海上風電場海水養(yǎng)殖一體化

FromTurbinetoWindFarms-TechnicalRequirementsandSpin-OffPPerceivedConcernsandAdvocatedOrganisationalStructuresofOwnershipSupporting‘OffshoreWindFarm—MaricultureIntegration’表示關注和主張組織結構的企業(yè)支持“離岸風場—海水養(yǎng)殖一體化”GescheKrause,RobertMauriceGriffinandBelaHieronymusBuck1LeibnizCenterforTropicalMarineEcology(ZMT),Bremen1萊布尼茲熱帶海洋生態(tài)中心(ZMT),不萊梅2DepartmentofEnvironmentalandNaturalResourceEconomics,UniversityofRhodeIsland2環(huán)境與自然資源經濟學院，羅德島大學3AlfredWegenerInstituteforPolarandMarineScience(AWI),Bremerhaven3阿爾弗雷德韋格納極地和海洋科學研究所(AWI),不來梅港4InstituteforMarineResources(IMARE),Bremerhaven4海洋資源研究所(IMARE),不來梅港5UniversityofAppliedSciencesBremerhaven,Bremerhaven5不萊梅應用科學技術大學，不來梅港1,3,4,5Germany1,2,4,5德國2USA2美國1.Introduction1.引言InGermanyamajorpoliticalincentiveexistscurrentlytoinstalllargeoffshorewindfarms(Tiedemann,2003;BMU/StiftungOffshoreWindenergie,2007).ThepromotionofwindpowerespeciallyinoffshoreregionsismainlydrivenbythepolicytoreducedependenceonconventionalfossilenergyresourcesaswellastheneedtoreducetheenvironmentallyharmfulCO2loads.在德國建設海上的風場尋在強大的政策刺激(Tiedemann,2003;BMU/StiftungOffshoreWindenergie,2007).促進近海風電巨大發(fā)展的主要動力是減少常規(guī)化石能源的依賴和減輕環(huán)境二氧化碳的符合。Offshorewindfarmsaredefinedhereasagroupofwindturbinesinthesameconfinedareausedforproductionofelectricpowerintheopenocean.Movingoffthecoasttotheoffshore,windturbinesarelessobtrusivethanturbinesonland,astheirapparentsizeandnoiseismitigatedbydistance.近海風場被定義為在公海一有限區(qū)域內一組用于電力生產的風力發(fā)電機組。由于是離岸布置，風電機組相比陸上壓迫感更低，距離的原因使得外觀尺寸和噪音都有緩和。Sincewaterhaslesssurfaceroughnessthanland(especiallyindeeperwaters),theaveragewindspeedisusuallyconsiderablyhigherovertheopenwater.Atpresent47projectapplicationsforwindfarmsintheEconomicExclusiveZone(EEZ)oftheGermanNorthSeaandintheBalticSeaareintheplanningprocess(BSH,2008)withatotalnumberofwindturbinesperfarmrangingbetween80and500(Bucketal.,2008).由于水（尤其是深海）相比陸地表面粗糙度更低，平均風速通常高于公共水面。目前47%的項目在北海經濟特區(qū)（EEZ）而在計劃中的位于波羅的海（BSH，2008），每個廠的風機規(guī)模在80到500臺之間(Bucketal.,2008)。ThestrongexpansionofoffshorewindfarmsinthemarineenvironmentoftheNorthSeaincreasesthestressonseaareasthathaveformerlybeenusedforotherpurposes,suchasforfisheryorshippingactivities,orthatarestillseeminglyfreeofhumanactivity(Krauseetal.,2003;Wirtzetal.,2003).離岸機組在北海環(huán)境中的巨大擴張增加了海域負擔，這些海域原來用于諸如漁場，航運或者似乎仍未被人類活動沾染（Krauseetal.,2003;Wirtzetal.,2003）。Hence,theemergingoffshorewindindustryisquicklybecomingalargestakeholderintheoffshorearena(Gierloff-Emden,2002;Dahlke,2002;Tiedemann,2003).Thishasleadtoconflictsofinterestamongthedifferentusergroupsandhasencouragedresearchontheprospectsofintegratingmaritimeactivitiesunderacombinedmanagementschemeasnewcomerssuchaswindfarmsmakeforadditionalclaimsexcludeotheruses,suchaswild-harvestfisheries.因此，新興的離岸風電產業(yè)迅速成為離岸區(qū)域一巨大的利益相關者（Gierloff-Emden,2002;Dahlke,2002;Tiedemann,2003）。這將導致不同組織之間利益的沖突，也將會促使在聯合管理方案下集成海洋活動前景的研究，比如風電場對野生漁業(yè)額外補償。