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《英語國家社會(huì)與文化入門》
（上冊(cè)）TheSocietyandCultureofMajorEnglish-SpeakingCountriesAnIntroduction(BookI)《英語國家社會(huì)與文化入門》
（上冊(cè)）TheSocietyTheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland
Unit7BritishEducationSystem
TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBrGivetheEnglishandabriefexplanationforthefollowing:公學(xué)文法學(xué)校綜合學(xué)校牛津大學(xué)劍橋大學(xué)QuizGivetheEnglishandabriefe
FocalPoints
IntroductiontoBritishEducation-thepurposeoftheBritisheducationsystem-therelationshipbetweeneducationandsocialclassHistoryanddevelopmentofBritisheducation-theinfluenceofthechurchonschooling-the1944EducationAct-introductiontoaNationalCurriculumThepresenteducationsystem-thevarioussecondaryschoolsHighereducationinstitutions-famousolduniversities-theOpenUniversity
FocalPoints
TheUnitIsDividedintoFourSectionsIntroductiontoBritishEducationII.HistoryandDevelopmentofBritishEducationIII.ThePresentEducationSystemIV.HigherEducationInstitutionsTheUnitIsDividedintoFourI.
IntroductiontoBritishEducationThepurposeofBritisheducation:-toprovidestudentswithliteracyandtheotherbasicskills;-tosocialisestudentswholearntherulesandvaluestheyneedtobecomegoodcitizens,toparticipateinthecommunity,andtocontributetotheeconomicprosperityofanadvancedindustrialeconomyI.IntroductiontoBritishEdI.IntroductiontoBritishEducationTherelationshipbetweeneducationandsocialclass:
-SocialclassisstillveryimportantinBritishsociety.-AlthoughthesplitofBritishworkingandmiddleclassisnearlyhalfandhalf,theopportunitiesofeducationarequitedifferent.Childrenfromthemiddleclassesgotothe“right”schoolsandthe“right”universities.-Theschool(orcollege)tieisaclearmarkerofsocialclass.Thegraduatesfromthe“right”schoolsanduniversitiesnotonlydominatethegovernmentbuttheyarealsoveryinfluentialinbanking,themedia,theartsandeducation.-InBritain,whereyouareeducatedisstillveryimportanttoyourfuture.I.IntroductiontoBritishEduBritishEducationEtonCollegeisanEnglishindependentboardingschoollocatednear
Windsor.Iteducatesover1,300pupils,agedbetween13and18yearsandwasfoundedin1440byKingHenryVI.EtonisoneofnineEnglishindependentschools,commonlyreferredtoas"publicschools".(Right:EtonCollegein1690)BritishEducationEtonCo
BritishEducationAtschoolchildrenlearntherulesandvaluestheyneedtobecomegoodcitizens.
BritishEducationAtschoolchII.HistoryandDevelopmentofBritishEducationTheinfluenceofthechurchonschoolingThechangesbroughtbyIndustrialRevolutionThechangescausedbyWorldWarIIThe1944EducationActIntroductiontoaNationalCurriculumII.HistoryandDevelopmentoII.HistoryandDevelopmentofBritishEducationTheinfluenceofChurchonschooling:-Historically,educationwasvoluntaryandmanyoftheschoolsthatexistedweresetupbychurches;-TheinfluenceoftheChurchonschoolingisstillstrong:untilveryrecently,religiouseducationwastheonlysubjectwhichthestateinsistedallschoolsteachtheirpupils(othersubjectswereleftuptoschoolstodecideupon);-Dailyprayersandsinginghymnsisstillaregularpartofschoollife;-InkeepingwithchangestoBritishsociety,however,Christianityisnolongertheonlyreligionofficiallyrecognised.II.HistoryandDevelopmentoTheInfluenceoftheChurchonSchoolingHenryVIattachedthegreatestimportancetothereligiousaspectsofhisnewfoundationandheensuredthattheserviceswouldbeconductedonamag-nificentscalebyprovidinganestablishmentof10priestFellows,10chaplains,10clerksand16choristers.Therewere14serviceseachday.ThechapelinEtonCollege
