考研英語(yǔ)閱讀理解終極指導(dǎo)1

點(diǎn)這里，看更多英語(yǔ)資料中公考研，讓考研變得簡(jiǎn)單！查看更多考研英語(yǔ)輔導(dǎo)資料考研英語(yǔ)怎么復(fù)習(xí)？在考研復(fù)習(xí)中，復(fù)習(xí)資料的選擇至關(guān)重要。中公考研輔導(dǎo)老師為考生整理了【考研英語(yǔ)-閱讀理解知識(shí)點(diǎn)講解和習(xí)題】，同時(shí)可以為大家提供名師考研英語(yǔ)視頻、考研英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)資料、考研英語(yǔ)真題和考研英語(yǔ)輔導(dǎo)等，助您沖擊名校！閱讀理解終極指導(dǎo)Ⅰ：文章“讀懂”的秘密考研英語(yǔ)閱讀的文章多選自西方國(guó)家核心期刊雜志的學(xué)術(shù)性議論文。一篇議論文的構(gòu)成主要有論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)兩部分。作者在文章中提出自己的觀點(diǎn)，或我們稱(chēng)之為論點(diǎn)，然后運(yùn)用各類(lèi)論證手段，各種類(lèi)型的論據(jù)證明自己的觀點(diǎn)，為讀者所接受。因此，“讀懂文章”重在找到論點(diǎn)，理清論據(jù)。一、尋找文章論點(diǎn)考生首先要有尋找文章論點(diǎn)的意識(shí)，根據(jù)歷年真題的考查情況，我們可以總結(jié)如下：考研英語(yǔ)閱讀的文章通常在首段以及第二段首句的范圍提出自己的觀點(diǎn)。這基本上是由西方人的直線(xiàn)型思維模式?jīng)Q定的。(一）論點(diǎn)在首段首句關(guān)注文章各段首句，尤其是第一段首句。這一點(diǎn)充分體現(xiàn)了西方人的思維習(xí)慣對(duì)語(yǔ)言的影響，西方人屬于直線(xiàn)式思維模式，習(xí)慣于開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山的表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)，然后通過(guò)各種論述方法論證自己的觀點(diǎn)。因此通常情況下，文章首段首句是文章的中心句，各段首句是段落中心句。［例1］WhydosomanyAmericansdistrustwhattheyreadintheirnewspapers?TheAmericanSocietyofNewspaperEditorsistryingtoanswerthispainfulquestion.Theorganizationisdeepintoalongself-analysisknownasthejournalismcredibilityproject…[2001年]本文的作者在文章開(kāi)篇,以一個(gè)問(wèn)句的形式提出中心句,接下來(lái)整篇文章全部圍繞這個(gè)問(wèn)題展開(kāi):為什么美國(guó)人不信任他們?cè)趫?bào)紙中讀到的東西?以問(wèn)句提出疑問(wèn)在考研英語(yǔ)的真題中偶然會(huì)出現(xiàn),考生可以再參考2007年第一篇文章。［例2］Inrecentyears,railroadshavebeencombiningwitheachother,mergingintosupersystems,causingheightenedconcernsaboutmonopoly.Asrecentlyas1995,thetopfourrailroadsaccountedforunder70percentofthetotalton-milesmovedbyrails.Nextyear,afteraseriesofmergersiscompleted,justfourrailroadswillcontrolwellover90percentofallthefreightmovedbymajorrailcarriers…[2003年]本文開(kāi)篇直接交待近幾年鐵路行業(yè)出現(xiàn)的一個(gè)現(xiàn)象：各家鐵路公司相互之間不斷并購(gòu)，使得民眾擔(dān)心壟斷出現(xiàn)。第一段的第二三句通過(guò)數(shù)據(jù)佐證這個(gè)并購(gòu)現(xiàn)象，下文圍繞是否會(huì)產(chǎn)生壟斷展開(kāi)論述。［例3］Americansnolongerexpectpublicfigures,whetherinspeechorinwriting,tocommandtheEnglishlanguagewithskillandgift.Nordotheyaspiretosuchcommandthemselves.Inhislatestbook,DoingOurOwnThing:TheDegradationofLanguageandMusicandWhyWeShould,Like,Care,JohnMcWhorter,alinguistandcontroversialistofmixedliberalandconservativeviews,seesthetriumphof1960scounter-cultureasresponsibleforthedeclineofformalEnglish…[2005年]本文也屬于段首句提出文章中心：美國(guó)的公眾人物不再對(duì)自己英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言高要求。下文開(kāi)始討論JohnMcWhorter在自己的書(shū)中DoingOurOwnThing:TheDegradationofLanguageandMusicandWhyWeShould,Like,Care,提出的這一觀點(diǎn)的準(zhǔn)確性。（二）論點(diǎn)在首段末句［例1］“TheHeartoftheMatter,”thejust-releasedreportbytheAmericanAcademyofArtsandSciences(AAAS),deservespraiseforaffirmingtheimportanceofthehumanitiesandsocialsciencestotheprosperityandsecurityofliberaldemocracyinAmerica.Regrettably,however,thereport’sfailuretoaddressthetruenatureofthecrisisfacingliberaleducationmaycausemoreharmthangood.［2014年］?本文的文章中心即為Regrettably,however,thereport’sfailuretoaddressthetruenatureofthecrisisfacingliberaleducationmaycausemoreharmthangood.后文圍繞報(bào)告的不足之處進(jìn)行展開(kāi)。