Inthiscontext,integratingmarineaquaculturewithdesignatedwindfarmareasmightprovidechancestocombinetwoindustriesintheframeofamultiple-useconcept(Bucketal.,2009).Thetermmarineaquaculture,ormariculture,referstoaquaticorganismscultivatedinbrackishormarineenvironments.Offshoreaquacultureindicatesacultureoperationinafrequentlyhostileopenoceanenvironmentexposedtoallkindsofseastatesaswellasbeingplacedfaroffthecoast.由此而論，特定的風場集成海水養(yǎng)殖將提供聯合兩產業(yè)的多用途概念框架（Bucketal.,2009）。海水養(yǎng)殖這個術語，或稱為海洋生物養(yǎng)殖指含鹽的水生生物或者海洋生態(tài)。離岸水產指針對在各種海況和離岸位置的公海進行作業(yè)的文明。NowadaystheincreasinglimitationoffavourablecoastalsitesforthedevelopmentofmodernaquaculturewhichisevidentinvariouscountriessuchasGermany,theNetherlands,Belgium,aswellasothers,hasspurnedthismoveoffshore(Buck&Krause,2011).Thisspatiallimitationismainlycausedbythehighdegreeofprotectednearshoreareasandbythefactthatregulatoryframeworksthatassignspecificareasforaquacultureoperationsarediverseandstillemerging(Krauseetal.,2003).目前特別明顯的在諸如德國，荷蘭，比利時等等優(yōu)良的沿海場所越來越限制現代水產業(yè)的發(fā)展(Buck&Krause,2011)。這種空間限制主要源于近岸高度保護以及實際規(guī)劃的水產作業(yè)常規(guī)區(qū)域變化多樣和形成。Thus,littleroomfortheexpansionofmoderncoastalaquaculturesystemsinnearshorewatersremain.Incontrast,thenumberofcompetinguserswithinoffshoreregionsisrelativelylow,hencefavouringtheoffshoreenvironmentforfurthercommercialdevelopment,suchasoffshorewindfarmingandopenoceanaquaculture.Spatialregulationsoffshorearescarcesofarandcleanwatercanbeexpected(Krauseetal.,2003;Bucketal.,2009).因此，在近海水域小型現代水產擴張將會持續(xù)。相比之下，近海區(qū)域競爭者相對較少，因此以后近海生態(tài)的商業(yè)化是有利的，比如海上風場，公海水產養(yǎng)殖。對于離岸的空間規(guī)定目前較少而且，潔凈的水質可以預期(Krauseetal.,2003;Bucketal.,2009)。Thischapterexaminespossiblemotivationsfor,andmethodsof,formingandmanaginganintegratedfacilitywheremaricultureproductionresideswithinthephysicalboundariesofanoffshorewindfarm.ItdoessofromanorganisationalsciencepointofdepartureandtakesintoaccountthebroadliteratureonorganisationalscienceandtheparticularcontextoftheNorthSea.Thechaptercloseswithashortsummaryontheprobablestrategiesofgovernanceforfuturepotentialintegrationofoffshore‘windfarm–maricultureactivities’.本章為在離岸風場物理邊界形成經營一海水養(yǎng)殖場探索方法和動機。從一個有序科學的出發(fā)點充分考慮各類科學文獻和北海的具體情況。本章以政府對未來潛在的“離岸風場—海水養(yǎng)殖活動基地”可能的策略進行簡短總結。2.Methods2.方法Existinginsightsrelatingtotheresearchquestionsaboveareyetlimited.Thus,anexploratoryordiscovery-orientedapproachwaschosen,inwhichtheprimarystipulationwasthattheresearchshouldbeempirical.Theresultsanddeliberationspresentedherearegeneratedfromseveralfocusgroupmeetings,stakeholderworkshops,andsemi-structuredinterviewsoverthecourseofyearsofresearchonthesubjectofmulti-usemanagementofoffshorewindfarmsandmariculture.現有的關于上述研究問題的洞察力還很有限。因此，選擇一探索方向的方法的最初限制應該是經驗。這里的審議結論基于有近些年一些針對離岸風場和海水養(yǎng)殖項目研究的焦點小組會議，利益相關者和半結構式訪談的研究。ThekeyfindingsaresummarisedinBuck(2002);Krauseetal.,(2003);Bucketal.,(2008);Michler-CieluchandKodeih,(2007);Michler-CieluchandKrause,(2008).Coreofthediscussionsbelowarethefindingsfromsemi-structuredinterviewswithpeopleinvolvedintheoffshorewindfarmsectorandwithindividualsofthemusselfishery/farmingsectorinGermany.Conclusionsaboutsuitableorganisationalstructuresarebasedonparticipants’viewsandtheircriticalunderstandingofpotential‘windfarm–maricultureintegration’.