土木工程專業(yè)外語(yǔ)結(jié)課論文

word文檔可自由復(fù)制編輯AbstractAsinrecentyearstoacceleratethedevelopmentofcity,occupythecivilengineeringineconomicdevelopmentbecomesmoreandmoreimportant.YesInenteringastudentofCivilEngineeringUniversityofcivilengineering,haveadeepknowledgeisamust.WewillclassifytheprospectofcivilengineeringanalysisforustofurtherunderstandthewayofCivilEngineering.Keyword：CivilEngineeringDevelopmentClassification一、Introduction.Throughthiscourse,Igottoknowandunderstandtheirownprofessionalandindustryinthefutureareengagedin,butalsostimulatetheinterestofcivilengineering.Alampthatcourseislikethevastsea,isjustfromthewaywespecifiedthedirection,nomatterfromwhichangleisverymeaningful.Inthefuturecourseofstudy,wewillthenworkharder.ThefollowingismyafterlearningthiscoursealittleonCivilEngineeringknowledge.Civilengineeringisthegeneraltermfortheconstructionofvariousengineeringfacilitiesinscience,technologyandengineering.Itreferstothehumanlife,productionofvariouskindsofengineeringfacilities,suchasbuildingengineering,roadengineering,bridgeengineering,railwayengineering,portengineering,alsoreferstotheuseofmaterials,equipmentinthelandofreconnaissance,design,construction,engineeringandtechnicalactivities.Civilengineeringisoneofthepioneersoftheneedsofthesocietyandthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology"clothing,food,live,row";heinanycountryinthenationaleconomyoccupiesthepositionofplayadecisiverole.二、ThebasicpropertiesofCivilEngineering（1）、ComprehensiveAprojecttobuildthefacilitiesingeneraltogothroughinvestigation,designandconstructioninthreestages,needknowledgeandcomputerandmechanicaltesting,theuseofgeologicalprospectingprojects,hydrogeologicalsurvey,engineeringsurvey,soilmechanics,engineeringmechanics,engineeringdesign,buildingmaterials,constructionequipment,engineeringmachinery,buildingtheeconomy,andtheconstructiontechnology,constructionorganizationandotherareasoftechnology.Civilengineeringisthereforeabroadrangeofintegrateddisciplines.Withthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologydevelopmentandengineeringpractice,thecivilengineeringdisciplineshavealsobeendevelopedintoacomprehensivesystemofbroadconnotation,categorynumerous,complicatedstructure.Forexample,theengineeringfacilitiesconstructionofcivilengineeringusefunction,homelivingforsomepurposes,andasa"belaidtorest"grave;assomeproductionactivities;someareusefulforseaandairtransport;someareusedforwaterconservancy;othersasatoolforinformationtransmission;someasenergytransmissionmethodsetc..Thisrequirestheintegrateduseofvariouscivilengineeringmaterialconditions,tomeetthediverseneedsof.Civilengineeringhasdevelopedmanybranches,suchasbuildingengineering,railwayengineering,roadengineering,airportengineering,bridgeengineering,tunnelandundergroundengineering,specialengineeringstructure,watersupplyanddrainageengineering,cityheatingandgassupplyengineering,portengineering,waterconservancyengineering.Someofthesebranches,suchaswaterconservancyproject,duetothedevelopmentofitsobjectisgrowingandspecializedinscienceandtechnology,hasbeenfromthecivilengineeringdivisionbyanindependentdisciplinarysystem,buttheyarestillverymuchhasthecommonfeaturesofcivilengineering.