非謂語動詞用

PAGEPAGE12非謂語動詞動詞除了在句子中充當謂語外，還具有名詞、形容詞及副詞的性質動詞的非謂語形式，可在句中作主語、表語、賓語、定語、補語和狀語等，稱作非謂語動詞，包括動詞不定式、分詞和動名詞。第一節(jié)知識點概述一、動詞不定式動詞不定式的基本形式是“to+動詞原形”，有時可以不帶to。動詞不定式沒有人稱和數的變化，在句子中不能作謂語，但可以擔任主語、表語、賓語、狀語和賓語補足語。動詞不定式仍保留動詞的一些特點。（一）動詞不定式的特征及用法1.動詞不定式的構成及特征“to+動詞原形”構成動詞不定式，是一種非謂語形式，在句子中不能作謂語，沒有人稱和數的變化，它具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征。2.動詞不定式的用法動詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征，在句子中可以作主語、表語、賓語、定語和狀語。作主語例如：TolearnEnglishwellisnoteasy.或ItisnoteasytolearnEnglishwell.動詞不定式作主語時，往往用it作形式主語，這種句型可歸納為下面的句型：Itis+adj.+動詞不定式如果要說明不定式的動作執(zhí)行者，可以用forItis+adj.+forsb.todosth.作表語Mywishistobecomeateacher.作賓語Mostofusliketowatchfootballmatches.作賓語補足語Hetoldmetobehereontime.作定語Ihavenothingtosayaboutthatthing.作狀語Hestoppedtohavealook.3.動詞不定式的否定形式動詞不定式的否定形式not+to+動詞原形例如：Heaskedmenottomakesuchamistake.4.動詞不定式與疑問詞連用疑問代詞who,what,which和疑問副詞when,where,how,why等后面可以接動詞不定式，構成動詞不定式短語，可以在句子中作主語、賓語、表語等成分。例如：(1)Hedoesn’tknowhowtousethemachine. （不定式作賓語） (2)Howtousethemachineisaquestion. （不定式作主語） (3)Thequestioniswhentogothere. （不定式作表語）（二）動詞不定式的時態(tài)和被動形動詞不定式是非謂語動詞的一種，由不定式符號(to)加動詞原形構成。不定式的形式有五種：一般式todo例如：IliketoreadEnglish.進行式tobedoing例如：Heseemedtobereadingsomethingatthattime.完成式tohavedone例如：Heseemedtohavecleanedtheroom.被動式tobedone例如：Theworkistobedonesoon.完成被動式tohavebeendone例如：Theboyissaidtohavebeensenttohospitalyesterday.二、分詞分詞是動詞非謂語形式的一種，包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。現(xiàn)在分詞表示：主動，動作正在進行。過去分詞表示：被動，動作已經完成。（一）分詞的作用分詞在句中可以作定語、表語、狀語和賓語補足語。例如：1．作定語Doyouknowtheboystandingatthegate?HaveyoureadthebookwrittenbyLuXun？2．作表語Weareexcitedatthenews.Thenewshetoldusisexciting.3．作賓語補足語Iheardhimsingingasongintheclassroom.Wefoundthegroundcoveredwithsnow.4．作狀語Whilelyinginbed,helistenedtosomemusic.Seenfromthehill,thevillagelooksmovebeautiful.分詞作狀語時，它的邏輯主語就是句子的主語，否則分詞前面必須有自己的主語。（二）分詞的時態(tài)現(xiàn)在分詞分一般式和完成式，而過去分詞則沒有時態(tài)形式的變化?，F(xiàn)在分詞的一般式表示動作與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生，或在謂語動詞之前發(fā)生。例如：Knowinghisunclewouldcome,hebegantomakesomepreparations.現(xiàn)在分詞的完成時，表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前。常用作狀語。例如：Havingfinishedhishomework,hewenttobed.（三）現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式被動一般式beingdone被動完成式havingbeendoneThisisoneofthenewsupermarketsbeingbuiltinourcity.Havingbeentoldmanytimes,hewasabletooperatethemachine.（四）分詞的否定形式分詞的否定式，由not+分詞構成，例如：Nothavingheardthenews.Iwrotetohimagain.Notknowinghowtoworkoutthemathsproblem,Iwenttotheteacherforhelp.（五）分詞獨立主格結構當分詞的邏輯主語與主句的主語不同時，帶邏輯主語的分詞短語成為獨立主格結構，在句法功能上起狀語作用。例如：Weatherpermitting,theywillgoandvisitthesciencemuseum.

