(中英文對照版)關(guān)于保護(hù)景觀和遺址的風(fēng)貌與特性的建議

聯(lián)合國教科文組織“關(guān)于保護(hù)景觀和遺址的風(fēng)貌與特性的建議”（聯(lián)合國教科文組織第十二屆會議于1962年12月11日在巴黎通過）聯(lián)合國教育、科學(xué)及文化組織大會于1962年11月9日至12月12日在巴黎召開了第十二屆會議，考慮到人類在各個時期不時使構(gòu)成其自然環(huán)境的組成部分的景觀和遺址的風(fēng)貌與特征遭到損壞，從而使得全世界各個地區(qū)的文化、藝術(shù)甚至極重要的遺產(chǎn)瀕于枯竭；考慮到因原始土地的開發(fā)，城市中心盲目的發(fā)展以及工商業(yè)與裝備的巨大工程和龐大規(guī)劃的實施，使現(xiàn)代文明加速了這種趨勢，盡管其進(jìn)程到上個世紀(jì)已相對減弱；考慮到這種現(xiàn)象影響到不論其為自然的或人工的景觀和遺址的藝術(shù)價值以及野生生物的文化和科學(xué)價值；考慮到由于景觀和遺址的風(fēng)貌與特征，保護(hù)景觀和遺址正如本建議所述，對人類生活必不可少，對人類而言，它們代表了一種有力的物質(zhì)、道德和精神的再生影響，同時正如無數(shù)眾所周知的事例所證明的也有利于人類文化和藝術(shù)生活；進(jìn)一步考慮到景觀和遺址是許多國家經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會生活中的一個重要因素，而且大大有助于保障其居民的健康；然而，也認(rèn)識到應(yīng)適當(dāng)考慮社會生活及其演變以及技術(shù)進(jìn)步的迅速發(fā)展之需要；因此，考慮到只要尚有可能這樣做，為保護(hù)各地的景觀和遺址的風(fēng)貌與特征，亟需緊急考慮和采取必要的措施；已收到關(guān)于保護(hù)景觀和遺址的風(fēng)貌與特征的建議，該問題作為本屆會議的第 17．4．2項議程；第十一屆會議已決定此項建議應(yīng)以向成員國建議的形式作為國際性文件的議題， 于1962年12月11日通過本建議。大會建議各成員國應(yīng)通過國家法律或其他方式制定使本建議所體現(xiàn)的準(zhǔn)則和原則在其所管轄的領(lǐng)土上生效的措施，以適用以下規(guī)定。大會建議各成員國應(yīng)將本建議提請與保護(hù)景觀和遺址以及區(qū)域發(fā)展有關(guān)的部門和機(jī)構(gòu)的注意，也提請受委托保護(hù)自然和發(fā)展旅游業(yè)的機(jī)構(gòu)以及青年組織的注意。大會建議各成員國應(yīng)按待定的日期和形式向大會提交有關(guān)本建議執(zhí)行情況的報告。定義為本建議之目的，保護(hù)景觀和遺址的風(fēng)貌與特征系指保存并在可能的情況下修復(fù)無論是自然的或人工的，具有文化或藝術(shù)價值，或構(gòu)成典型自然環(huán)境的自然、鄉(xiāng)村及城市景觀和遺址的任何部分。本建議的規(guī)定也擬作為保護(hù)自然的補(bǔ)充措施?？倓t為保護(hù)景觀和遺址所進(jìn)行的研究和采取的措施應(yīng)適用于一國之全部領(lǐng)土范圍，并不應(yīng)局限于某些選定的景觀和遺址。在選擇將采取的措施時，應(yīng)適當(dāng)考慮有關(guān)景觀與遺址的相關(guān)意義。這些措施可根據(jù)景觀與遺址的特征、大小、位置以及它們所面臨威脅的性質(zhì)而有所區(qū)別。保護(hù)不應(yīng)只局限于自然景觀與遺址，而應(yīng)擴(kuò)展到那些全部或部分由人工形成的景觀與遺址。因此，應(yīng)制定特別規(guī)定確保對那些通常受威脅最大、特別是因建筑施工和土地買賣而受到威脅的某些城市中的景觀和遺址進(jìn)行保護(hù)。對進(jìn)入古跡應(yīng)采取特別保護(hù)措施。為保護(hù)景觀和遺址所采取的措施應(yīng)既是預(yù)防性的，又是矯正性的。預(yù)防性措施應(yīng)旨在保護(hù)遺址免受可能威脅它們的危險。這些措施尤其應(yīng)包括對可能損壞景觀和遺址的工程和活動進(jìn)行監(jiān)督，例如：建各種公私建筑，其設(shè)計應(yīng)符合建筑本身的某些藝術(shù)要求，并且在避免簡單模仿某些傳統(tǒng)的和獨特的形式的同時，應(yīng)與它將保護(hù)的一般環(huán)境相協(xié)調(diào)；修建道路；高、低壓電線、電力生產(chǎn)和輸送工廠和設(shè)施、飛機(jī)場、廣播電臺和電視臺等；加油站；廣告招牌以及燈光招牌；砍伐森林，包括破壞構(gòu)成景觀風(fēng)貌的樹木，尤其是主干道或林蔭道兩旁成行的樹木；空氣和水的污染；采礦、采石及其廢棄物的處理；噴泉管道、灌溉工程、水壩、隧道、溝渠、治理河流工程等；宿營地；廢棄物和垃圾以及家庭、商業(yè)和工業(yè)廢物的傾倒。在保護(hù)景觀和遺址的風(fēng)貌與特征時，也應(yīng)考慮到因某些工作和現(xiàn)代生活的某些活動而引起的噪音所造成的危害。對可能損壞以其它方式列入保護(hù)目錄或受到保護(hù)的地區(qū)內(nèi)的景觀和遺址的活動應(yīng)施以制裁，除非為公共或社會利益所迫切需要。矯正性措施應(yīng)旨在修繕對景觀和遺址所造成的損壞，并盡可能使其恢復(fù)至原狀。為促進(jìn)各國負(fù)責(zé)保護(hù)景觀和遺址的各種公共服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)的工作，應(yīng)建立科學(xué)研究機(jī)構(gòu)，以便與主管當(dāng)局合作，收集和編纂適用于這方面的法律和規(guī)定。這些規(guī)定和研究機(jī)構(gòu)所從事的工作成果應(yīng)定期及時刊登于單獨的行政刊物上。保護(hù)措施景觀和遺址的保護(hù)應(yīng)通過使用以下方法予以確保：由主管當(dāng)局進(jìn)行全面監(jiān)督；將責(zé)任列入城市發(fā)展規(guī)劃以及區(qū)域、鄉(xiāng)村和城市的各級規(guī)劃；“通過劃區(qū)”列出大面積景觀區(qū)保護(hù)目錄；列出零散的遺址保護(hù)目錄；