重要的發(fā)現總結在Buck(2002);Krauseetal.,(2003);Bucketal.,(2008);Michler-CieluchandKodeih,(2007);Michler-CieluchandKrause,(2008)。在德國討論核心集中在與民眾半結構式訪談涉及離岸風場和獨立的魚貝類的關系。結論關于合適的組織結構基于參與者的觀點和對“風場—海水養(yǎng)殖一體化”的關鍵理解。Thereasontofocusprimarilyonthesetwoactorgroupsisthattheyarepotentialadoptersofsuchamultiple-oceanuseschemebecauseofbeingtheonesmostdirectlyinvolvedinoraffectedbyapossibleorganisationalcombinationofthetwoworkingdomains.Moreover,itisassumedthattheyaremostknowledgeableabouttheparticularoffshoretasksandalsoawareofpotentialinterferencesbetweenbothsectors(Michler-CieluchandKrause,2008).主要集中在這兩點的原因是他們將成為多功能海域的接受者因為它們是直接關系到可能有組織的聯合開發(fā)策略。而且，他們認為他們對特殊的離岸產業(yè)具有豐富的知識也了解兩方面潛在的干擾(Michler-CieluchandKrause,2008)。Thefindingsarecontextualizedtothepotentialorganisationalstructuresandframeworkrequirementsexpressedduringinterviewsofpersonnelfromthewindfarmindustryandmusselfishing/farmingsectorinwhichtheissueofamultiple-usesettingintheoffshorerealmwasaddressed.Altogether34semi-structuredinterviewswerecarriedout,withmostoftheintervieweesbeingengagedinoperationalordevelopmentalactivitiesofeithersector.PerceivedConcernsandAdvocatedOrganisationalStructuresofOwnershipSupporting‘OffshoreWindFarm–MaricultureIntegration’發(fā)現潛在組織結構和工作模式要求在與風場和漁業(yè)方面的人員訪談中表明在近海多功能應用的問題應該被標定?？傊?，34哥半結構話訪談已實現，大部分被采訪者從事分一方面運行操作和發(fā)展活動。表示關注和主張有機組織結構的企業(yè)支持“離岸風場—海水養(yǎng)殖一體化”。However,differentactors’relativepowertobringaboutsystemchangemustbeconsideredininvestigatingplausiblefutureorganisationalstructures.Thisalsoincludesdecisivelegislativebodiesthatdeterminethespecificconstitutionalrulestobeusedincraftingthesetofcollective-choicerulesformultiple-usesettings.然而，必須考慮不同的角色實現這個模式的相對力量在未來組織結構調查的真實度。這也包括決定特殊規(guī)則的立法機構去執(zhí)行為多樣的使用集中選擇規(guī)則。3.Results3.業(yè)績Thestakeholderanalysisrevealedthattherearedifferenttypesofactorsinvolvedintheoffshorerealmasincontrasttonearshoreareas.Differenttypesofconflicts,limitationsandpotentialalliancessurface.Theserootintheessentialdifferencesintheorigin,contextanddynamicsofnearshore-versusoffshoreresourceuses.Forinstance,thenearshoreareasinGermanyhavebeensubjecttoalonghistoryoftraditionalusesthroughheterogeneousstakeholdergroupsofthelocaltonationallevels(e.g.localfisheriescommunities,tourismindustry,portdevelopers,military,etc.),inwhichtraditionaluserpatternsemergedoveralongtimeframe.Incontrast,theoffshoreareashaveonlyrecentlyexperiencedconflict.Thiscanbeattributedtotherelativelyrecenttechnologicaladvancementsinshippingandplatformtechnology,bothofwhichhavebeendrivenbycapital-strongstakeholdersthatoperateinternationally.利益相關者分析表明，相比近岸地區(qū)，有不同類型的角色參與到了近海地區(qū)。不同類型的沖突，限制和潛在的盟友表面。相比近海地區(qū)資源利用，這些來源于初始，背景和動態(tài)近岸的本質區(qū)別。例如，德國的近岸地區(qū)就有著的使用多種多樣的從本地至國家水平的利益相關者團隊（例如本地漁業(yè)團體、旅游業(yè)、港口開發(fā)、軍事等等）的悠久歷史傳統，在很長一段時間內出現了傳統的用戶模式。相比之下，近海地區(qū)僅最近經歷了沖突。這是由于相對較近的在航運和平臺技術中的技術進步導致的，兩者均帶動了資本強大的利益相關者的國際化經營。