Themeetingbeingover,theyalllefttheroom.三、動名動名詞是動詞非謂語形式的一種,由動詞加ing構成。動名詞既有動詞特征，也有名詞特征。 動名詞在句中可以作主語、表語、賓語和定語。例如：⑴Smokingdoesgreatharmtopeople’shealth.（作主語）⑵Myjobislookingafterchildren. （作表語）⑶Ihavefinishedreadingthenovel. （作賓語）⑷Wehavegotaswimmingpoolinourschool. （做定語） 動名詞的否定形式由not+動名詞構成。例如： Hemademeangrybynottakingthemedicine. 動名詞的復合結構由名詞所有格或物主代詞加上動名詞構成。例如： Wouldyoumindmyopeningthedoor? 動名詞的一般式，表示的動作可以與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生或在前，或在后。例如： Weallenjoylisteningtomusic.(同時發(fā)生) Doyouremembermeetingmethere?（在謂語動詞前發(fā)生） 動名詞的完成式表示在謂語動詞之前完成的動作。例如： IregretnothavingbeentakentotheGreatWallwhenIwasachild. Sheattendedthepartywithoutbeinginvited.一、需注意的要點動詞不定式一般式表示的動作可能與謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生,也可能在其之后發(fā)生。例如：Isawtheyoungmanenterthehouse.（同時發(fā)生）Ihopetogotherenexttime.（之后發(fā)生）2．不定式完成式表示不定式的動作在謂語動詞之前發(fā)生。例如：I’msorrytohavebrokenyourglasses.3．不定式進行式表示不定式的動作，與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生。例如：Whenhecamein,Ihappenedtobereadingatthetable.4．不定式的被動式有兩種形式：tobedone表示將要被做，tohavebeendone表示已被做。例如：Thenewcinematobeputupnextyearwillbeverylarge.Thecinemaissaidtohavebeenbuiltlastyear.5.在表示情緒的動詞，如like,love,hate,prefer等后，用動名詞作賓語表示一般傾向，用不定式表示特定某事。但在would/shouldlike/love/prefer后要用不定式例如：Ihateeatingthesamefoodeveryday.WouldyouliketowatchTVintheevening?6.在動詞need,want,require后用動名詞表示被動含義，相當于動詞不定式的被動式；而用動詞不定式的主動式表示主動含義。例如：Thehouseneedscleaning.=Thehouseneedstobecleaned.Heneedstocleanthehousefirst.7.在介詞后一般用動名詞作賓語，但在少數介詞，如but,except后用動詞不定式作賓語，但要注意“to”的省略，如but前有“do”則省去“to”。例如：Ihavedonenothingbuthelphimwithhisluggage.Ihavenochoicebuttowaitforhimatthebusstop.8.分詞的完成式一般不用來作定語，因此，要表示完成主動的意思常用定語從句。例如：Theaccidentwhichhappenedyesterdaywasveryserious.9.如果分詞短語的邏輯主語與句子不是相同的，則要用從句或分詞獨立主格結構來表示。例如：Weatherpermitting,wewillgototheCenter10.分詞作狀語時，分詞的邏輯主語要與句子的主語相一致。若它們之間的關系是主謂關系，用現(xiàn)在分詞，而動賓關系則用過去分詞。如果分詞的動作先于謂語，分詞要用完成時。例如：Havingfinishedhiscomposition,hewenthome.Whilelookingthroughthepaper,hefoundsomeerrors.二、歷屆高考試題分析例1、Thediscoveryofnewevidenceledto_________.A.thethiefhavingcaughtB.catchthethiefC.thethiefbeingcaughtD.thethieftobecaught答案為C?！窘馕觥縧eadto這個詞組中to是介詞，后面跟名詞，于是B被排除，thethief是動名詞邏輯上的主語，構成動名詞的復合結構，與catch之間應是被動關系，故排除A。常見的帶介詞to的短語有：(get)beusedto,lookforwardto，lookupto,stickto,objectto,bedevotedto,payattentionto等。例2、Though_______money,hisparentsmanagedtosendhimtouniversity.A.lackedB.lackingofC.lackingD.lackedin答案為C。【解析】lack是及物動詞，后接賓語money。hisparents與lack是邏輯上的主謂關系，要用現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語。譯文：雖然缺錢，他的父母親還是設法讓他上了大學。例3、Hegotwell-preparedforthejobinterview,forhecouldn’trisk____thegoodopportunity.A.tolose B.losing C.tobelost D.beinglost答案：B【解析】risk后面只能帶動名詞做賓語，含義為“冒……之險”。_____tosunlightfortoomuchtimewilldoharmtoone'sskin.A.ExposedB.HavingexposedC.BeingexposedD.Afterbeingexposed答案為C?！窘馕觥吭诜侵^語動詞中，用動名詞或不定式來作主語，而分詞和介詞短語不能作主語，因此A、D被排除。在這個句子中，willdo是謂語，缺少主語，要用動名詞作主語。expose與one'sskin是動賓關系，所以要用動名詞的被動式beingexposed。譯文：在陽光下曬太長時間對人的皮膚有壞處。例5、____intouseinApril2000,thehotlinewasmeantforresidentsreportingwaterandheatingsupplybreakdowns.A.Put B.Putting C.Havingput D.Beingput答案：A【解析】ouse“讓……投入使用”。顯然，put和句子主語thehotline構成被動關系，所以用表示被動的過去分詞。例6、Itwasunbelievablethatthefanswaitedoutsidethegymforthreehoursjust____alookatthesportsstars.A.had B.having C.tohave D.have答案：C【解析】動詞不定式充當目的狀語。例7、Withalotofdifficultproblems_______,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.A.settledB.settlingC.tosettleD.beingsettled答案為C【解析】動詞不定式tosettle作為difficultproblems的定語表示現(xiàn)在或將來要解決的難題；過去分詞settle作定語表示已經解決的難題，現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式beingsettled作定語表示正在解決的難題。例8、MoreandmorepeoplearesigningupforYogaclassesnowadays,____advantageofthehealthandrelaxationbenefits.A.taking B.taken C.havingtaken D.havingbeentaken答案：A【解析】takeadvantageof（利用）和句子主語Moreandmorepeople構成主動關系，且和句子謂語signupfor(報名參加)同時發(fā)生，所以選擇A。Sandycoulddonothingbut________tohisteacherthathewaswrong.A.admitB.admittedC.admittingD.toadmit答案為A?！窘馕觥吭摼渲械腷ut是介詞，后接動詞不定式。當謂語動詞是do，does或did時，后接不帶to的不定式；是其他動詞時，后接帶to的不定式。該句的謂語是coulddonothing，要填動詞原形admit。譯文：山德不得不向老師承認自己錯了。Hesentmeane-mail,________togetfurtherinformation.A.hopedB.hopingC.tohopeD.hope答案為B。【解析】現(xiàn)在分詞hoping表示與sendmeane-mail同時發(fā)生的動作。一些考生認為應該填不定式作目的狀語。不定式作目的狀語時，句子的正確形式是：Hesentmeane-mailtogetfurtherinformation.不需要hope一詞，如果要選擇“hoped”時，句子的正確形式是：Hesentmeane-mailandhopedtogetfurtherinformation?！癶ope”和“sent”作并列謂語。非謂語動詞1._____anythingabouttheaccident,hewenttoworkasusual.