建立和維護(hù)自然保護(hù)區(qū)與國家公園；由社區(qū)獲得遺址。全面監(jiān)督對全國范圍內(nèi)可能損壞景觀和遺址的工程和活動，應(yīng)實行全面監(jiān)督城市規(guī)劃與鄉(xiāng)村規(guī)劃方案“通過劃區(qū)”列出大面積景觀區(qū)保護(hù)目錄列出零散遺址保護(hù)目錄自然保護(hù)區(qū)和國家公園城市規(guī)劃與鄉(xiāng)村規(guī)劃方案應(yīng)包括明確那些應(yīng)強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行、以確保位于所涉及地區(qū)內(nèi)的甚至未列入保護(hù)目錄的景觀和遺址的保護(hù)義務(wù)的規(guī)定。城市和鄉(xiāng)村規(guī)劃方案應(yīng)根據(jù)輕重緩急和順序予以制定，特別是對處在迅速發(fā)展過程中的城市或地區(qū)，為保護(hù)該城市或地區(qū)的藝術(shù)或優(yōu)美特征制定此種方案是正確的。大面積景觀區(qū)“通過劃區(qū)”列入保護(hù)目錄。在一個已列入保護(hù)目錄的區(qū)域內(nèi)，當(dāng)藝術(shù)特征為頭等重要時，列入保護(hù)目錄應(yīng)包括：控制土地，遵循美學(xué)要求——包括材料的使用、顏色以及高度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，采取預(yù)防措施以消除因筑壩和采石所造成的動土影響，制定管理樹木砍伐的法規(guī)等?！巴ㄟ^劃區(qū)”列出的目錄應(yīng)予以公布，并應(yīng)制訂和公布為保護(hù)已列入目錄的景觀所應(yīng)遵守的一般規(guī)則。一般來說，“通過劃區(qū)”列出保護(hù)目錄，不應(yīng)涉及賠償費的支付。對無論位于自然中還是位于城市內(nèi)的零散小遺址，連同一具有特殊意義的景觀的各個部分，均應(yīng)列出保護(hù)目錄。對景色優(yōu)美的地區(qū)，以及著名古跡周圍的地區(qū)和建筑物，也應(yīng)列出保護(hù)目錄。凡列入保護(hù)目錄的每一個遺址、地區(qū)和建筑物都須經(jīng)特別行政決定并應(yīng)及時通知其所有者。禁止其所有者毀壞遺址，或改變其狀況或外觀。列入保護(hù)目錄應(yīng)意味著未經(jīng)保護(hù)遺址的主管當(dāng)局許可，禁止其所有者毀壞遺址，或改變其狀況或外觀。當(dāng)?shù)玫酱朔N許可，應(yīng)同時附有保護(hù)遺址所需的一切條件。但對于正常的農(nóng)業(yè)活動以及建筑物的正常維修無需此種許可。有關(guān)當(dāng)局的征用以及在一列入保護(hù)目錄的遺址內(nèi)進(jìn)行公共工程應(yīng)征得負(fù)責(zé)該遺址保護(hù)的主管當(dāng)局的同意。按規(guī)定，在列入保護(hù)目錄的遺址內(nèi)任何人不應(yīng)獲得可能改變該遺址特征或外觀的權(quán)利。未經(jīng)主管當(dāng)局的同意，該遺址所有者不應(yīng)通過簽訂協(xié)議授權(quán)他人。制定保護(hù)目錄應(yīng)包括禁止一切形式的對地面、空氣或水的污染，同樣，采礦也須經(jīng)過特別許可。在列入保護(hù)目錄的地區(qū)內(nèi)及其鄰近地帶應(yīng)禁止張貼任何廣告，或者僅限于負(fù)責(zé)保護(hù)遺址的主管當(dāng)局所指定的特定區(qū)域。在列入保護(hù)目錄的遺址內(nèi)宿營原則上應(yīng)予以回絕，或者僅限于負(fù)責(zé)主管當(dāng)局所確定的地區(qū)，并應(yīng)接受其檢查。遺址列入保護(hù)目錄可以使遺址所有者有權(quán)對由此而造成的直接的和確切的損失要求賠償。由社區(qū)獲得遺址條例適宜時，各成員國應(yīng)將用于公共教育和娛樂的國家公園，或嚴(yán)格控制的或特定的自然保護(hù)區(qū)納入受保護(hù)的區(qū)域和遺址之中。這類自然保護(hù)區(qū)和國家公園應(yīng)構(gòu)成一組還將用于研究景觀的形成與修復(fù)以及自然保護(hù)的試驗區(qū)。各成員國應(yīng)鼓勵社區(qū)獲得那些需要保護(hù)的構(gòu)成景觀或遺址組成部分的地區(qū)。必要時，應(yīng)能夠通過征用來實現(xiàn)這種獲得。保護(hù)措施的實施各成員國保護(hù)景觀和遺址的基本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和原則應(yīng)具有法律效力，其實施措施應(yīng)在法律所賦予的權(quán)限范圍內(nèi)委托給負(fù)責(zé)的主管當(dāng)局。各成員國應(yīng)設(shè)立具有管理或咨詢性質(zhì)的專門機(jī)構(gòu)。管理機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)是受委托實施保護(hù)措施的中央或地方的專門部門。因此，這些部門應(yīng)有能力研究保護(hù)和制定保護(hù)目錄的問題，開展實地考察，準(zhǔn)備即將采取的決定并監(jiān)督其實施。這些部門同樣應(yīng)受委托對旨在減少某些工程進(jìn)行中或?qū)τ纱朔N工程造成的損壞進(jìn)行修復(fù)中可能涉及的危險提出建議措施。咨詢機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)由國家、地區(qū)或地方各級委員組成，并被授予研究有關(guān)保護(hù)問題以及就這些問題向中央或地區(qū)主管當(dāng)局或有關(guān)地方社區(qū)提出意見的任務(wù)。