Whereasthereisawell-establishedorganisationalstructurepresentamongthestakeholdersinthenearshoreareasintermsofsocialcapitalandtrust,aswellastestedmodesofconductandsocialnetworks,thesearelackingintheoffshorearea.Indeedforthelatter,ahighpoliticalrepresentationbystakeholdersisobserved,thatpossesssomedegreeof“client”mentalitytowardsdecision-makersintheoffshorerealm.Thesefundamentaldifferencesbetweenthestakeholdersinnearshoreandoffshorewatersmakeastreamlinedapproachtomultipleusemanagementverydifficult.However,whenaddressingtheidentifiedoffshorestakeholders,mostoftheintervieweesweregenerallyinterestedinthisspecifictypeofmultiple-usesettingandvitalizedtheconversationaroundtheguidingquestionswiththeirowncommentsandideas.就社會資本和信任來說，目前在近岸地區(qū)的利益相關者之間有完善的組織結構、測試行為模式以及社交網絡。這些在近海區(qū)域都是缺乏的。的確對于后者來說，利益相關者被發(fā)現擁有較高的政治代表性，即相對近岸地區(qū)的決策者來說具有某種程度的“客戶”心態(tài)。這些在近岸和近海海域利益相關者的基本區(qū)別使得一個簡化的方法多次使用管理變得非常困難。然而，在解決近岸利益相關者確定時，大部分的受訪者普遍對這種多種用途設置的特定類型和富有活力的圍繞自己的意見和想法的指導問題談話感興趣。Concurrentlywithjudging‘windfarm–maricultureintegration’asanideaworthytoconsider,intervieweesmentionedseveralframeworkrequirementsforinitiatingandeffectivelypursuingcross-sectoraloffshoreoperationandorganisation.Notonlyhadcertainpreconditionstobefulfilled,forexampletheneedtoclarifytheworkingtasksandsitingofaquacultureinstallationsintheforehand,butalsooverallregulatoryconditions,e.g.determinationofworkingrules,allocationofresponsibilities,aswellascommercialarrangementsoractuarialregulations(Figure1).Theissueofsharingresponsibilitiesinthecontextofeverydayorganisationandquestionsofownershipwereespeciallystressed.Inthefollowing,wediscusstheorganisationalstructuresofsuchmultiple-usesettingfromanorganisationalperspectiveinmoredetail.同時，判斷“風電場—海水養(yǎng)殖一體化”也是一個值得考慮的問題。受訪者提到了發(fā)起并有效落實幾個跨部門的海上作業(yè)和組織的框架要求。不僅有一定的先決條件需要達成，例如需要明確工作任務和水產養(yǎng)殖設施的選址，也需要滿足整體監(jiān)管環(huán)境，例如測定工作規(guī)則，責任分配以及商業(yè)安排或精算規(guī)定（圖1）。特別強調的是在日常組織中責任分擔和所有權問題。接下來，我們將從組織的角度更詳細地討論多用途設置的組織結構。4.Discussion4.討論Theresultsofthisstakeholdersurveycanhelpustodifferentiatethelikelihoodofvariousmariculture-windfarmintegrationscenariosgoingforward,specificallyregardingthevariousformsofownershipandmanagementsuchaventuremighttake.Theattitudesandperceptionsofthesegroupspriortoimplementationareinformedbytheirviewsonthepossiblesynergiesinproductionandorganisationalstructure.Framingtheresultsofthesurveyingandothercontextualinformationinthewell-developedliteratureofinter-firmorganisationandcooperationwillprovideabasisforunderstandingthepotentialofthisconcept.相關利益者調查的結果可以幫助我們區(qū)分不同的海水養(yǎng)殖—風場集成化向前邁進成為可能，特別是關于相關產業(yè)所有者和企業(yè)需承擔的風險。這些組織的態(tài)度和觀點首先使得他們有這樣的意識以便在生產和組織機構中產生協同效應。在發(fā)達有力的輿論組織和企業(yè)調查的與背景信息的結果框架下將會為理解這個潛在的概念提供一個基礎。初始條件保護和安全概念銀行擔保和保險建議和慣例特許（權）法律發(fā)展財政支援貽貝場地風電場政府的角色計算規(guī)定轉租協議補償手段所有權協議測定工作規(guī)則責任分配市場進入管制法律協議商業(yè)安排貽貝場地監(jiān)管條件風電場場址的選擇風險評估工作任務說明貽貝場地風電場初始條件保護和安全概念銀行擔保和保險建議和慣例特許（權）法律發(fā)展財政支援貽貝場地風電場政府的角色計算規(guī)定轉租協議補償手段所有權協議測定工作規(guī)則責任分配市場進入管制法律協議商業(yè)安排貽貝場地監(jiān)管條件風電場場址的選擇風險評估工作任務說明貽貝場地風電場Fig.1.Frameworkrequirementsformanaging‘windfarm–maricultureintegration’(modifiedafterMichler-CieluchandKrause,2008).