skopos-theory翻譯功能目的論分析課件

SkoposTheory檢索人：張源博、胡富田整理人：葉子萌PPT制作：武墨函、丁錦勤講解人：劉鎧愷SkoposTheory檢索人：張源博、胡富田ContentHans

Vermeer

andSkopostheoryChapter1Chapter2three“skoposrules”Chpter3commentontheSkopostheoryClicktoaddTitleContentHans

Vermeer

andSkopoChapter1HansVermeerandSkopostheoryPart1HansvermeerProf.Dr.h.c.Hans-JosefVermeer(September24,1930-Heidelberg,February4,2010),Germanlinguistandtranslationscholar.HewasappointedProfessorofGeneralandAppliedLinguisticsattheUniversityofMainzinGermersheim(1971–1983).AfterthatheheldthechairofTranslationStudieswithspecialreferencetoPortugueseatHeidelbergUniversity(1984–1992).HewasalsoavisitingprofessoratLeopoldFranzensUniversityinInnsbruck(1999–2002),BosphorusUniversityinIstanbul(2002–2003)andOkanUniversityinIstanbul(2004–2008).HefinallyreturnedtotheuniversitiesofMainzandHeidelbergtoteachinhisfinalyears.Heestablishedtheskopostheory.Chapter1HansVermeerandSkoPart2翻譯目的論的產(chǎn)生背景In1970s,withthepragmaticturnbothinlinguistics(leadingtoapragmatics-basedtexttheory)andliterarytheory(leadingtoreceptionaestheticstexttheory)aswellascommunicationtheoryinmind,VermeerandotherSkoposscholarsstartedtoviewtranslationasapurposefulinterculturalcommunicativeactingbetweenindividualsinsteadofsomethingthatisdonetoatextbyatranslator.Part2翻譯目的論的產(chǎn)生背景In1970s,witHavingbeentrainedasaninterpreterbyKatharinaReiss,Vermeertookupgenerallinguistics,thentranslationstudiesandalsodesiredtobreakwithlinguistictranslationtheorybyproposinganewtranslationtheory.SkopostheorieisexplainedindetailinthebookAFrameworkforaGeneralTranslationTheoryco-authoredbyVermeerandReissin1984.HavingbeentrainedasanintePart3Thenewtheory–Skopostheory

Whatisskopos?

Part3Thenewtheory–Skopos

SkoposistheGreekwordfor"aim"or"purpose"

andwasintroducedintotranslationtheoryinthe1970sbyHansJ.Vermeerasatechnicaltermforthepurposeofatranslationandoftheactionoftranslating.SkoposistheGreekwordfoSkopostheory

translationisakindofactionthathasapurpose.Thefocalpointsofthistheorylieinthreeaspects:substanceoftranslation,participantsoftheprocessoftranslationandprinciplesoffunctionalconceptoftranslation.ItintroducedtheideathatatranslationshouldalwaysbeconductedtofulfilthepurposeoftheTT（targettext）intheTT’ssituation.Theprimeprincipledetermininganytranslationprocessisthepurpose(Skopos)oftheoveralltranslationalaction.Skopostheory

translationisa大王有令,有破刺客長空者,賞千金,封千戶侯。ByorderofHisMajesty,hewhokillsSkywillreceivegoldandland.這句臺詞中,千金,千戶侯都含有文化信息,若全部保留文化信息,其譯文應(yīng)該是:ByorderofHisMajesty,hewhokillsSkywillbeawardedonethousandtalesofgoldandbedubbedmarquis(爵候，世襲貴族）withapossessionofonethousandhouseholds大王有令,有破刺客長空者,賞千金,封千戶侯。將千金譯為gold,而不是onethousandtalesofgold,將萬戶侯譯為land而不是marquiswithapossessionofonethousandhouseholds,顯然是刪減了其中的文化信息,但基本意卻都在,絲毫不影響觀眾對故事的理解。這樣簡單易懂的字幕就能使觀眾更充分的欣賞畫面、色彩和精彩的武打場面。將千金譯為gold,而不是onethousandtaleThereisnosuchthingastimetravel.

