallyis.itgainsitsparticulareffectbyphrasinginthenegativewhatitwishestosaypositively.E.g.Thisisnotatallunpleasant.IronyStatingonethingwhilemeaningtheexactopposite.orthepersoncouldbetryingtoberude,eventhoughthewordsusedareseeminglypoliteetc.ExampleofironyYourfriendturnsupinripped（撕裂的）

jeans.Withasmirk（傻笑；假笑）,yousay,"Iseeyouhaveputonyourbestclothes!"SarcasmSarcasmisaformofwitthatismarkedbytheuseofsarcasticlanguageandisintendedtomakeitsvictimthebuttofcontemptorridicule.

Itisastrongformofirony.Itattacksinataunting(奚落)andbittermanner,anditsaimistodisparage,ridiculeandwoundthefeelingsofthesubjectattacked.Antithesis（對比;對句）Adirectcontrastinwhichtwosetsoffiguresaresetinoppositiontooneanother.Intrueantithesistheoppositionbetweentheelementsismanifestedthroughparallelgramaticalstructure.E.g.Toerrishuman,toforgivedivine.Afriendexaggeratesaman’svirtues,anenemyhiscrimes.Goodbreedingconsistsinconcealinghowmuchwethinkofourselvesandhowlittlewethinkoftheotherperson.(MarkTwain)Parallelism（排比）Parallelismreferstothefigureofspeechthatexpressesrelevantideasinthesameorsimilargrammaticalstructures.Ithelpsmakeasentencebrief,smoothandcoherentandgiveitrhythm,balanceandforce.ExampleofparallelismTohaveandtohold

fromthisdayforward,forbetterforworse,forricherforpoorer,

insicknessandinhealth,toloveandtocherish,

tilldeathdouspart.Oxymoron（矛盾修辭法）AncientGreek:Oxus="sharp"Moros="dull""Oxymoron"=asharpdullnessorafoolishwise....aselfcontradictingphrase.oxymoronAparadoxicalexpression,initssuperficialorliteralmeaningself-contradictoryorabsurd,butinvolvingapoint.ExampleofoxymoronHalfnakedFinaldraftAlmostperfectOpensecretWorkingholidayMinorcrisisActnaturallyOnlychoicePun(雙關(guān)語；俏皮話)Aplayonwords"thehumoroususeofaword,orofwordswhichareformedorsoundedalikebuthavedifferentmeanings,insuchawayastoplayontwoormoreofthepossibleapplications;aplayonwords."E.g.Whatdolawyersdowhentheydie?Liestill.Iwonderedwhythebaseballwasgettingbigger.Thenithitme.ParadoxAstatementthatappearstobelogicallycontradictoryandyetmaybetrue,thepurposeofwhichistoprovokefreshthought.Examplesofparadox:Childisthefatherofman.Theswiftesttravelerishethatgoesafoot.Somedayyouwillbeoldenoughtostartreadingfairytalesagain."Warispeace.“"Freedomisslavery.""Ignoranceisstrength."(GeorgeOrwell,1984)RhetoricalQuestionAquestionneitherrequiringnorintendedtoproduceareplybutaskedforemphasis.Theassumptionisthatonlyoneanswerispossible.E.g.Ifwintercomes,canSpringbefarbehind?ClimaxArrangementofphrasesorsentencesinascendingorderofimportance.E.g.Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.Anti-climaxThesuddenappearanceofanabsurdortrivialideafollowingoneormoresignificantorelevated(serious)ideas.Itisalwayscomicineffect.E.g.Thedutiesofasoldieraretoprotecthiscountryandpeelpotatoes.Transferredepithet:Thetransferenceofanadjectivetoanountowhichitisnotwhollyappropriate.用來修飾人的分詞有時可以轉(zhuǎn)移到修飾非人的事物上，這種分詞在形式上雖然不直接修飾人，但所修飾的事物仍與人直接相關(guān)。Examplesoftransferredepithet:Evenso,theriskofdiscoverywasbeginningtocausePettitsleeplessnights.Thosepurposelessdaysofunemploymentgavehimalotoftimetoreflect.Cliché（陳詞濫調(diào)，老生常談）Aclichéisahackneyed（陳腐的；平庸的）phraseor