在任何情況下，特別是在大規(guī)模公益工程，諸如修建公路、安裝水利技術(shù)或新型工業(yè)設(shè)施等規(guī)劃的初期，應(yīng)及時征求這些委員會的意見。各成員國應(yīng)促進(jìn)國家和地方非政府機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)立及其運轉(zhuǎn)，這些機(jī)構(gòu)的職責(zé)之一是與第三十一、三十二和三十三條中所述機(jī)構(gòu)合作，特別是通過這樣一種方式合作，即把威脅景觀和遺址的危險告知公眾，并告誡有關(guān)部門。如違反保護(hù)景觀和遺址的有關(guān)規(guī)定，應(yīng)對損壞予以賠償，或承擔(dān)將該遺址盡可能修復(fù)至原狀的義務(wù)。對故意損壞景觀和遺址的行為，應(yīng)給予行政或刑事處罰。公共教育教育活動應(yīng)在校內(nèi)、外進(jìn)行，以激發(fā)與培養(yǎng)公眾對景觀和遺址的尊重，宣傳為確保對名勝和古跡的保護(hù)所制訂的規(guī)章。受委托承擔(dān)這項任務(wù)的學(xué)校教員應(yīng)在中、高等院校接受專門課程的特殊培訓(xùn)。各成員國也應(yīng)促進(jìn)現(xiàn)有博物館的工作，以加強(qiáng)它們?yōu)榇藰I(yè)已開展的教育活動，并應(yīng)考慮建立專門博物館，或在現(xiàn)有博物館內(nèi)設(shè)立專門部門的可能性，以便研究和展示特定地區(qū)的自然和文化風(fēng)貌。校外公共教育應(yīng)是新聞界、保護(hù)景觀和遺址或保護(hù)自然的私人組織、有關(guān)旅游機(jī)構(gòu)以及青年或大眾教育組織的任務(wù)。各成員國應(yīng)促進(jìn)公共教育，并通過提供物資援助和通過讓從事教育任務(wù)的學(xué)會、機(jī)構(gòu)和組織以及普通教育工作者利用適當(dāng)宣傳媒介，例如：電影、廣播和電視節(jié)目，永久性、臨時性或流動性展覽材料，以及適合于廣泛傳播并專為教育界設(shè)計的手冊和書籍促進(jìn)它們的工作，還可以通過報刊、雜志以及地方期刊進(jìn)行廣泛宣傳各種國內(nèi)、國際“節(jié)日”、競賽和類似活動應(yīng)專門用于鼓勵對自然或人工景觀和遺址的鑒賞，從而引導(dǎo)民眾注意這樣一個事實：保護(hù)景觀和遺址的風(fēng)貌與特征對社區(qū)而言至關(guān)重要。以上乃聯(lián)合國教育、科學(xué)及文化組織大會在巴黎召開的，于1962年12月12日宣布閉幕的第十二屆會議正式通過的建議之作準(zhǔn)文本。我們已于1962年12月18日簽字，以昭信守。RecommendationConcerningtheSafeguardingoftheBeautyandCharacterofLandscapesandSitesPreambleTheGeneralConferenceoftheUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization,meetinginParisfrom9Novemberto12December1962,initstwelfthsession:Consideringthatatallperiodsmenhavesometimessubjectedthebeautyandcharacteroflandscapesandsitesformingpartoftheirnaturalenvironmenttodamagewhichhasimpoverishedthecultural,aestheticandevenvitalheritageofwholeregionsinallpartsoftheworld,Consideringthatbythecultivationofvirginland,thesometimesill-regulateddevelopmentofurbancentres,thecarryingoutofextensiveworksandvastplansforindustrialandcommercialdevelopmentandequipment,moderncivilizationshaveacceleratedthistrendwhoseprogresswasrelativelyslowuptothelastcentury,Consideringthatthisphenomenonaffectstheaestheticvalueoflandscapesandsites,naturalorman-made,andtheculturalandscientificimportanceofwildlife,Consideringthat,onaccountoftheirbeautyandcharacter,thesafeguardingoflandscapesandsites,asdefinedinthisrecommendation,isnecessarytothelifeofmenforwhomtheyrepresentapowerfulphysical,moralandspiritualregeneratinginfluence,whileatthesametimecontributingtotheartisticandculturallifeofpeoples,asinnumerableanduniversallyknownexamplesbearwitness,Consideringfurthermorethatlandscapesandsitesareanimportantfactorintheeconomicandsociallifeofmanycountries,andarelargelyinstrumentalinensuringthehealthoftheirinhabitants,Recognizing,however,thatdueaccountshouldbetakenoftheneedsofcommunitylife,itsevolutionandtherapiddevelopmentoftechnicalprogress,Considering,therefore,thatitishighlydesirableandurgenttoconsiderandadoptthenecessarystepswithaviewtosafeguardingthebeautyandcharacteroflandscapesandsiteseverywhere,wheneveritisstillpossibletodoso,Havingbeforeitproposalsconcerningthesafeguardingofthebeautyandcharacteroflandscapesandsites,thisquestionformingitem17.4.2ofthesession'sagenda,HavingdecidedatitseleventhsessionthatproposalsonthisitemshouldbethesubjectofaninternationalinstrumentintheformofarecommendationtoMemberStates,AdoptsonthiseleventhdayofDecember1962,thisrecommendation.TheGeneralConferencerecommendsthatMemberStatesshouldapplythefollowingprovisionsbyadopting,intheformofanationallaworinsomeotherway,measuresdesignedtogiveeffectintheterritoriesundertheirjurisdictiontothenormsandprinciplesembodiedinthisrecommendation.TheGeneralConferencerecommendsthatMemberStatesshouldbringthisrecommendationtotheattentionoftheauthoritiesandbodiesconcernedwiththeprotectionoflandscapesandsitesandwithregionaldevelopment,andofbodiesentrustedwiththeprotectionofnatureandthedevelopmentofthetouristtrade,togetherwithyouthorganizations.TheGeneralConferencerecommendsthatMemberStatesshould,ondatesandinaformtobedetermined,submittoitreportsconcerningtheimplementationofthisrecommendation.Definition1.Forthepurposeofthisrecommendation,thesafeguardingofthebeautyandcharacteroflandscapesandsitesistakentomeanthepreservationand,wherepossible,therestorationoftheaspectofnatural,ruralandurbanlandscapesandsites,whethernaturalorman-made,whichhaveaculturaloraestheticinterestorformtypicalnaturalsurroundings.Theprovisionsofthisrecommendationarealsointendedtosupplementmeasuresfortheprotectionofnature.ThestudiesandmeasurestobeadoptedwithaviewtothesafeguardingoflandscapesandsitesshouldextendtothewholeterritoryofaState,andshouldnotbeconfinedtocertainselectedlandscapesorsites.Inchoosingthemeasurestobeadopted,dueaccountshouldbetakenoftherelativesignificanceofthelandscapesandsitesconcerned.Thesemeasuresmightvaryinaccordancewiththecharacterandsizeofthelandscapesandsites,theirlocationandthenatureofthedangerswithwhichtheyarethreatened.Protectionshouldnotbelimitedtonaturallandscapesandsites,butshouldalsoextendtolandscapesandsiteswhoseformationisduewhollyorinparttotheworkofman.Thus,specialprovisionsshouldbemadetoensurethesafeguardingofcertainurbanlandscapesandsiteswhichare,ingeneral,themostthreatened,especiallybybuildingoperationsandlandspeculation.Specialprotectionshouldbeaccordedtotheapproachestomonuments.Measurestakenforthesafeguardingoflandscapesandsitesshouldbebothpreventiveandcorrective.Preventivemeasuresshouldbeaimedatprotectingsitesfromdangerswhichmaythreatenthem.Thesemeasuresshouldinclude,inparticular,thesupervisionofworksandactivitieslikelytodamagelandscapesandsites,forexample:a)Theconstructionofalltypesofpublicandprivatebuildings.Theseshouldbedesignedsoastomeetcertainaestheticrequirementsinrespectofthebuildingitselfand,whileavoidingafacileimitationofcertaintraditionalandpicturesqueforms,shouldbeinharmonywiththegeneralatmospherewhichitisdesiredtosafeguard;Theconstructionofroads;Highorlowtensionelectriclines,powerproductionandtransmissionplantandequipment,aerodromes,broadcastingandtelevisionstations,etc.;Petrolfillingstations;Advertisinghoardingsandilluminatedsigns;Deforestation,includingthedestructionoftreescontributingtothebeautyofthelandscape,particularlythoseliningthoroughfaresoravenues;Pollutionoftheairandwater;Workingofminesandquarriesandthedisposaloftheirwasteproducts;Pipingofspringwater,irrigationworks,dams,channels,aqueducts,riverregulationworks,etc.;Camping;Dumpingofworn-outmaterialandwaste,anddomestic,commercialorindustrialscrap.Insafeguardingthebeautyandcharacteroflandscapesandsites,allowanceshouldalsobemadeforthedangersresultingfromcertainformsofworkandcertainactivitiesofpresent-daylife,byreasonofthenoisewhichtheyoccasion.Activitieslikelytomarlandscapesorsitesinareasthatarescheduledorprotectedinsomeotherwayshouldbesanctionedonlyifthepublicorsocialwelfareimperativelyrequiresit.Correctivemeasuresshouldbeaimedatrepairingthedamagecausedtolandscapesandsitesand,asfaraspossible,restoringthemtotheiroriginalcondition.InordertofacilitatethetaskofthevariouspublicservicesresponsibleforthesafeguardingoflandscapesandsitesineachState,scientificresearchinstitutesshouldbesetuptoco-operatewiththecompetentauthoritieswithaviewtothealignmentandcodificationofthelawsandregulationsapplicableinthismatter.Theseprovisionsandtheresultsoftheworkcarriedoutbytheresearchinstitutesshouldbepublishedinasingleadministrativepublicationbroughtperiodicallyuptodate.ProtectivemeasuresThesafeguardingoflandscapesandsitesshouldbeensuredbyuseofthefollowingmethods:Generalsupervisionbytheresponsibleauthorities;Insertionofobligationsintourbandevelopmentplansandplanningatalllevels:regional,ruralandurban;Schedulingofextensivelandscapes'byzones';Schedulingofisolatedsites;Creationandmaintenanceofnaturalreservesandnationalparks;Acquisitionofsitesbycommunities.GeneralsupervisionGeneralsupervisionshouldbeexercisedoverworksandactivitieslikelytodamagelandscapesandsitesthroughoutthewholeterritoryoftheState.TownplanningandruralplanningschemesUrbanandruralplanningschemesshouldembodyprovisionsdefiningtheobligationswhichshouldbeimposedtoensurethesafeguardingoflandscapesandsites,evenunscheduledones,situatedontheterritoryaffected.Urbanandruralplanningschemesshouldbedrawnupinorderofurgency,specificallyfortownsorregionsinprocessofrapiddevelopment,wheretheprotectionoftheaestheticorpicturesquecharacterofthetownorregionjustifiestheestablishmentofsuchschemes.Schedulingofextensivelandscapesbyzones'Extensivelandscapesshouldbescheduled'byzones'.When,inascheduledzone,theaestheticcharacterisofprimeimportance,scheduling'byzones'shouldinvolvecontrolofplotsandobservationofcertaingeneralrequirementsofanaestheticordercoveringtheuseofmaterials,andtheircolour,heightstandards,precautionstobetakentoconcealdisturbancesofthesoilresultingfromtheconstructionofdamsandtheoperationofquarries,andregulationsgoverningthecuttingdownoftrees,etc.Scheduling'byzones'shouldbepublicized,andgeneralrulestobeobservedforthesafeguardingofscheduledlandscapesshouldbeenactedandmadepublic.Scheduling'byzones'shouldnot,asarule,involvepaymentofcompensation.SchedulingofisolatedsitesIsolatedsmallsites,whethernaturalorurban,togetherwithportionsofalandscapeofparticularinterest,shouldbescheduled.Areaswhichprovideafineview,andareasandbuildingssurroundinganoutstandingmonumentshouldalsobescheduled.Eachofthesescheduledsites,areasandbuildingsshouldbethesubjectofaspecialadministrativedecisionofwhichtheownershouldbedulynotified.Schedulingshouldmeanthattheownerisprohibitedfromdestroyingthesite,oralteringitsconditionoraspect,withoutpermissionfromtheauthoritiesresponsibleforitsprotection.Whensuchpermissionisgranted,itshouldbeaccompaniedbyalltheconditionsnecessarytothesafeguardingofthesite.Nopermissionshouldbeneeded.however,fornormalagriculturalactivities,norfornormalmaintenanceworkonbuildings.Expropriationbytheauthorities,togetherwiththecarryingoutofpublicworksinascheduledsite,shouldbesubjecttotheagreementoftheauthoritiesresponsibleforitsprotection.No-oneshouldbeabletoacquire,byprescription,withinascheduledsite,rightslikelytochangethecharacteroraspectofthesite.Noconventionaryrightsshouldbegrantedbytheownerwithouttheagreementoftheresponsibleauthorities.Schedulingshouldinvolveaprohibitiononthepollutionoftheground,airorwaterinanywaywhatsoever,whiletheextractionofmineralsshouldlikewisebesubjecttospecialpermission.Alladvertisingshouldbeforbiddeninascheduledareaanditsimmediatesurroundings,orbelimitedtospecialemplacementstobedecidedbytheauthoritiesresponsiblefortheprotectionofthesite.Permissiontocampinascheduledsiteshould,inprinciple,rantedonlywithinanareafixedbytheresponsibleauthoritiesandsubjecttotheirinspection.Schedulingofasitemayentitletheownertocompensationincasesofdirectanddefiniteprejudiceresultingtherefrom.NaturalreservesandnationalparksWhenconditionsaresuitable,MemberStatesshouldincorporateinthezonesandsitestobeprotected,nationalparksintendedfortheeducationandrecreationofthepublic,ornaturalreserves,strictorspecial.Suchnaturalreservesandnationalparksshouldformagroupofexperimentalzonesintendedalsoforresearchintotheformationandrestorationofthelandscapeandtheprotectionofnature.AcquisitionofsitesbycommunitiesMemberStatesshouldencouragetheacquisitionbycommunitiesofareasformingpartofalandscapeorsitewhichitisdesiredtoprotect.Whennecessary,itshouldbepossibletoeffectsuchacquisitionbyexpropriation.ApplicationofprotectivemeasuresThefundamentalnormsandprinciplesgoverningtheprotectionoflandscapesandsitesineachMemberStateshouldhavetheforceoflaw,andthemeasuresfortheirapplicationshouldbeentrustedtotheresponsibleauthoritieswithintheframeworkofthepowersconferredonthembylaw.MemberStatesshouldsetupspecializedbodiesofanadministrativeoradvisorynature.Theadministrativebodiesshouldbespecializedcentralorregionaldepartmentsentrustedwithcarryingoutprotectivemeasures.Accordingly,thosedepartmentsshouldbeinapositiontostudyproblemsofprotectionandscheduling,toundertakesurveysonthespot,topreparedecisionstobetakenandtosupervisetheirimplementation.Theyshouldlikewisebeentrustedwithproposingmeasuresdesignedtoreducethedangerswhichmaybeinvolvedincarryingoutcertaintypesofworkorrepairingdamagecausedbysuchwork.Theadvisorybodiesshouldconsistofcommissionsatnational,regionalorlocallevel,entrustedwiththetaskofstudyingquestionsrelatingtoprotectionandgivingtheiropiniononthosequestionstothecentralorregionalauthoritiesortothelocalcommunitiesconcerned.Theopinionofthesecommissionsshouldbesoughtinallcasesandingoodtime,particularlyatthestageofpreliminaryplanning,inthecaseoflarge-scaleworksofpublicinterest,suchasthebuildingofhighways,thesettingupofhydro-technicalornewindustrialinstallations,etc.MemberStatesshouldfacilitatetheformationandoperationofnationalandlocalnon-governmentalbodies,oneofwhosefunctionswouldbetocollaboratewiththebodiesmentionedinparagraphs31,32and33,particularlybyinformingthepublicandwarningtheappropriatedepartmentsofdangersthreateninglandscapesandsites.Violationoftherulesgoverningtheprotectionoflandscapesandsitesshouldinvolvepaymentofdamagesortheobligationtorestorethesitetoitsformercondition,asfaraspossible.Administrativeorcriminalprosecutionsshouldbeprovidedforinthecaseofdeliberatedamagetoprotectedlandscapesandsites.EducationofthepublicEducationalactionshouldbetakeninschoolandoutofschoolwithaviewtoarousinganddevelopingpublicrespectforlandscapesandsitesandpublicizingtheregulationslaiddowntoensuretheirprotection.Teacherstobeentrustedwiththistaskinschoolssh