你穿越劇看多了吧。原意是“穿越這種事根本就不存在啊?！薄按┰絼　痹趪鴥?nèi)觀眾中是比較流行的劇種，譯者直接用“穿越劇”來指代“穿越”。產(chǎn)生幽默的作用ThereisnosuchthingastimeTheSkoposrule目的規(guī)則Coherence(Intra-texualCoherence)連貫規(guī)則TheFidelityrule(

Inter-textualCoherence)忠實規(guī)則/互文連貫性three“skoposrules”

Chapter2

目的論的基本原則

TheSkoposrule目的規(guī)則Coherence

目的準(zhǔn)則目的準(zhǔn)則指翻譯應(yīng)能在譯語情境和文化中，按譯語接受者期待的方式發(fā)生作用。決定翻譯過程的根本原則是整個翻譯活動的目的（skopos），即“結(jié)果決定方法”。這種目的有三種解釋：1）譯者的基本目的；2）譯文的交際目的；3）特定翻譯策略或手段要達(dá)到的目的。但通常“目的”是指譯文的交際目的。即翻譯過程的發(fā)起者，決定譯文的交際目的，發(fā)起者出于某一特殊需要，在理想狀況下，他會給出需要譯文的原因，譯文接受者、使用譯文的環(huán)境、譯文應(yīng)具有的功能以及與原因有關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)等。所有這些構(gòu)成了“翻譯要求”。目的準(zhǔn)舉例Wecaretoprovideserviceaboveandbeyondthecallofduty.-ups一問：殷勤有加，風(fēng)雨不改（UPS快遞）若直譯這則廣告，應(yīng)是“我們愿意提供高于或者超出責(zé)任感的服務(wù)”。雖然譯文在語義和詞義上都屬于忠誠對等翻譯，但四字結(jié)構(gòu)“殷勤有加，風(fēng)雨不改”更能向目的與消費者傳達(dá)該公司的服務(wù)精神，達(dá)到意義上的忠誠，是廣告在目標(biāo)文化的誘惑功能得以最大程度地實現(xiàn)。

Coherence連貫準(zhǔn)則Coherence（IntratextualCoherence）

:atranslationshouldbeacceptableinasensethatitiscoherentwiththereceivers’situation,beingpartofthereceivers’situation.連貫準(zhǔn)則是指譯文必須考慮接受者的背景知識和實際情況，最大限度地做到語義連貫，以便譯文接受者能夠理解其義符合譯入語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。Thetargettextmustbetranslatedinsuchawaythatitiscoherentforthetargetreceivers,giventheir

circumstancesandknowledge.Translatorshouldconformtothecannonsandethnicrulesinthetarget

languageandculture,andreproducetheinformationofferedinthesourcetextinanacceptableandaccessiblewaytothetargetreader,takingtheirbackgroundknowledgeandsituationalcircumstancesintoaccount.Coherence連貫準(zhǔn)則Coherence（IntraTheFidelityRule忠實準(zhǔn)則Fidelityrule(IntertextualCoherence):atranslationshouldbeasfaithfulaspossibletotheoriginal.忠實準(zhǔn)則是指原文和譯文中應(yīng)該存在某種對應(yīng)關(guān)系，并不要求原文和譯文在內(nèi)容上一字不差。Theremustbeaninter-textualcoherencebetweenthesourcetextsandtargettexts,whichissimilartothefidelitytothesourcetexts.TheFidelityRule忠實準(zhǔn)則Fidelity例1.WaterlooBridge《魂斷藍(lán)橋》（直譯為滑鐵盧橋）