A.Notknown B.Knownnot C.Knowingnot D.Notknowing

2.—Haveyoudecidedwhen_____?

—Yes,tomorrowmorning.

A.toleave B.tobeleaving C.willyouleave D.areyouleaving

3.Ireallyenjoy_____thatkindofjob.

A.do B.doing C.todo D.tobedoing

4.—There’saholeinyourbag.

—lknow.Iamgoingtohaveit_____.

A.mend B.mending C.mended D.tobemended

5.Thenextmorningshefoundthemaninbed,_____dead.

A.lying B.lie C.lay D.laying

6.Tellhim_____thewindow.

A.toshutnot B.nottoshut C.tonotshut D.notshut

7.Thefurniture______onOctober15wasseriouslydamagedbecauseofaroadaccident.

A.beingdelivered B.havingdeliveredC.havingbeendelivered D.delivered

8.Hehadhisleg_____inthematchyesterday.

A.tobreak B.broken C.break D.breaking

9.Ican’timagine_____thatwiththem.

A.do B.todo C.beingdone D.doing

10.Mostofthepeople_____tothepartywerefamousscientists.

A.invited B.toinvite C.beinginvited D.inviting

11.—Goodmorning.CanIhelpyou?

—I’dliketohavethispackage_____,madam.

A.beweighed B.tobeweighed C.toweigh D.weighed

12.Slowlysheopenedtheletter,_____.

A.herhandstrembledslightly B.slightlyherhandsweretrembledC.herhandsslightlytrembling C.tremblingherhandsslightly

13.All______willbepresentattheconference.