［例2］Duringthepastgeneration,theAmericanmiddle-classfamilythatoncecouldcountonhardworkandfairplaytokeepitselffinanciallysecurehasbeentransformedbyeconomicriskandnewrealities.Nowapinkslip,abaddiagnosis,oradisappearingspousecanreduceafamilyfromsolidlymiddleclasstonewlypoorinafewmonths.［2007年］?本文的中心主旨是Nowapinkslip,abaddiagnosis,oradisappearingspousecanreduceafamilyfromsolidlymiddleclasstonewlypoorinafewmonths.下文運(yùn)用各類(lèi)論據(jù)論述美國(guó)中產(chǎn)階級(jí)的經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況非常不穩(wěn)定。（三）論點(diǎn)在第二段首句關(guān)注文章第二段首句。這類(lèi)文章一個(gè)顯著的特點(diǎn)是，作者先說(shuō)明一個(gè)現(xiàn)象或講述一個(gè)事件；在該段末，作者針對(duì)這個(gè)現(xiàn)象提出相應(yīng)的觀點(diǎn)。這類(lèi)文章的首段有一個(gè)顯著的特點(diǎn)，作者在說(shuō)明現(xiàn)象和講述事件的時(shí)候通常使用描述性語(yǔ)言和記敘性語(yǔ)言；而在第二段首句出現(xiàn)的文章論點(diǎn)通常是議論性語(yǔ)言。［例1］Intheearly1960sWiltChamberlainwasoneofonlythreeplayersintheNationalBasketballAssociationlistedatoversevenfeet.Ifhehadplayedlastseason,however,hewouldhavebeenoneof42.Thebodiesplayingmajorprofessionalsportshavechangeddramaticallyovertheyears,andmanagershavebeenmorethanwillingtoadjustteamuniformstofitthegrowingnumbersofbigger,longerframes.Thetrendinsports,though,maybeobscuringanunrecognizedreality:Americanshavegenerallystoppedgrowing….［2008年］?本文的中心主旨是二段首句，作者通過(guò)講述首段的WiltChamberlain身高的故事，以?huà)伌u引玉的方式引出文章中心：Americanshavegenerallystoppedgrowing美國(guó)人停止了生長(zhǎng)。［例2］thepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshavebeengrantedforwhatarecalledbusinessmethods.Areceivedoneforits“one-click”onlinepaymentsystem.MerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforliftingabox.Nowthenation’stoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalebackonbusiness-methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.Inamovethathasintellectual-propertylawyersabuzz,theU.S.CourtofAppealsfortheFederalCircuitsaiditwoulduseaparticularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.InreBilski,asthecaseisknown,is“averybigdeal,”saysDennisD.CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchooloflaw.It“hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents.”［2010年］（四）表示轉(zhuǎn)折的句子通常為段落論點(diǎn)關(guān)注文章首段或其他段落中表示轉(zhuǎn)承，因果的句子。通常情況下，首段出現(xiàn)這樣的句子,要么是中心句，要么與中心密切相關(guān)；而在文章其他段落出現(xiàn)這樣的句子通常為段落主旨句。［例1］Allaroundtheworld,lawyersgeneratemorehostilitythanthemembersofanyotherprofession—withthepossibleexceptionofjournalism.ButtherearefewplaceswhereclientshavemoregroundsforcomplaintthanAmerica.[2014年]最近幾年的考題中以轉(zhuǎn)折引出文章中心的考題并不少見(jiàn)，本文是其中之一。那么本文開(kāi)始圍繞中心：為什么美國(guó)的法律事務(wù)客戶(hù)會(huì)對(duì)律師有如此多的投訴。［例2］Onafivetothreevote,theSupremeCourtknockedoutmuchofArizona’simmigrationlawMonday—amodestpolicyvictoryfortheObamaAdministration.ButonthemoreimportantmatteroftheConstitution,thedecisionwasan8-0defeatfortheAdministration’sefforttoupsetthebalanceofpowerbetweenthefederalgovernmentandthestates.［2013年］本文的中心句是第一段的這個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折句，作者的下文圍繞upsetthebalanceofpowerbetweenthefederalgovernmentandthestates展開(kāi)。因此考生要讀懂考研閱讀的文章，首先要學(xué)會(huì)有意識(shí)地尋找文章的中心主旨，通過(guò)研究真題，整理總結(jié)文章主旨的提出方式，基本上每年必考的主旨題也就迎刃而解了。二、理清論據(jù)當(dāng)作者提出文章中心，即這篇議論文的論點(diǎn)后，接下來(lái)還會(huì)運(yùn)用各類(lèi)論據(jù)證明自己的觀點(diǎn)，考生應(yīng)學(xué)會(huì)整理。在考研英語(yǔ)閱讀文章中，作者經(jīng)常使用的論據(jù)類(lèi)型包括：引用專(zhuān)家教授等人的觀點(diǎn)、數(shù)字論據(jù)、事實(shí)論據(jù)，以及實(shí)驗(yàn)調(diào)查研究等。