、SocialCivilengineeringisaccompaniedbythedevelopmentofhumansocietyandthedevelopmentof.Itworksintheconstructionoffacilitiesreflectthefaceofsocialandeconomicdevelopment,technology,science,cultureineveryhistoricalperiod,sothecivilengineeringhasbecomeoneofthesocialandhistoricaldevelopmentofthewitness.Inancienttimes,peoplebegantobuildsimplehouses,roads,bridgesandfarmland,tomeetthesimplelifeandproductionneeds.Later,peopleinordertoadapttothewar,productionanddisseminationofreligiouslifeandtheneedtobuildthecity,canals,,palaces,templesandotherbuildings.Manywell-knownworksshowninthishistoricalperiodofhumancreativity.Forexample,ChinatheGreatWall,Dujiangyan,theGrandeCanale,theZhaozhouBridge,theYingxianWoodTower,thePyramidofEgypt,Greece'sParthenon,Rome'swatersupplyproject,KoloSimArena(RomeColiseum),andmanyotherfamouschurches,palaces.Aftertheindustrialrevolution,especiallyintwentiethCentury,ontheonehandisthesocietyputsforwardnewrequirementstothecivilengineering;ontheotherhand,eachfieldofthesocietytocreategoodconditionsfortheadvancementofcivilengineering.Suchasbuildingmaterials(steel,cement)forindustrialproduction,machineryandenergytechnologyanddesigntheoryofprogress,haveprovidedmaterialandtechnicalguaranteeforcivilengineering.Thusthisperiodofcivilengineeringhasmakeaspurtofprogressofdevelopment.Intherestoftheworldinthemodernlarge-scaleindustrialplants,skyscrapers,nuclearpowerplants,highwaysandrailways,long-spanbridge,largediameterpipeline,longtunnel,theGrandeCanale,bigdams,bigairport,portandmarineengineeringetc..Moderncivilengineeringtocreateanewphysicalenvironmentforthehumansociety,hasbecomeanimportantpartofmoderncivilizationofhumansociety.（3）PracticalityCivilengineeringisaverypracticalsubject.Intheearlydays,throughthecivilengineeringpractice,summingupsuccessfulexperience,especiallydrawlessonsfromthefailureofdeveloped.FromthebeginningofseventeenthCentury,withGalileoandNewtonasacombinationofpilotwiththemechanicsofthemoderncivilengineeringpractice,graduallyformedthemechanicalmaterialmechanics,structuralmechanics,fluidmechanics,rockmass,asthebasisofthetheoryofcivilengineeringdiscipline.Thisexperienceincivilengineeringfromthegraduallydevelopedintoascience.Intheprocessofthedevelopmentofcivilengineering,engineeringpracticeoftenfirstexperienceintheory,engineeringaccidentsoftenshowanewunforeseenfactors,triggeringanewtheoryofresearchanddevelopment.Yetmanyengineeringproblems,stillrelyonpracticalexperienceintheverygreatdegree.Thedevelopmentofcivilengineeringtechnologywiththemainreasonforengineeringpracticeandnotbyvirtueofscientificexperimentsandtheoreticalstudies,fortworeasons:oneissomeobjectiveconditionsaretoocomplex,difficulttofaithfullycarryoutlaboratoryorfieldtestingandanalysis.Forexample,thefoundation,tunnelandundergroundengineeringbytheforceanddeformationofthestateanditschangesovertime,stillneedtorefertoananalysisofengineeringexperiencetojudge.Twoisonlyanewengineeringpractice,inordertorevealnewproblems.Forexample,theconstructionofahigh-risebuildings,high-risetowerandmastspanbridges,windandearthquakeengineeringproblemshighlighted,inordertodevelopthisnewtheoryandtechnology.Theunityofthepeopleoftechnology,economicandarchitecturalartistobuildaneconomicandengineeringfacilities,scheduledtomeettheneedsofusers,includingaestheticrequirements.Andaprojecteconomyiscloselyrelatedtothetechnologyandactivities.Firstofallworksoftheeconomicperformanceoflocation,overallplanninginengineering,followedbytheperformanceinthedesignandconstructiontechnology.Thetotalinvestmentinconstructionprojects,duringtheeconomicbenefitsanduseprojectafterthecompletionoftherepaircosts,itistheimportantmeasureofEngineeringeconomy.Closelylinkedtothesetechnicalproblems,needtoconsider.Meettheperformancerequirementsofthecivilengineeringfacilitiesasaspaceforart,firstofallthroughthegenerallayout,itsshape,size,proportionofeachpartofthelines,colors,darkshadowwiththesurroundingenvironment,includingitscoordinationwiththenatureharmoniousshows;thesecondisreflectedbytheattachedtothelocaladornmentengineeringfacilities.Themodellingofengineeringfacilitiesanddecorationcanalsoshowthelocalstyle,ethnicstyleandthestyleofthetimes.Asuccessful,beautifulengineeringfacilities,canthesceneryaroundtown,theappearanceofbeauty,givepeopletheenjoymentofbeauty;onthecontrary,willdamagetheenvironment.Inthelong-termpracticeofcivilengineering,peoplenotonlybuildinggreatattentiontothearts,hasmadeoutstandingachievements;andotherworks,butalsothroughtheuseofdifferentbuildingmaterials,suchastheuseofstone,steelandreinforcedconcrete,constructionofmanyintheartsisverybeautiful,functionalandverygoodprojectcooperationthenaturalenvironment.TheancientChinatheGreatWall,themodernworld,manyofthetelevisiontowerandthebridge,areexamplesinthisregard.三、TheevolutionhistoryofCivilEngineeringTheancientancientcivilengineeringcivilengineeringhasalongtimespan,itroughlyfrom5000BCduringthenewstoneagetothemiddleoftheseventeenthCentury,beforeandafterabout7000.Thebrilliantachievementshavebeenachievedinbuilding,bridgeengineering,waterconservancy,towerengineeringetc..Someancientcivilizationsofmanyfamousmasterpiece,stillstandasfirmasarock.Forexample,China'stheGreatWall,thePyramidofEgypt.BuiltinsixthCenturyadZhaozhouBridgeopenshouldertypearchbridge,istheworld'sfirst,in1991bytheUSAsocietyofcivilengineeringpickedforthe12Shangdicivilengineeringmilepost.InmoderncivilengineeringcivilengineeringofthetimespanfrommidseventeenthCenturytomidtwentiethCentury,beforeandafterabout300years.Inthemeantime,buildingmaterialsfromnaturalmaterialstowood-basedmaterials,theconstructiontheoryismainlysummarizedfromlong-termconstructionexperiencetotheimportanceofsciencebothexperiencechange.Constructiontechniques,someexcellentperformanceoflargemachinerywithvariousappearextremelyefficientconstructionmethods,whichmakepeoplecanbuildcomplexstructureortheenvironmentofthecivilengineering.DuringthecompletionoftheEiffelTower,theTheEmpireStateBuildingandtheGoldenGateBridge,stillbethegreatcivilengineering.ModerncivilengineeringinmoderncivilengineeringbeganinmidtwentiethCentury.Developmentsofar,civilengineeringhavemadegreatprogressinbuildingmaterials,structuretheoryandconstructiontechnology.Buildingmaterial,highstrengthconcrete,highstrengthlowalloysteel,highpolymermaterial,temperedglassmoreandmoreappearinbuilding.Structureofthetheory,usingthepowerfulcomputingandgraphicscapabilityofelectroniccomputer,theactualsituationofmechanicalanalysisandcalculationresultsmoreinlinewiththeresults,makesthestructuredesignmorereliable.Fortheconstructiontechnology,hasbeendevelopedtointegrationofmachine-electricity-computer,constructionprocess,whetheritisGod,intooroverthehill,thesea,havenotconstructionbarriers;andthewidespreaduseofweldingtechnology,alsomakesthedevelopmentofsteelstructurehasenteredanewstage.Moderncivilengineeringmaderemarkablebuildingsare:China'sTaipeiinternationalfinancialcenter,theShanghaiJinmaoTower,KualaLumpurMalaysiaOilMansion,TwinTowersbuilding,France'sNormandycable-stayedbridgeetc..