A.partiesconcerned B.partiesconcerningC.concernedparties D.concerningparties

14._____moreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.

A.Given B.Togive C.Giving D.Havinggiven

15.Shereachedthetopofthehillandstopped_____onabigrockbythesideofthepath.

A.tohaverested B.resting C.torest D.rest

16.LastsummerItookacourseon_______.

A.howtomakedresses B.howdressesbemade

C.howtobemadedresses D.howdressestobemade

17.Themurdererwasbroughtin,withhishands_____behindhisback.

A.beingtied B.havingtied C.tobetied D.tied

18.Thesecretaryworkedlateintothenight,_____alongspeechforthepresident.

A.toprepare B.preparing C.prepared D.waspreparing

19.IcanhardlyimaginePeter_____acrosstheAtlanticOceaninfivedays.

A.sail B.tosail C.sailing D.tohavesailed

20.—Thelightintheofficeisstillon.

—Oh,Iforgot_____.

A.turningitoff B.turnitoff C.toturnitoff D.havingturneditoff

21.TheOlympicGames,______in776B.C.,didnotincludewomenplayersuntil1912.

A.firstplaying B.tobefirstplayed C.firstplayed D.tobefirstplaying

22.Nothavingfinishedhishomework,_____towatchthegame.A.sohewasforbidden B.heforbadeC.hewasforbidden D.motherforbidhim

23.The_____worldpopulationistheresultofrecentadvancesinmedicalscience.

A.increased B.increase C.beingincreasingD.Increasing

24._____itwithmeandI’llseewhatIcando.

A.Whenleft B.Leaving C.Ifyouleave D.Leave

25.Cleaningwomeninbigcitiesusuallyget______bythehour.

A.pay B.paying C.paid D.topay

26.Europeanfootballisplayedin80countries,______itthemostpopularsportintheworld.

A.making B.makes C.made D.tomake

27.Robertissaid_____abroad,butIdon’tknowwhatcountryhestudiedin.

A.tohavestudied B.tostudy C.tobestudying D.tohavebeenstudying

28.Thepurposeofnewtechnologiesistomakelifeeasier,_____itmoredifficult.

A.notmake B.nottomake C.notmaking D.donotmake

29.WhenIgotbackhomeIsawamessagepinnedtothedoor,______“Sorrytomissyou;willcalllater.”

A.read B.reads C.toread D.reading

30.I’veworkedwithchildrenbefore,soIknowwhat______inmynewjob.

A.expected B.toexpect C.tobeexpecting D.expects

31.Itisimpossibletoavoid______byadvertisementsinamodernsociety.

A.tobeinfluenced B.beinginfluenced C.toinfluence D.influenced

32.Somepeoplebelievethatsomenumbersshowthe______sideofaperson’spersonality.

A.hiding B.hid C.hidden D.hide

33—Howdoyoudealwiththedisagreementbetweenthecompanyandthecustomers?

—key______theproblemistomeetthedemand_______bythecustomers.

A.tosolving…making B.tosolving…madeC.tosolve…making D.tosolve…made

34.Havingatripabroadiscertainlygoodfortheoldcouple,butitremains______whethertheywillenjoyit.

A.tosee B.tobeseen C.seeing D.seen

35.ItissaidinAustraliathereismorelandthanthegovernmentknows______.

A.itwhattodowith B.whattodoitwith C.whattodowithit D.todowhatwithit

36.Theresearchissodesignedthatonce______nothingcanbedonetochangeit.

A.begins B.havingbegun C.beginning D.begun

37.Theteacheraskedus______somuchnoise.

A.don’tmake B.notmake C.notmaking D.nottomake

38.______time,he’llmakeafirst-classtennisplayer.

A.Havinggiven B.Togive C.Giving D.Given

39.Walkingpastthepark,Icouldn’thelp______somechildrenflyingkites.

A.stoptowatch B.stoppingwatch C.stoppingtowatch D.tostoptowatch

40.Generallyspeaking,______accordingtodirections,thedrughasnoside-effect.

A.whentaking B.whentaken C.whentotake D.whentobetaken41.Anarmyspokesmanstressedthatallthesoldiershadbeenordered_______clearwarningsbeforefiringanyshots.A.toissue B.beingissued C.tohaveissued D.tobeissued42.Thereisanewprobleminvolvedinthepopularityofprivatecars_______roadconditionsneed______.A.that…tobeimproved B.which…tobeimprovedC.where…improving