不僅避開了中國觀眾由于地域文化差異、歷史背景知識缺乏而引起的迷惑;而且藍(lán)橋蘊含著中國文化的特色,與牛郎織女的鵲橋相會相仿,能夠使觀眾一看到片名就能心領(lǐng)神會,而且具有很高的審美價值。譯者要把握觀眾的審美需求,達(dá)到形式美和內(nèi)容美的統(tǒng)一以及要考慮到觀眾的心理需求。最終在實現(xiàn)電影片名翻譯的目的:吸引觀眾看電影。例1.WaterlooBridge《魂斷藍(lán)橋》（直譯為滑Relationshipsbetweenthethreerules

ItseemsthatVermeerprescribesthehierarchicalruleinlinewithactiontheoryandliterary

receptiontheory:theSkoposistheboss,intratextualcoherencethesecondandfidelitythelowest;

thelasttworulesaresubordinatedtotheSkoposofthetranslation.忠實準(zhǔn)則服從于連貫準(zhǔn)則，而這二者服從于目的準(zhǔn)則。Relationshipsbetweenthethre

Chapter3

CommentontheSkopostheory

advantagesofskopostheoryAdvantage1TranslationisaDECISIONMAKINGprocess.Thecriteriaforthedecisionsareprovidedbytheskopos,i.e.theconcretepurposeandaimsinaconcretetranslationcommission.目的論提供給翻譯界一個更為合理，科學(xué)的判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。目的論擺脫了對等論的束縛，判斷的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不再是單純目的語和源語之間純文字間的對等，著重指出判斷翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是目的語的目的達(dá)到與否。advantagesofskopostheoryAdAdvantage2Itsemphasisontheintentionalnatureoftranslationoffersanewwayofexaminingandchoosingfinishedtranslationsaswellasopeningnewresearchavenuesintranslationreceptionandtranslatortraining.目的論為廣告文稿、旅游介紹、政治文獻(xiàn)、食品等實用文體的翻譯奠定了理論基礎(chǔ)。Eg.Wherethereisaway,thereisatoyota.車到山前必有路,有路就有豐田車Applethinksdifferent.蘋果電腦,不同凡“想”。(蘋果電腦)Advantage2ItsemphasisonthAdvantage3Skopostheoryhashelpedtobringthetargettextintofocus.Asatext,atranslationisnotprimarilydeterminedbyasourcetext,butbyitsownskopos.ThisaxiomprovidesatheoreticalargumentfordescribingtranslationsintermsoforiginaltextproductionandagainstdescribingtheminthemoretraditionaltermsofEQUIVALENCEwithanothertextinanotherlanguage(Jakobsen1993:156).它把翻譯的定義拓寬了，使得翻譯變成了一種語言和文化的雙轉(zhuǎn)換活動,創(chuàng)新了翻譯理論。Advantage3SkopostheoryhasForexampleIslifeworthliving?Itdependsupontheliver!生命值得活下去嗎？那得看你怎么個活法。（那得看你是否心滿意足。）ForexampleIslifeworthlivinAdvantage4Translatorshavecometobeviewedastarget-textauthorsandhavebeenreleasedfromthelimitationsandrestrictionsimposedbyanarrowlydefinedconceptofloyaltytothesourcetextalone.目的論提升了譯者的地位。譯者根據(jù)翻譯行為的目的從而決定譯文的形式和內(nèi)容。并授予了譯者更為靈活、合理的翻譯準(zhǔn)則。Asattentionhasturnedtowardsthefunctionalaspectsoftranslationandtowardstheexplanationoftranslationdecisions,theexpertiseandethicalresponsibilityofthetranslatorhavecometothefore.Advantage4TranslatorshaveCriticismofskopostheoryTheemphasisontranslationpurposehasalsobeenthesourceofmanyoftheobjectionstoitsuse.Someobjectionsconcernthedefinitionoftranslationandtherelationshipbetweensourcetextandtargettext.Somecomemainlyfromlinguisticallyorientedapproachestotranslationthatfocusonbottom-upaspectsoftextproductionandreception.