TheInfluenceoftheChurchonThe1944EducationActAllchildrenwouldbeadmittedtoschoolsnotbecausetheywereofacertainsocialclassorbecausetheirparentspossessedacertainamountofmoney,butbecauseoftheabilitiestheydisplayed.Allchildrenweregiventherighttoafreesecondaryeducationandthemainconcernwastomakesurechildrenhadaccesstoagoodeducation.The1944EducationActAllchiIntroductiontoaNationalCurriculumin1989Allchildrenarerequiredtostudyanumberofsubjects.Theymustalsopassnationaltestsandschoolsarerankedaccordingtothesuccessoftheirpupilsinreachingnationaltargets.PracticaldecisionmakingwascarriedoutbyLocalEducationAuthorities,locatedatregionallevels,whichbasedontheirpoliciesonlocalconditions.IntroductiontoaNationalCurIII.ThePresentEducationSysteminBritainCompulsoryeducationAsystemofleaguetablesPrivateandstateschools-independentschools-comprehensiveschools-grammarschoolsIII.ThePresentEducationSyIII.ThePresentEducationSysteminBritainAsystemofleaguetables:Leaguetables---comparativetableswhichrankschoolsaccordingtopublicexaminationresults,truancyrates;destinationsofschoolleaversandsoon.Parentscanchoosebetweensendingtheirchildrentostateschoolsortoprivateschoolsaccordingtoasystemofleaguetables.III.ThePresentEducationSyIII.
ThePresentEducationSysteminBritain
Independentschools(publicschools):-Independentschoolsreceivetheirfundingmainlythroughtheprivatesectorandthroughtuitionrates.-They’renotpartofthenationaleducationsystem,butthequalityofinstructionandstandardsaremaintainedbyvisitsfromHerMajesty’sInspectorsofschools.
III.ThePresentEducationSy
IndependentSchoolsinBritain
WinchesterCollegeisanindependentschoolforboysintheBritishpublicschooltradition.SituatedinWinchester,Hampshire,England,ithasexistedinitspresentlocationforover600yearsandclaimsthelongestunbrokenhistoryofanyschoolinEngland.ItistheoldestoftheoriginalnineEnglishpublicschoolsandisoneoffourremainingfullboardingindependentschoolsintheUnitedKingdom.
IndependentSchoolsinBritaiIII.ThePresentEducationSysteminBritainComprehensiveschools:
-Inthe1960s,thecomprehensiveschoolswereintroducedalloverthecountrywhichendedthedivisionbetweengrammarschoolsandvocationalschools.-About90%ofsecondaryschoolsarecomprehensiveschools.Childrencanstudyeverythingfromacademicsubjectstomorepracticalsubjectswithoutreferencetotheiracademicabilities.-Nowadays,comprehensiveschoolsremainthemostcommontypeofstatesecondaryschoolinEngland,andtheonlytypeinWales.III.ThePresentEducationSyComprehensiveSchoolsinBritainGroveComprehensiveSchool,neartoBalderton,Nottinghamshire.ComprehensiveSchoolsinBritaIII.ThePresentEducationSysteminBritainGrammarschools:-Childrenareselectedattheageof11,throughanexaminationcalled“the11-plus”.-Grammarschoolsemphasizeadvancedacademicworkratherthanthemoregeneralcurriculumofthecomprehensiveschools.
III.ThePresentEducationSys
GrammarSchoolsinBritain
(Below:ManchesterGrammarSchool,thelargestandmostfamousofthedirectgrantgrammarschools.