圖表1：生物場地和風電場之間的轉化框圖Thestudyoftheformationofinter-firmorganisationsforthepurposeofamutuallybeneficialprojectorventurehasrootsinmanyresearchfields,withtheoriesrangingfromsociology,economics,psychology,business,andpopulationecology,amongstothers(OsbornandHagedoorn,1997).Theapproachandmethodologyvarieswidelybetweenthesefields.OliverWilliamsonhaspioneeredoneeconomicapproach,couchingthestudyofgovernanceandalliancesintermsoftransactionscosts;seeWilliamson(1996)foracompletetreatment.Arelated,butdivergentapproachistheworkofMarkGranovetter,whotakesthesociologicalconceptof“socialembeddedness”andusesittojustifythemotivationsandoutcomesofinter-firmcooperation;seeGranovetter(1985)forareview.Thefollowinganalysiswillincorporate,wherepossible,theserelatedapproachesandotherstocomprehensivelyviewthechallengesandpotentialofthisnewideaforoffshoreco-production.這種內部關系的研究源于許多研究領域,理論從社會學、經濟學、心理學、商業(yè)和種群生態(tài)學、或者其它的(奧斯本和哈格杜恩,1997)。該方法和理論之間差別很大。奧利弗·威廉姆森開創(chuàng)了一個經濟的方法,對于研究治理和聯盟的交易成本而言,看到威廉姆森(1996)為一個完整的方案。一個相關的,但不同的工作方法,馬克Granovetter的社會學概念“社會根植性”,并使用它來證明企業(yè)合作的動機和結果,看Granovetter(1985)審查。下面的分析將會融合,在可能的情況下,這些相關的方法和其他人全面競爭的方法可能會融合的來解決問題。4.1Antecedentvariables4.1前期變量Therearemanyliteraturereviewsthatattempttoidentifythebasicelementsnecessarytoconductcomparativeresearchintointer-firmorganisationalstructuresandprocesses(Grandori&Soda,1995;OsbornandHagedoorn,1997).FollowingGrandoriandSoda’s(1997)framework,thediscussionwillfirstidentifythemotivesforcooperationbetweenmariculturistsandwindfarmersandthenlookatsomelikelyscenariosthatmayevolveforcooperation.有許多文學評論,試圖確定必要的基本元素進行比較研究生物內部的結構和關系(Grandori&蘇打,1995;奧斯本和哈格杜恩,1997)。以下（Grandori和蘇打水1997)的框架,討論將首先確定風電場和生物群落合作的動機。4.1.1Production4.1.1成果Afirstmotivationcompellingthesegroupstoconsideracooperativeventureisthecostsavingsthatmaybeavailablethroughproductioncomplementarities.Offshoreconstructionandoperationismoreexpensivethannearshoreoronshorefacilitiesforbothindustries,dueprimarilytolargetransportationcostsandvariablesassociatedwiththeunpredictableandhigh-energyenvironmentoftheNorthSea.Availableworkingdaysperyearmayonlybeasmuchas100intheGermanNorthSea(Michler-Cieluchetal.,2009a).Itisofmutualinterestofbothgroupstoreducetheirpotentialoperatingcostsbycollaboratinginthisdifficultenvironment.第一個引人注目的動機是，這些團體考慮的合作風險是節(jié)約成本,這可能可以通過生產互補。海上施工和運營成本遠大于近岸或陸上設施,主要是由于北海大型運輸成本、不確定因素和高耗能環(huán)境。在德國北海每年工作日只能多達100天(Michler-Cieluchetal。,2009)。在這種困難環(huán)境減少潛在的操作成本是兩組的共同感興趣的。Asoutlinedbyresponsesinthesurvey,logisticalcooperationisofjointinterest.Theabilitytocoordinatepersonnelmovementtomakejointuseoftransportationcapitalisapotentialcost-savingavenueforeitherfirm.Inanoffshoresettingtherecouldbesignificantpotentialforeconomiesofscaleintransport.Marginalincreasesinvesselcapacity(boatorhelicopter)couldprovideforreducedjointtransportationcosts,ifanequitableagreementcouldbemadeforfundingthatcapacityexpansion.概述的調查問卷顯示,物流合作是共同利益的。共同使用交通工具是一個節(jié)省成本的途徑。在一個近海設置可以增加那里的運輸經濟。增加容器容量(船或直升機)可以降低運輸成本,如果一個公平的協議可以擴大收益。Itisworthnotingthattheoperationsandmaintenancescheduleofbothoffshorefacilitieswillneedtobehighlycoordinatedinternally,dictatedbyservicingschedulesandoperationaltasksuniquetoeachfacility.Interlacingtheseschedulesandanyjointlyusedassetswouldhoweverlikelyraisethecostsofcoordination,partlyoffsettinganygainsmadethroughcomplementarylogisticalplanning.