CriticismofskopostheoryTheObjection1Itneglectedthesourcetexttoomuch,especiallyintermsoftheST’slinguisticfeaturesbelowtextlevel.Itisarguedthat,eventhoughatranslationmayindeedfulfilitsintendedskoposperfectlywell,itmayneverthelessbeassessedasinadequateonothercounts,particularlyasfaraslexical,syntactic,orstylisticdecisionsonthemicrolevelareconcerned(Chesterman1994:153).目的論對原文語言特色的關(guān)注不夠，對譯文在微觀層面上的特點的關(guān)注也不夠。翻譯目的即使得到實現(xiàn)，個別地方在風(fēng)格和語義層面上仍可能是不充分的。Objection1Objection2Vermeer’sculturalapproachhasalsobeenjudgedlessapplicabletoliterarytranslation,duetothespecialstatusofaliteraryworkofart.目的論只對非文學(xué)文本有效，文學(xué)文本要么沒有具體目的，要么風(fēng)格太復(fù)雜；Objection2Objection3功能理論導(dǎo)致惟利是圖譯者的產(chǎn)生。譯者在翻譯目的主導(dǎo)翻譯過程的思想下，為了獲取酬金，有可能不顧原文進(jìn)行翻譯。skopos-theory翻譯功能目的論分析課件Thankyou~Thankyou~SkoposTheory檢索人：張源博、胡富田整理人：葉子萌PPT制作：武墨函、丁錦勤講解人：劉鎧愷SkoposTheory檢索人：張源博、胡富田ContentHans

Vermeer

andSkopostheoryChapter1Chapter2three“skoposrules”Chpter3commentontheSkopostheoryClicktoaddTitleContentHans

Vermeer

andSkopoChapter1HansVermeerandSkopostheoryPart1HansvermeerProf.Dr.h.c.Hans-JosefVermeer(September24,1930-Heidelberg,February4,2010),Germanlinguistandtranslationscholar.HewasappointedProfessorofGeneralandAppliedLinguisticsattheUniversityofMainzinGermersheim(1971–1983).AfterthatheheldthechairofTranslationStudieswithspecialreferencetoPortugueseatHeidelbergUniversity(1984–1992).HewasalsoavisitingprofessoratLeopoldFranzensUniversityinInnsbruck(1999–2002),BosphorusUniversityinIstanbul(2002–2003)andOkanUniversityinIstanbul(2004–2008).HefinallyreturnedtotheuniversitiesofMainzandHeidelbergtoteachinhisfinalyears.Heestablishedtheskopostheory.Chapter1HansVermeerandSkoPart2翻譯目的論的產(chǎn)生背景In1970s,withthepragmaticturnbothinlinguistics(leadingtoapragmatics-basedtexttheory)andliterarytheory(leadingtoreceptionaestheticstexttheory)aswellascommunicationtheoryinmind,VermeerandotherSkoposscholarsstartedtoviewtranslationasapurposefulinterculturalcommunicativeactingbetweenindividualsinsteadofsomethingthatisdonetoatextbyatranslator.Part2翻譯目的論的產(chǎn)生背景In1970s,witHavingbeentrainedasaninterpreterbyKatharinaReiss,Vermeertookupgenerallinguistics,thentranslationstudiesandalsodesiredtobreakwithlinguistictranslationtheorybyproposinganewtranslationtheory.SkopostheorieisexplainedindetailinthebookAFrameworkforaGeneralTranslationTheoryco-authoredbyVermeerandReissin1984.HavingbeentrainedasanintePart3Thenewtheory–Skopostheory

Whatisskopos?