GrammarSchoolsinBritain
(BGrammarSchoolsinBritainJohnMasonSchoolisacoeducationalsecondaryschoollocatedinAbingdon,Oxfordshire,England.Establishedasanoldgrammarschoolin1960,BerkshireEducationCommitteenamedJMSaftersixteenth-centuryintellectual,diplomatandspySirJohnMason.HewasborninAbingdonandeducatedatthenearbyAbingdonSchool.GrammarSchoolsinBritainJohIV.HigherEducationalInstitutionsFundsforBritishuniversitiesprovidedbycentralgovernment;ManyfamousolduniversitiesinBritain,thetwomostfamousbeing:-UniversityofOxfordbuiltinthe12thcentury-UniversityofCambridgefoundedin13thcenturyUKeducationinstitutionswellknownallovertheworld;TheOpenUniversity
IV.HigherEducationalInstitTheUniversityofOxford
OxfordUniversityistheoldestEnglish-speakinguniversityintheworld.Thereisnocleardateoffoundationbutteachinghasexistedinsomeformsince1096.Itsancientandbeautifulbuildingsstilldominatethecity,manyofthemownedbyColleges.TheUniversitysetscoursesyllabiandexaminations,provideslectures,groupteachingandlaboratories,admitsandsupervisespostgraduatesandawardsdegrees.OveraquarterofOxford'sstudentpopulationismadeupofinternationalstudentswithmorethan130nationalitiesrepresented.TheUniversityofOxfordTheUniversityofOxfordTheUniversityofOxfordTheUniversityofCambridge
Foundedin1209,Cambridgeisthesecond-oldestuniversityintheEnglish-speakingworldandtheworld's
third-oldestsurvivinguniversity.Itisaleadingacademiccenterandaself-governedcommunityofscholars.Itsreputationforoutstandingacademicachievementisknownworld-wideandreflectstheintellectualachievementofitsstudents,aswellastheworld-classoriginalresearchcarriedoutbythestaffoftheuniversityandthecolleges.TheUniversityofCambridgeTheUniversityofCambridgeTheUniversityofCambridgeTheUniversityofCambridgeTheUniversityofCambridgeTheUniversityofSt.Andrews
TheUniversityofSt.Andrewsisthe
oldestofthefourancientuniversitiesofScotland,andthethirdoldestuniversityintheEnglish-speakingworld
(followingOxfordandCambridge).Foundedbetween1410and1413,theuniversityisdividedintofouracademicFaculties:Arts,Divinity,Medicine,andScience.EachisgovernedbyaFacultyCouncilandadministeredbyaDean.Studentsapplytobecomemembersofaparticularfaculty,asopposedtoanyparticularschoolordepartment.
TheUniversityofSt.AndrewsTheUniversityofSt.AndrewsStudentsgathertowatchtheweddingofPrinceWilliamandKateMiddletononalargescreen,inthegroundsofStAndrewsUniversity.WilliamobtainedadegreefromtheUniversityofSt.Andrews.TheUniversityofSt.AndrewsSTheUniversityofEdinburghEdinburghUniversitywasfoundedin1583.TheUniversityhasmorethan22,000students,includingapproximately5,100internationalstudentsfrom120differentcountries
.Ithaseightcolleges:CollegeofLiberalArts,TheologicalSeminary,SchoolofLaw,SchoolofMedicine,SchoolofMusic,NaturalSciencesandEngineering,SchoolofVeterinaryMedicineandtheAcademyofSocialSciences,Institutefollowingsetmorethan50lines,240degreeprograms.TheuniversityplayedanimportantroleinleadingEdinburghtoitsreputationasachiefintellectualcentreduringtheAgeofEnlightenmentandgraduatesoftheuniversityincludesomeofthemajorfiguresofmodernhistory.TheUniversityofEdinburghEdiTheUniversityofEdinburghTheUniversityofEdinburghQuestionsforDiscussionA.WhatarethepurposesoftheBritisheducationsystem?B.HowdoestheBritisheducationsystemreflectsocialclass?C.WhatarethemajorchangesthathavetakenplacesinceWorldWarII?D.WhatarethemaincharacteristicsoftheBritishEducationSystem?E.WhataretheuniquefeaturesoftheBritishhighereducation?QuestionsforDiscussion《英語國家社會(huì)與文化入門》
（上冊(cè)）TheSocietyandCultureofMajorEnglish-SpeakingCountriesAnIntroduction(BookI)《英語國家社會(huì)與文化入門》
（上冊(cè)）TheSocietyTheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland
Unit7BritishEducationSystem
TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBrGivetheEnglishandabriefexplanationforthefollowing:公學(xué)文法學(xué)校綜合學(xué)校牛津大學(xué)劍橋大學(xué)QuizGivetheEnglishandabriefe
FocalPoints
IntroductiontoBritishEducation-thepurposeoftheBritisheducationsystem-therelationshipbetweeneducationandsocialclassHistoryanddevelopmentofBritisheducation-theinfluenceofthechurchonschooling-the1944EducationAct-introductiontoaNationalCurriculumThepresenteducationsystem-thevarioussecondaryschoolsHighereducationinstitutions-famousolduniversities-theOpenUniversity
FocalPoints
TheUnitIsDividedintoFourSectionsIntroductiontoBritishEducationII.HistoryandDevelopmentofBritishEducationIII.ThePresentEducationSystemIV.HigherEducationInstitutionsTheUnitIsDividedintoFourI.