值得注意的是,操作和維修計劃的需要陸地上設施和計劃的高度協調。交錯的計劃可能會增加協調成本，部分需要后勤補充計劃。Thereexistspotentialforothercomplementaritiesthatmayreducecostsforbothfirmsinanintegratedmariculture-windfarmfacilityandprovideamotiveforcoordination:.Interactionattheinitialstagesofplanningandthroughouttheoperatinglifetimeofthefacilitymaypossiblyshortenthedurationoftheadaptivelearningprocessthatoccursinmanybusinessesemployingnewtechnologyormethods(Inkpen2008;Nielsen2010).Theexperienceeachgroupbringstotheventuremayprovideatwo-wayinformationtransfer存在潛在的可以減少成本的其他互補性,兩家公司在一個集成的海水養(yǎng)殖風電場設施內可以機動協調：在初始階段的交互規(guī)劃和整個操作設施的生命周期可能在許多企業(yè)采用新技術或方法時縮短自適應學習過程的持續(xù)時間(Inkpen2008;尼爾森2010)。每組的經驗帶來的風險可能會提供一個雙向信息傳遞。

FromTurbinetoWindFarms-TechnicalRequirementsandSpin-OffProducts208thatmayimproveeachfirm’stechnicalefficiencyofproduction.Theseeconomiesofexperienceandsharedexperienceeffectsmaylowertheaveragecostofproductionforeachfirmovertimeatafasterratethanifoperatingalone(Henderson,1974).那可能會提高每個公司產品的技術效率。以這種方式會提高每個公司的經濟效益。ThecurrentregulatoryframeworkincountriesontheNorthSeamakesfew,ifany,allowancesforsimultaneouseconomicuseoftheoceanareaallottedforwindenergyproduction.However,astrongmomentumexistsontheEUleveltoimplementmultipleconcurrentusesofoceanspacewithinthenewMarineStrategyFrameworkDirective.Intheeventthattheselawspermitsuchactivityinthefuture,theremayexistanopportunitytoreducecostsrelatedtobureaucraticrequirementsandpayments.Forinstance,ifagivenareawasrequiredtobeleasedfromthegovernment,thetwofirmsmaybeabletosplitthecostofleasing.Similarlogicappliestosplittingthecostofpreconstructionenvironmentalstudiesandperhapsevenengineeringandotherpreconstructionplans.Costsavingsmaybeoffsetbytheextenttowhichtheseprojectsbecomemorecostlybyincludinganexpandedsuiteofactivities..北?，F有的相關法律很少，若有的話，海上風電的經濟利用將會實現。然而，在EU水平上將會出現一個新的海洋戰(zhàn)略框架指令。萬一這項法律在未來允許這樣的合作的話，可以減少剛性需求及花費。例如，如果一個被給的區(qū)域要求向政府租用，兩個公司可以共同分擔租用成本。同樣的理論可以用到環(huán)境的研究、工程建設和其他預先分配計劃。也許可以通過擴大的合作來節(jié)省更多的花費。CurrentregulationsinsomeNorthSeacountriesalsorequireinsuranceforoffshorewindfarms(Baugh,2009).Dependentonthestructureoftheinter-firmagreementandtheextentofthepolicycoverage,theremaybeanopportunitytohedgeriskandlowerinsurancepremiumsversusoperatingindependentlyatdifferentsites.Theextenttowhichthisispossibleis,inoneway,determinedbytheeconomicviabilityofajointoperationanditsassociatedorganizationalstructureinthefirstplace.Asthisisthefocusofthispaperandconcurrentresearchontheeconomicfeasibilityofajointmariculture-windfarmfacility(GriffinandKrause,2010),amorerigoroustreatmentofinsuranceisbeyondthescopeofthischapter.一些北海的國家的現行法律也需要對海上風電提供保護。依靠交互的協議結構和政策的覆蓋范圍，可能會規(guī)避風險和降低在不同地區(qū)獨立運行的保險費用。在某種程度上這可能是，從某種意義上講，決定于聯合經營的經濟可行性和起初相關的組織結構。這是這篇文章的焦點和合作的經濟可行性的研究，一個更嚴格的保險待遇已經超出了本章的范圍。