英語寫作中的銜接與連貫講義課件

英語寫作中的銜接與連貫

Cohesionand

CoherenceinEnglishWriting

是文濤英語寫作中的銜接與連貫

CohesionandCoher1概念與方法銜接:語篇中的一個成分和對解釋它起重要作用的其他成分之間的語義關(guān)系1.指代referenceIn1860,LincolnwaselectedPresidentoftheUnitedStates.He（人稱指代）wasthecandidateofthenewRepublicParty.ThisParty（指示指代）opposedthecreationofnewslavestates.2.替代substitutionThisbiscuitsarestale.Getsomefreshones.(名詞性替代）“ifyouhaveseenthemsooften,ofcourseyouknowwhatthey’relike.”“Ibelieveso,”Alicerepliedthoughtfully.（分句性替代）3.省略ellipsis(zerosubstitution)“howmanyhoursadaydidyoudolessons?saidAlice.”Ididthattenhoursthefirstday,”saidTom.（分句性省略）4.連接conjunctionA.通過標點符號銜接Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.(JuliusCeaser)Thesunisgrowingwarm,frogsarewakinginthemarshes,plantingtimewillbesoonhere.B.通過連接詞銜接5.詞匯銜接lexis(Halliday/Hasan:CohesioninEnglish1976)概念與方法銜接:語篇中的一個成分和對解釋它起重要作用的其他成2連貫(coherence)：是整個語篇一致性的抽象特征。詞匯銜接句子銜接段落銜接連貫(coherence)：是整個語篇一致性的抽象特征。31、詞匯銜接：連接詞、同義詞、反義詞、上、下義詞、同一語義場等例1：連接詞（conjunction)Astudentacquiresknowledgemainlyfromthetextbookandinclass.Asaresult,（結(jié)果）whenhegraduatesfromschoolhecandonothing.For（原因）everythingisdifferentfromwhatteacherstoldhim.Hemayevenbedisappointedand（并列）frustrated.Intheend,（總結(jié)）hemaybeafraidtofacetherealworld.

1、詞匯銜接：連接詞、同義詞、反義詞、上、下義詞、同一語義場4例2同義詞(synonym)Thefarmwasownedbytwobrothers.Theyemployedafewfarmhands,butnoonewaswillingtoworklong.Everytimeaworker

gaveuphisjob,hetoldthesamestory.Farmlaborerssaidthat…例3反義詞(antonym)Failure

isthemotherofsuccess.例4上\下義詞(hyponymy)Ithasneverbeenexplainedwhyuniversitystudentsseemtoenjoypracticaljokesmorethananyoneelse.Studentsspecializeinaparticulartypeofpracticaljoke:hoax.Invitingthefirebrigadetoputoutanonexistentfireisacrudeformofdeception.Studentsoftencreateamusingsituationswhicharefunnytoeveryoneexceptthevictim.例2同義詞(synonym)5例5同一語義場(semanticfield)Small

boatsloadedwithwaresspedtothegreat

liner

asshewasenteringtheharbor.Beforeshehadanchored,themenfromtheboatshadclimbedonboardandthedecksweresooncoveredwithcolorful…butIdecidednottobuyanythinguntilIhaddisembarked.例5同一語義場(semanticfield)6例6綜合運用Walter’sgoalinlifewastobecomeasuccessfulsurgeon.First,though,hehadtogetthroughhighschool,soheconcentratedallhiseffortsonhisstudies---inparticular,biology,chemistryandmath.Because

heworkedconstantlyonthesesubjects,Walterbecameproficientinthem;however,Walterforgotthatheneededtomasterothersubjectsbesidesthosehehadchosen,asaresult,duringhisjunioryearofhighschool,WalterfailedbothEnglishandLatin.Consequently,hehadtorepeatthesesubjectsandhewasalmostunabletograduateonschedule.Finally,onJune6,Walterachievedthefirststeptowardrealizinghisgoal.例6綜合運用72句子銜接使用過渡句Ithasbeensaidthateveryonelivesbysellingsomething.Inthelightofthisstatement,(概括-具體）teacherslivebysellingknowledge,philosophersbysellingwisdomandpriestsbysellingspiritualcomfort.…Everyonehassomethingtosell.(承上啟下)Trampsseemtbetheonlyexceptiontothisgeneralrule.Beggarsalmostsellthemselvesashumanbeingstoarousethepityofpassers-by.Butrealtrampsarenotbeggars.Theyhavenothingtosellandrequirenothingfromothers.2句子銜接使用過渡句8使用平行結(jié)構(gòu)American,therichestandmostpowerfulnationintheworld,canwellleadthewayinthisrevolutionofvalues.Thisisnothingtopreventusfrompayingadequatewagestoschoolteachers,…ThereisnothingbutalackofsocialvisiontopreventusfrompayinganadequatewagetoeveryAmericancitizen…Thisisnothing,exceptatragicdeathwish,topreventusfrom…Thereisnothingtokeepusfrom…使用平行結(jié)構(gòu)9使用信息結(jié)構(gòu)粘連句子(1)Butmoneyisnoteverything.(2)Itisthat,withmoney,wecanbuywhatevermaterialthingswewant.(3)Life,however,ismorethanjustmaterialthings.(4)People’sspiritualneedsusuallycannotbefullymetwithmaterialthings.(5)Onthecontrary,manypeoplewhoaremateriallyricharesufferingfromlackingspiritualballast.(6)Somoneyalonedoesnotleadtoahappylife.