IntroductiontoBritishEducationThepurposeofBritisheducation:-toprovidestudentswithliteracyandtheotherbasicskills;-tosocialisestudentswholearntherulesandvaluestheyneedtobecomegoodcitizens,toparticipateinthecommunity,andtocontributetotheeconomicprosperityofanadvancedindustrialeconomyI.IntroductiontoBritishEdI.IntroductiontoBritishEducationTherelationshipbetweeneducationandsocialclass:
-SocialclassisstillveryimportantinBritishsociety.-AlthoughthesplitofBritishworkingandmiddleclassisnearlyhalfandhalf,theopportunitiesofeducationarequitedifferent.Childrenfromthemiddleclassesgotothe“right”schoolsandthe“right”universities.-Theschool(orcollege)tieisaclearmarkerofsocialclass.Thegraduatesfromthe“right”schoolsanduniversitiesnotonlydominatethegovernmentbuttheyarealsoveryinfluentialinbanking,themedia,theartsandeducation.-InBritain,whereyouareeducatedisstillveryimportanttoyourfuture.I.IntroductiontoBritishEduBritishEducationEtonCollegeisanEnglishindependentboardingschoollocatednear
Windsor.Iteducatesover1,300pupils,agedbetween13and18yearsandwasfoundedin1440byKingHenryVI.EtonisoneofnineEnglishindependentschools,commonlyreferredtoas"publicschools".(Right:EtonCollegein1690)BritishEducationEtonCo
BritishEducationAtschoolchildrenlearntherulesandvaluestheyneedtobecomegoodcitizens.
BritishEducationAtschoolchII.HistoryandDevelopmentofBritishEducationTheinfluenceofthechurchonschoolingThechangesbroughtbyIndustrialRevolutionThechangescausedbyWorldWarIIThe1944EducationActIntroductiontoaNationalCurriculumII.HistoryandDevelopmentoII.HistoryandDevelopmentofBritishEducationTheinfluenceofChurchonschooling:-Historically,educationwasvoluntaryandmanyoftheschoolsthatexistedweresetupbychurches;-TheinfluenceoftheChurchonschoolingisstillstrong:untilveryrecently,religiouseducationwastheonlysubjectwhichthestateinsistedallschoolsteachtheirpupils(othersubjectswereleftuptoschoolstodecideupon);-Dailyprayersandsinginghymnsisstillaregularpartofschoollife;-InkeepingwithchangestoBritishsociety,however,Christianityisnolongertheonlyreligionofficiallyrecognised.II.HistoryandDevelopmentoTheInfluenceoftheChurchonSchoolingHenryVIattachedthegreatestimportancetothereligiousaspectsofhisnewfoundationandheensuredthattheserviceswouldbeconductedonamag-nificentscalebyprovidinganestablishmentof10priestFellows,10chaplains,10clerksand16choristers.Therewere14serviceseachday.ThechapelinEtonCollege
TheInfluenceoftheChurchonThe1944EducationActAllchildrenwouldbeadmittedtoschoolsnotbecausetheywereofacertainsocialclassorbecausetheirparentspossessedacertainamountofmoney,butbecauseoftheabilitiestheydisplayed.Allchildrenweregiventherighttoafreesecondaryeducationandthemainconcernwastomakesurechildrenhadaccesstoagoodeducation.The1944EducationActAllchiIntroductiontoaNationalCurriculumin1989Allchildrenarerequiredtostudyanumberofsubjects.Theymustalsopassnationaltestsandschoolsarerankedaccordingtothesuccessoftheirpupilsinreachingnationaltargets.PracticaldecisionmakingwascarriedoutbyLocalEducationAuthorities,locatedatregionallevels,whichbasedontheirpoliciesonlocalconditions.IntroductiontoaNationalCurIII.ThePresentEducationSysteminBritainCompulsoryeducationAsystemofleaguetablesPrivateandstateschools-independentschools-comprehensiveschools-grammarschoolsIII.ThePresentEducationSyIII.ThePresentEducationSysteminBritainAsystemofleaguetables:Leaguetables---comparativetableswhichrankschoolsaccordingtopublicexaminationresults,truancyrates;destinationsofschoolleaversandsoon.Parentscanchoosebetweensendingtheirchildrentostateschoolsortoprivateschoolsaccordingtoasystemofleaguetables.III.ThePresentEducationSyIII.