Part3Thenewtheory–Skopos

SkoposistheGreekwordfor"aim"or"purpose"

andwasintroducedintotranslationtheoryinthe1970sbyHansJ.Vermeerasatechnicaltermforthepurposeofatranslationandoftheactionoftranslating.SkoposistheGreekwordfoSkopostheory

translationisakindofactionthathasapurpose.Thefocalpointsofthistheorylieinthreeaspects:substanceoftranslation,participantsoftheprocessoftranslationandprinciplesoffunctionalconceptoftranslation.ItintroducedtheideathatatranslationshouldalwaysbeconductedtofulfilthepurposeoftheTT（targettext）intheTT’ssituation.Theprimeprincipledetermininganytranslationprocessisthepurpose(Skopos)oftheoveralltranslationalaction.Skopostheory

translationisa大王有令,有破刺客長空者,賞千金,封千戶侯。ByorderofHisMajesty,hewhokillsSkywillreceivegoldandland.這句臺詞中,千金,千戶侯都含有文化信息,若全部保留文化信息,其譯文應(yīng)該是:ByorderofHisMajesty,hewhokillsSkywillbeawardedonethousandtalesofgoldandbedubbedmarquis(爵候，世襲貴族）withapossessionofonethousandhouseholds大王有令,有破刺客長空者,賞千金,封千戶侯。將千金譯為gold,而不是onethousandtalesofgold,將萬戶侯譯為land而不是marquiswithapossessionofonethousandhouseholds,顯然是刪減了其中的文化信息,但基本意卻都在,絲毫不影響觀眾對故事的理解。這樣簡單易懂的字幕就能使觀眾更充分的欣賞畫面、色彩和精彩的武打場面。將千金譯為gold,而不是onethousandtaleThereisnosuchthingastimetravel.

你穿越劇看多了吧。原意是“穿越這種事根本就不存在啊?！薄按┰絼　痹趪鴥?nèi)觀眾中是比較流行的劇種，譯者直接用“穿越劇”來指代“穿越”。產(chǎn)生幽默的作用ThereisnosuchthingastimeTheSkoposrule目的規(guī)則Coherence(Intra-texualCoherence)連貫規(guī)則TheFidelityrule(

Inter-textualCoherence)忠實規(guī)則/互文連貫性three“skoposrules”

Chapter2

目的論的基本原則

TheSkoposrule目的規(guī)則Coherence

目的準(zhǔn)則目的準(zhǔn)則指翻譯應(yīng)能在譯語情境和文化中，按譯語接受者期待的方式發(fā)生作用。決定翻譯過程的根本原則是整個翻譯活動的目的（skopos），即“結(jié)果決定方法”。這種目的有三種解釋：1）譯者的基本目的；2）譯文的交際目的；3）特定翻譯策略或手段要達(dá)到的目的。但通?！澳康摹笔侵缸g文的交際目的。即翻譯過程的發(fā)起者，決定譯文的交際目的，發(fā)起者出于某一特殊需要，在理想狀況下，他會給出需要譯文的原因，譯文接受者、使用譯文的環(huán)境、譯文應(yīng)具有的功能以及與原因有關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)等。所有這些構(gòu)成了“翻譯要求”。目的準(zhǔn)舉例Wecaretoprovideserviceaboveandbeyondthecallofduty.-ups一問：殷勤有加，風(fēng)雨不改（UPS快遞）若直譯這則廣告，應(yīng)是“我們愿意提供高于或者超出責(zé)任感的服務(wù)”。雖然譯文在語義和詞義上都屬于忠誠對等翻譯，但四字結(jié)構(gòu)“殷勤有加，風(fēng)雨不改”更能向目的與消費者傳達(dá)該公司的服務(wù)精神，達(dá)到意義上的忠誠，是廣告在目標(biāo)文化的誘惑功能得以最大程度地實現(xiàn)。