Thefirst,andmostobvious,motivewhenlookingataninter-firmagreementfromthevantagepointofamariculturefirmistheabilitytolocatetheiroperationsinaprotectedoffshoreenvironment.Windfarmsmaybeabletoprovidesomesafetyformaricultureactivitiesaswellasprovideafoundationforanchoringinfrastructure(JamesandSlaski,2006).Oneofthelargestchallengestomovingmaricultureoffshoreisbeingabletoprotectitfromtheimpactsofthesehigh-energyenvironments(Bridger&Costa-Pierce,2003).Recentdevelopmentofinnovativeculturingdevicesforseaweed,musselsandfish(BuckandBuchholz,2004;James&Slaski,2006;Bucketal.,2006,Buck,2007)withintheoffshoresettingandparticularlyinwindfarmsmayprovideacostbenefitininstallationandmaintenanceofinfrastructureversusastand-aloneoffshorefarm.Michler-Cieluchetal.(2009a)andBucketal.(2008)suggestsomeotheradvantagesthatmayreducecoststomariculturefirms:.第一，也是最明顯的，生物養(yǎng)殖內在協議的動機是在保護海域內他們的操作能力。風電場可能會為海洋生物提供安全的活動場所和基礎。移動海洋生物最大的挑戰(zhàn)是保護他們避免受到高能量的影響(Bridger&Costa-Pierce,2003)。最新在近海和風電場內發(fā)展的為海藻、貝類、魚類提供的培植設施可能會為生物的安置節(jié)約成本。Michler-Cieluchetal.(2009a)和Bucketal.(2008)提出了其他可能會減少生物養(yǎng)殖公司成本的措施：Theoffshoreareaprovidesahighqualityenvironmentforculturingthelikelyfirstcandidatesforoffshoreaquaculture,withhighwaterquality,goodoxygenconditions,lesspollution,andlesseutrophicationthannearshoresites.Thissuggeststhattomeetasimilaryieldoffshoremaycostlessduetosuperiorgrowingconditions..離岸海域時海產養(yǎng)殖的理想場所，那里有高質量的海水，好的氧氣條件，少的污染和少的富營養(yǎng)化。這暗示著，由于良好的環(huán)境可能會節(jié)省更多的養(yǎng)殖成本。Theco-useofserviceplatformsoffshoremayallowformorecost-effectivemaintenanceandservicing.Dependentonthearrangement,personnel,equipment,orvesselsmayoptionallyhaveaccesstotheserviceplatform,providingflexibilityinservicingandharvestingamongstotherpossibilities..離岸合作平臺可能會允許更多的維護和運行成本。這取決于安排、人員、設備，或者小修可以利用海產收獲的時候。JamesandSlaski(2006)mentionthatdirectaccesstoelectricalpowercouldallowforincreasedphotoperiodproductionandhigherlevelsofautomationandremoteoperation.James和Slaski(2006)提到那種直接的電能能夠增加光周期產品、高自動化水平和遠程操作的技術。Afirstinsightintothecommercialbenefitofamultiple-usescenariowithaquacultureInoffshorewindfarmswascalculatedforasuspendedmusselcultivationenterpriseasacasestudyintheGermenNorthSea(Bucketal.,2010).德國北海一個暫停的貽貝養(yǎng)殖企業(yè)，可作為一個案例研究，用以計算在海上風電場進行水產養(yǎng)殖的多種方案所獲得的商業(yè)利益(Bucketal.,2010)。Thedecisiontopartnerwithmariculturefirmsmayalsobemotivatedbycostconsiderationsforwindenergyfirms.Inanoffshoresettingwheremanyusersarecompetingforspace,allowingtheconcurrentuseofawindfarmformariculturemayprovideadualbenefittowindenergyproducers.First,dependingontheformofcooperation,thewindenergyfirmmayreceivesomelevelofdirectcompensationfromthemariculturefirm.Thismaycomeintheformofshoulderingcommoncosts,orbeadirectstreamofincomeasa“rental”rate,amongstotherpossibilities.風能公司決定與海水養(yǎng)殖企業(yè)合作，也可能是出于成本的考慮。離岸的設置區(qū)域，是許多使用者都在爭奪的空間，允許風電場與海水養(yǎng)殖共同使用，則為風能生產者提供了雙重利益。首先，根據合作的方式，風能公司可能會收到來自海水養(yǎng)殖公司給予的一定程度的直接補償。這可能以共同承擔公共成本的形式，或以“租賃”及其它有可能的直接收入來源來實現。