（一）一種論據(jù)［例1］（數(shù)字論據(jù)）Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdepends,inpart,uponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness.InAmerica,thecorescientificpublishingmarketisestimatedatbetween$7billionand$11billion.TheInternationalAssociationofScientificTechnicalandMedicalPublisherssaysthattherearemorethan2,000publishersworldwidespecializinginthesesubjects.Theypublishmorethan1.2millionarticleseachyearinsome16,000journals.?本段的段落觀點(diǎn)是Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdepends,inpart,uponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness.緊接著作者使用數(shù)字論據(jù)InAmerica,thecorescientificpublishingmarketisestimatedatbetween$7billionand$11billion.TheInternationalAssociationofScientificTechnicalandMedicalPublisherssaysthattherearemorethan2,000publishersworldwidespecializinginthesesubjects.Theypublishmorethan1.2millionarticleseachyearinsome16,000journals.證明期刊出版行業(yè)規(guī)模非常大。那么考生在閱讀的時(shí)候不用把太多時(shí)間和精力放到這些數(shù)據(jù)的閱讀上，而能明白這些數(shù)字的存在僅僅是為了證明期刊出版行業(yè)規(guī)模之大。［例2］（專(zhuān)家觀點(diǎn)）Dr.Yehudanotesanotherdifferencebetweenthesexes.“Ithinkthatthekindsofthingsthatwomenareexposedtotendtobeinachronicorrepeatednature.Mengotowarandareexposedtocombatstress.Menareexposedtomoreactsofrandomphysicalviolence.Thekindsofinterpersonalviolencethatwomenareexposedtotendtobeindomesticsituations,by,unfortunately,parentsorotherfamilymembers,andtheytendnottobeone-shotdeals.Thewear-and-tearthatcomesfromtheselongerrelationshipscanbequitedevastating.”［2008年］?本段的核心目標(biāo)是說(shuō)明兩性之間的第三個(gè)差別anotherdifferencebetweenthesexes.作者直接引用她的觀點(diǎn)，說(shuō)明兩性面對(duì)的壓力的巨大差別。（二）多種論據(jù)結(jié)合［例1］（數(shù)字論據(jù)+專(zhuān)家觀點(diǎn)）Thetrendinsports,though,maybeobscuringanunrecognizedreality:Americanshavegenerallystoppedgrowing.Thoughtypicallyabouttwoinchestallernowthan140yearsago,today'speople--especiallythoseborntofamilieswhohavelivedintheU.S.formanygenerations--apparentlyreachedtheirlimitintheearly1960s.Andtheyaren'tlikelytogetanytaller.“Inthegeneralpopulationtoday,atthisgenetic,environmentallevel,we'veprettymuchgoneasfaraswecango,”saysanthropologistWilliamCameronChumleaofWrightStateUniversity.InthecaseofNBAplayers,theirincreaseinheightappearstoresultfromtheincreasinglycommonpracticeofrecruitingplayersfromallovertheworld.［2008年］?在這個(gè)段落中，作者提出觀點(diǎn)Americanshavegenerallystoppedgrowing美國(guó)人停止生長(zhǎng)。隨后作者使用了數(shù)字論據(jù)Thoughtypicallyabouttwoinchestallernowthan140yearsago,today'speople--especiallythoseborntofamilieswhohavelivedintheU.S.formanygenerations--apparentlyreachedtheirlimitintheearly1960s.接著，作者引用專(zhuān)家觀點(diǎn)“Inthegeneralpopulationtoday,atthisgenetic,environmentallevel,we'veprettymuchgoneasfaraswecango,”saysanthropologistWilliamCameronChumleaofWrightStateUniversity.進(jìn)行論證。如果分清這個(gè)論點(diǎn)論據(jù)關(guān)系，考生在閱讀的時(shí)候就不會(huì)糾結(jié)于論據(jù)中一些細(xì)節(jié)表達(dá)讀不懂的問(wèn)題。［例2］（專(zhuān)家觀點(diǎn)+事實(shí)論據(jù)）Weshouldnotforget,however,thatmostNewEnglanderswerelesswelleducated.Whilefewcraftsmenorfarmers,letalonedependentsandservants,leftliterarycompositionstobeanalyzed,itisobviousthattheirviewswerelessfullyintellectualized.Theirthinkingoftenhadatraditionalsuperstitiousquality.AtailornamedJohnDane,whoemigratedinthelate1630s,leftanaccountofhisreasonsforleavingEnglandthatisfilledwithsigns.Sexualcon