ThePresentEducationSysteminBritain
Independentschools(publicschools):-Independentschoolsreceivetheirfundingmainlythroughtheprivatesectorandthroughtuitionrates.-They’renotpartofthenationaleducationsystem,butthequalityofinstructionandstandardsaremaintainedbyvisitsfromHerMajesty’sInspectorsofschools.
III.ThePresentEducationSy
IndependentSchoolsinBritain
WinchesterCollegeisanindependentschoolforboysintheBritishpublicschooltradition.SituatedinWinchester,Hampshire,England,ithasexistedinitspresentlocationforover600yearsandclaimsthelongestunbrokenhistoryofanyschoolinEngland.ItistheoldestoftheoriginalnineEnglishpublicschoolsandisoneoffourremainingfullboardingindependentschoolsintheUnitedKingdom.
IndependentSchoolsinBritaiIII.ThePresentEducationSysteminBritainComprehensiveschools:
-Inthe1960s,thecomprehensiveschoolswereintroducedalloverthecountrywhichendedthedivisionbetweengrammarschoolsandvocationalschools.-About90%ofsecondaryschoolsarecomprehensiveschools.Childrencanstudyeverythingfromacademicsubjectstomorepracticalsubjectswithoutreferencetotheiracademicabilities.-Nowadays,comprehensiveschoolsremainthemostcommontypeofstatesecondaryschoolinEngland,andtheonlytypeinWales.III.ThePresentEducationSyComprehensiveSchoolsinBritainGroveComprehensiveSchool,neartoBalderton,Nottinghamshire.ComprehensiveSchoolsinBritaIII.ThePresentEducationSysteminBritainGrammarschools:-Childrenareselectedattheageof11,throughanexaminationcalled“the11-plus”.-Grammarschoolsemphasizeadvancedacademicworkratherthanthemoregeneralcurriculumofthecomprehensiveschools.
III.ThePresentEducationSys
GrammarSchoolsinBritain
(Below:ManchesterGrammarSchool,thelargestandmostfamousofthedirectgrantgrammarschools.
GrammarSchoolsinBritain
(BGrammarSchoolsinBritainJohnMasonSchoolisacoeducationalsecondaryschoollocatedinAbingdon,Oxfordshire,England.Establishedasanoldgrammarschoolin1960,BerkshireEducationCommitteenamedJMSaftersixteenth-centuryintellectual,diplomatandspySirJohnMason.HewasborninAbingdonandeducatedatthenearbyAbingdonSchool.GrammarSchoolsinBritainJohIV.HigherEducationalInstitutionsFundsforBritishuniversitiesprovidedbycentralgovernment;ManyfamousolduniversitiesinBritain,thetwomostfamousbeing:-UniversityofOxfordbuiltinthe12thcentury-UniversityofCambridgefoundedin13thcenturyUKeducationinstitutionswellknownallovertheworld;TheOpenUniversity
IV.HigherEducationalInstitTheUniversityofOxford
OxfordUniversityistheoldestEnglish-speakinguniversityintheworld.Thereisnocleardateoffoundationbutteachinghasexistedinsomeformsince1096.Itsancientandbeautifulbuildingsstilldominatethecity,manyofthemownedbyColleges.TheUniversitysetscoursesyllabiandexaminations,provideslectures,groupteachingandlaboratories,admitsandsupervisespostgraduatesandawardsdegrees.OveraquarterofOxford'sstudentpopulationismadeupofinternationalstudentswithmorethan130nationalitiesrepresented.TheUniversityofOxfordTheUniversityofOxfordTheUniversityofOxfordTheUniversityofCambridge
Foundedin1209,Cambridgeisthesecond-oldestuniversityintheEnglish-speakingworldandtheworld's
third-oldestsurvivinguniversity.Itisaleadingacademiccenterandaself-governedcommunityofscholars.Itsreputationforoutstandingacademicachievementisknownworld-
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