Secondly,thewindenergyfirmmayexperienceareductionofconflictwithotherusers(JamesandSlaski,2006).Anintegratedfacilitywilllikelynotallowotheruserstoenterthatspacewhichcouldjeopardizethesafeoperationofaheavilyutilizedoffshorearea(Mee,2006).Acorollarytothisisthatanintegratedfacilitycouldbeperceivedasasignofgoodfaithandcooperationbywindenergyproducersintheoftencontentioussociopoliticallandscapeofexclusionaryutilizationofoffshorecommonlyheldresources.Todate,theoffshorewindfarmoperatorshold“client”tieswiththedecision-makers,inwhichotherusersandtheirinterestsarenotincludedindevelopmentconsiderations.Byfindingsolutionswhichcouldbeperceivedas“win-win”formultiplestakeholdersintheoffshoresetting,thewindenergyoperatormayimprovetheirpublicperception(Gee,2010).Inturnthismayhavethepositiveeconomicimpactofreducingtheirpoliticalriskandpotentiallytheircostoffinancingandinsurancepremiums.其次，風能公司與其他使用者產生的沖突可能會減少(JamesandSlaski,2006)。一個綜合的設施將可能不會允許其他使用者進入這個空間，因為這可能會危及大量利用的海域的安全運作(Mee,2006)。風能設備這種持有海洋普遍的資源利用率的社會政治景觀，經常會引起爭議，由風能生產者建設綜合海洋設施，則可以視為真誠合作的信號和標志，而這也是一個必然的結果。至目前為止，海上風電場的運營商與合作主體僅持有“客戶”關系，并不涵蓋合作主體的利益。尋找可能被離岸設施中多元利益主體視為“雙贏”的解決方案，風能運營商可能得以提高他們的公眾觀感(Gee,2010)。因此，這可能減少他們的政治風險和潛在的融資成本和保險費，具有積極的經濟影響，Thisisnottosuggestthatthereisonlyupsideforawindenergyfirmincollaborating.Itispossiblethattheymayexperienceareductioninflexibilitytoengageininfrastructureprojectsasaresultofinflexiblegrowingseasonsonthemaricultureside(Mee,2006).Takingonmariculturetotheexclusionofshipping,wildharvestfisheries,orotherinterestsmaystillresultinalienationandpoliticalriskifexcludedpartiesarenotgrantedconcessionselsewhere.Itmayalsobethecasethatthetransactioncostofimplementingajointagreementmaybehighenoughtodiscourageenteringintosuchanagreement.Flexibilityinchangingthecollaborativearrangementasproductionstrategiesareadaptedmayencouragecostsavings(GrandoriandSoda,1995),butmayalsobemorecostlytoinitiallybuildintotheagreement.這并不表示風能公司處于合作的上方。相反，風能公司在從事基礎設施項目時的靈活度可能會減小，這是海洋生物養(yǎng)殖方面不可改變的生長期的所導致的結果(Mee,2006)。海洋生物養(yǎng)殖會排除航運、野生漁業(yè)，或其他利益，如果不給予這些補排除的利益主體其它位置，可能會導致異化和政治風險。這也可能是聯合協議的交易成本可能會高到足以阻止達成這樣一個協議的情況。改變作為生產策略的合作安排，適合用于鼓勵節(jié)約成本(GrandoriandSoda,1995)，但也可能使協議最初建成的部分費用更為昂貴。Themotivationscitedabovearedescriptiveinnatureanddonotendeavourtomodelorquantifytheinteractionsorthenominalvaluesofthesefactors.Asasetofpotentialcostsavingsfromcomplementaryproductionactivities,theymakeacaseforexploringadditionalmotivationsforcollaboration.上面列舉的情況是描述性的，不力求模型或量化這些因素的相互作用或標稱值。作為一套輔助生產活動的潛在的成本節(jié)約設施，他們提出了一個充分的理由以尋求額外的合作動機。4.1.2Organisationalcoordination組織協調Research研究GrandoriandSoda(1995)pointoutthatcollaborationisoftenmotivatedbyreductionsingovernancecostsandotherfactorsuniquetotheindustriesortothecontextinwhichtheagreementismade.Thissectionwillfirstdescribepredictorsfromtheliteraturewhichmaysupportorimpedecollaboration,thenwilladdressrelatedthemesfromeachindustry.Grandori和Soda(1995)指出，這種合作往往是出于行業(yè)所獨有的或協議范圍中減少治理成本及其它因素的考慮。本節(jié)將首先從文獻中描述可以支持或阻礙企業(yè)協作的預測因素，然后解決每個行業(yè)的相關主題。Therehasbeenextensiveresearchintothepre-agreementpredictorsofcollaboration,andtheongoingsuccessofthiscollaboration.Thesecanberelatedtotheroleoftherespectiveassetportfolio.Inthiscontextofconsiderablenaturalresourcedependency,thecapitalassets(natural,physical,human,financialandsocialcapital),theactivities,andtheaccesstothese(mediatedbyinstitutionsandsocialrelations)determinetheincomeandthe“l(fā)ivelihoodplatform”