四、Civilengineeringclassification（1）ArchitecturalEngineeringConstructionreferstoinstallactivitiesthroughtheconstructionofvarioustypesofbuildingsandancillaryfacilitiesandthematchedlines,pipelines,equipmentengineeringentity.The"housing"referstotheroof,walls,foundationofLiangZhu,andtoformtheinternalspace,meetpeople'sproduction,living,learning,publicactivities,includingworkshops,theatre,hotel,shops,schools,hospitalsandresidential;"ancillaryfacilities"meansismatchedwithbuildings,bicycleshed,watertowerpooletc.."Lines,pipelines,equipmentinstallation"referstotheinstallationandmatchedwiththebuildingandaffiliatedfacilitiesthereofelectrical,drainage,communication,elevatorsandotherlines,pipelines,equipment.FromthefirstAmericanriseofhigh-risebuilding.1883inChicagotobuildtheselfbearingandsteelframefirstbrick,11storyhighinsurancecompanybuilding.Withtheconcentrationofpopulationinthebigcity,withcitylandincreasinglytense,aswellastheelevatoroftheinventionandapplication,structurethetheorybreakthrough,newmaterialshavebeendeveloped,high-risebuildingsbegantoappearinlargenumbers,andincreasinglylargescaleconstruction,theheightofthebuildingismoreandmorehigh.In1913andbuilta52storyhighWoolworthBuildinginNewYork,builtin1913inNewYork,102storieshigh,381metreTheEmpireStateBuilding.Butdespitetheframestructureandsteelconcretematerialsadvancedsteel,otherformsarenotcreatedwiththenewtypeofconstruction,toadapttootherideas,peoplestillwanderinginthemedievaltallandstraightarchitecturalform,sothenewstructuretypeisthetraditionalbuildingwrappedinform,structureandmodeltobeginwith.(2)RoadandBridgeEngineeringRelationshipbetweentheroadandthepeopleareveryclose,aroundus,everymomentcansee,cityandcity,cityandcountryside,betweenruralandruralandinteriorareconnectedtogetherbytheroad.Inrecentyears,ourcountryhighwayconstructionhasobtainedthegoodachievement."Fifteen"threeyearsago,thehighwayconstructioninvestmentaccountedfortheproportionofGDPmaintainedat3.1~3.2%,investmentisgrowingatanannualrateof17%.Highwayconstructionhavethefollowingcharacteristics:theprovincehighwaymileagemorethanhalfofthemorethan1000kilometers.Thenewhighwaytrafficmileageof46000kilometers,thetotalmileageto1810000km;thenewhighway4600km,thehighwaytrafficmileageofnearly30000km.TongjiangtoSanya,BeijingtoZhuhai,Huoerguosi,LianyungangtoShanghaitoChengdufournationaltrunkroadthroughbasic,soastorealizethe"firstphaseconstructionoffiveverticalandsevenhorizontal"mainlinehighwaysystem,namely"twoverticalandtwohorizontalthreemajorsections"allthroughthe.SincetwentiethCentury,theworld'sbridgehasmaderemarkableachievements,allkindsofbridge,bridgehavebeendeveloped,suchasJapaneseAkashikaikyobridge(mainspanof1990meters),theSwissGunterbridgeetc..Inrecentyears,thebridgeengineeringinChinahasenteredaperiodofvigorousdevelopment.TheadmiringofNanjingYangtzeRiverBridge,HongkongJiangyinbridge,KAPShuiMunbridge,RunyangBridge,threecountiesislandwithsingletowerandsinglecableplanecable-stayedbridgeetc..