Coherence連貫準(zhǔn)則Coherence（IntratextualCoherence）

:atranslationshouldbeacceptableinasensethatitiscoherentwiththereceivers’situation,beingpartofthereceivers’situation.連貫準(zhǔn)則是指譯文必須考慮接受者的背景知識和實際情況，最大限度地做到語義連貫，以便譯文接受者能夠理解其義符合譯入語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。Thetargettextmustbetranslatedinsuchawaythatitiscoherentforthetargetreceivers,giventheir

circumstancesandknowledge.Translatorshouldconformtothecannonsandethnicrulesinthetarget

languageandculture,andreproducetheinformationofferedinthesourcetextinanacceptableandaccessiblewaytothetargetreader,takingtheirbackgroundknowledgeandsituationalcircumstancesintoaccount.Coherence連貫準(zhǔn)則Coherence（IntraTheFidelityRule忠實準(zhǔn)則Fidelityrule(IntertextualCoherence):atranslationshouldbeasfaithfulaspossibletotheoriginal.忠實準(zhǔn)則是指原文和譯文中應(yīng)該存在某種對應(yīng)關(guān)系，并不要求原文和譯文在內(nèi)容上一字不差。Theremustbeaninter-textualcoherencebetweenthesourcetextsandtargettexts,whichissimilartothefidelitytothesourcetexts.TheFidelityRule忠實準(zhǔn)則Fidelity例1.WaterlooBridge《魂斷藍(lán)橋》（直譯為滑鐵盧橋）

不僅避開了中國觀眾由于地域文化差異、歷史背景知識缺乏而引起的迷惑;而且藍(lán)橋蘊含著中國文化的特色,與牛郎織女的鵲橋相會相仿,能夠使觀眾一看到片名就能心領(lǐng)神會,而且具有很高的審美價值。譯者要把握觀眾的審美需求,達(dá)到形式美和內(nèi)容美的統(tǒng)一以及要考慮到觀眾的心理需求。最終在實現(xiàn)電影片名翻譯的目的:吸引觀眾看電影。例1.WaterlooBridge《魂斷藍(lán)橋》（直譯為滑Relationshipsbetweenthethreerules

ItseemsthatVermeerprescribesthehierarchicalruleinlinewithactiontheoryandliterary

receptiontheory:theSkoposistheboss,intratextualcoherencethesecondandfidelitythelowest;

thelasttworulesaresubordinatedtotheSkoposofthetranslation.忠實準(zhǔn)則服從于連貫準(zhǔn)則，而這二者服從于目的準(zhǔn)則。Relationshipsbetweenthethre

Chapter3

CommentontheSkopostheory

advantagesofskopostheoryAdvantage1TranslationisaDECISIONMAKINGprocess.Thecriteriaforthedecisionsareprovidedbytheskopos,i.e.theconcretepurposeandaimsinaconcretetranslationcommission.目的論提供給翻譯界一個更為合理，科學(xué)的判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。目的論擺脫了對等論的束縛，判斷的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不再是單純目的語和源語之間純文字間的對等，著重指出判斷翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是目的語的目的達(dá)到與否。advantagesofskopostheoryAdAdvantage2Itsemphasisontheintentionalnatureoftranslationoffersanewwayofexaminingandchoosingfinishedtranslationsaswellasopeningnewresearchavenuesintranslationreceptionandtranslatortraining.目的論為廣告文稿、旅游介紹、政治文獻(xiàn)、食品等實用文體的翻譯奠定了理論基礎(chǔ)。Eg.Wherethereisaway,thereisatoyota.車到山前必有路,有路就有豐田車Applethinksdifferent.蘋果電腦,不同凡“想”。(蘋果電腦)Advantage2ItsemphasisonthAdvantage3Skopostheoryhashelpedtobringthetargettextintofocus.Asatext,atranslationisnotprimarilydeterminedbyasourcetext,butbyitsownskopos.ThisaxiomprovidesatheoreticalargumentfordescribingtranslationsintermsoforiginaltextproductionandagainstdescribingtheminthemoretraditionaltermsofEQUIVALENCEwithanothertextinanotherlanguage(Jakobsen1993:156).它把翻譯的定義拓寬了，使得翻譯變成了一種語言和文化的雙轉(zhuǎn)換活動,創(chuàng)新了翻譯理論。Advantage3SkopostheoryhasForexample