(3)ThetunnelandundergroundengineeringIntoday'sworld,thehumanbeingtotheundergroundspacedevelopment,marineand.Totheundergrounddevelopmentcanbesummarizedas:thedevelopmentofundergroundresources,undergroundenergydevelopmentandtheundergroundspacedevelopmentinthreeaspects.Theuseofundergroundspaceisthe"line"oftheuseoflargesection,tothe"space"bytheprogressof.DevelopmentandutilizationofundergroundspaceinChinabeganinthe60's.The1965BeijingMetroconstruction.In70,Chinabuiltanumberofundergroundcivilairdefenseprojects,ofwhichaconsiderablepartofthecurrenthavebeendevelopedandutilized,intoundergroundstreet,undergroundshoppingmalls,undergroundfactoriesandstorage.Since90time,trafficandmunicipalfacilitiesundergroundcityinChinaacceleratedtheconstructionspeed.ShanghaiMetroLine1,MetroLine2hasbeenopened.ThedevelopmentandutilizationofChina'sundergroundspacenetworksystemconstructionhasbegun,manywithinthesurfacetothe30moftheshallowundergroundengineering.Canbepredictedwiththedevelopmentofeconomy,undergroundengineeringinourcountrywillenteraperiodofvigorousdevelopment.Therapiddevelopmentofmodernundergroundengineering,allkindsoftypicalengineeringfamousvast.Theworldhasbuilthundredsofcityundergroundrailway.Insomedevelopedcountries,graduallytheundergroundcommercialstreet,undergroundparking,subwayandundergroundpipelinesarecombinedtogether,becometheundergroundcomplexmultifunction.(4)RailwayEngineeringRailwayengineeringincludinginitialandrailwayrelatedcivil(LuJi,track,bridge,tunnel,station),mechanical(locomotive,vehicle)andsignalengineering.Withthefurtherdivisionofthedevelopmentoftheconstructionandtechnology,someengineeringgraduallyformedanindependentdiscipline,suchaslocomotiveengineering,vehicleengineering,signalengineering;othersgraduallyintotheirrespectivethissubject,suchasbridgeengineering,tunnelengineering.Nowtherailwayengineeringisawordonlyinnarrowsensereferstotherailwayline,railwaytrack,subgradeengineering,railwaystationandthehub.FutureofCivilEngineeringAseveryoneknows,civilengineeringishumanonearthagreatancientengineeringactivities,alongwiththesocialeconomydevelopment,scienceandtechnology,cultureandotherfields,manynewthingsandchallengesitfacesinthenewcenturywill.Asajustcontactthecivilengineeringcollegestudents,Ithinkheisinthenewcenturydevelopmentandchallengesincludethefollowingaspects:first,theproblemofsustainabledevelopmentincivilengineering;second,civilengineeringtothedevelopmentofundergroundspace;third,therapiddevelopmentofgreenbuildinginthefuture;fourth,morescientificandreasonablecivilengineeringmanagementandoperation.Sustainabledevelopmentproblemincivilengineeringcivilengineeringisthefaceofearthtransformationinlargescaleoneofhumanengineeringactivity,thisactivitynotonlyneedtoconsumealargeamountofnaturalresources,andthepossibleimpactanddestructionofnaturalenvironment.So,civilengineeringmustimplementthestrategyofsustainabledevelopment.Sustainabledevelopmentofcivilengineeringisanindispensablepartofoursocialandeconomicsustainabledevelopment.Asamainparticipant-CivilEngineerofthisactivity,shouldthewholeprocesshastheresponsibilityandobligationinthisactivitytothespiritofinnovation,researcheffortstoimplementthestrategyofsustainabledevelopmentanddeepen.InChina,thebasicfeaturesofcivilconstructionandenvironmentintwenty-firstCenturycanbefurtherdividedintofouraspects:first,"civil"focusonaccesstothe"informationresources",and"informationresources"tocoverthematerialresources,energyresourcesandecologicalresources.Itisthiscoveras"thebestconfigurationofcivilarchitectureandthenaturalresourcesan