使用信息結(jié)構(gòu)粘連句子10使用信息結(jié)構(gòu)粘連句子已知信息—新信息—已知信息—新信息

Butmoneyisnoteverything.Itisthat,withmoney,wecanbuywhatevermaterialthingswewant.However,materialthingsonlydonotmeanahappylife.Inamoreimportantsense,lifeinvolvesspiritualthings.People’sspiritualneedsusuallycannotbefullymetwithmaterialthings.Onthecontrary,manypeoplewhoaremateriallyricharesufferingfromlackingspiritualballast.Somoneyalonedoesnotleadtoahappylife.

使用信息結(jié)構(gòu)粘連句子113段落銜接按時間順序(chronologicalorder)Wehadanumberofclosecallsthatday.Whenwerose,itwaslateandwehadtohurrysoasnottomissbreakfast;Then,whenwehadbeendrivinginthedesertfornearlytwohours---itmusthavebeenclosetonoon…;bythetimewereachedthemountain,itwasfouro’clock…notrealizingthedarknesscamesuddenlyinthedesert.Bysixwewerestruggling…Bynine…ithadbeenourluckyday.3段落銜接按時間順序(chronologicalorde12按空間順序(spatialorder)Fromadistance,itlookedlikeaskinnytube,butaswegotcloser,wecouldseeitfleshoutbeforeoureyes….Standingtenfeetaway,wecouldmarvelat…inside,thetubewasgloomy,…Thenasteep,narrowstaircasetookusupinsidethepagoda…按空間順序(spatialorder)13

按重要性順序(重要性遞增或遞減)

Workisindispensabletoman’sexistence.Itprovidesthematerialthingsoflife,thegoodsandservicesthatmakepossibleourancientcivilizationandmoderncivilizationaswell.Mancan’tpossiblysurvivewithoutfood,clothingandshelterwhicharefruitsofhiswork.Howevermorepsychologistshavecometorealizethatworkismorethatanecessityformostpeople.Itisthesourceofhappinessandcreativity.Amoderateamountofworkisbeneficialtoman’shealth.Factsprovethatthemoreoneuseshidbrains,themoreactiveandefficientheisthinking.Ofallworkersofalltrades,mailmenonbikehavethelongestlifeexpectancy.Aboveall,workoffersambitiouspeoplechancestorealizetheirvalues.Awriterorascientistmayconceivewonderfulideasordesigns,yettheirworksordesignscan’tcomeintobeingwithouttheircreativework.Inthissense,weshouldregardnotonlyasmeansofmakingalivingbutalsomeansofenrichingourlife.

按重要性順序(重要性遞增或遞減)

Workisindi14ASampleSmoking

Smokingisaveryharmfulandunhealthyhobbyfromwhichweshouldkeepaway.Aboveall,cigarettescontainnicotine,apoisonoussubstancethathastheeffectofcausingcancer,adreadfulandincurabledisease.Itisestimatedthatmorethan80percentoflungcancervictimsaresmokers.Butifyourefrainfromsmoking,thethreatifsuchadiseasewillbegreatlydiminished.Financially,aheavysmokerneedsmuchmoneytbuycigarettes.Thecostthusbecomesaheavyburdentohisfamily.What’smore,smokingisonesourceofenvironmentalpollution.Burningcigarettesandpuffsofsmokingmayspoilcleanandfreshair,anddisturbotherperson’sworkandstudy.Finally,ifateenagertakestosmoking,howcanhekeepasoundmindinasoundbody?onthewhole,asapernicioushobby,smokingwilldoyoumoreharmthangood.Foryourownhealth,pleasekeepawayfromsmoking.ASampleS15ThankYou英語寫作中的銜接與連貫講義課件16英語寫作中的銜接與連貫

Cohesionand

CoherenceinEnglishWriting

是文濤英語寫作中的銜接與連貫

CohesionandCoher17概念與方法銜接:語篇中的一個成分和對解釋它起重要作用的其他成分之間的語義關(guān)系1.指代referenceIn1860,LincolnwaselectedPresidentoftheUnitedStates.He（人稱指代）wasthecandidateofthenewRepublicParty.ThisParty（指示指代）opposedthecreationofnewslavestates.2.替代substitutionThisbiscuitsarestale.Getsomefreshones.(名詞性替代）“ifyouhaveseenthemsooften,ofcourseyouknowwhatthey’relike.”“Ibelieveso,”Alicerepliedthoughtfully.（分句性替代）3.省略ellipsis(zerosubstitution)“howmanyhoursadaydidyoudolessons?saidAlice.”Ididthattenhoursthefirstday,”saidTom.（分句性省略）4.連接conjunctionA.通過標點符號銜接Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.(JuliusCeaser)Thesunisgrowingwarm,frogsarewakinginthemarshes,plantingtimewillbesoonhere.B.通過連接詞銜接5.詞匯銜接lexis(Halliday/Hasan:CohesioninEnglish1976)概念與方法銜接:語篇中的一個成分和對解釋它起重要作用的其他成18連貫(coherence)：是整個語篇一致性的抽象特征。詞匯銜接句子銜接段落銜接連貫(coherence)：是整個語篇一致性的抽象特征。191、詞匯銜接：連接詞、同義詞、反義詞、上、下義詞、同一語義場等例1：連接詞（conjunction)Astudentacquiresknowledgemainlyfromthetextbookandinclass.Asaresult,（結(jié)果）whenhegraduatesfromschoolhecandonothing.For（原因）everythingisdifferentfromwhatteacherstoldhim.Hemayevenbedisappointedand（并列）frustrated.Intheend,（總結(jié)）hemaybeafraidtofacetherealworld.

1、詞匯銜接：連接詞、同義詞、反義詞、上、下義詞、同一語義場20例2同義詞(synonym)Thefarmwasownedbytwobrothers.Theyemployedafewfarmhands,butnoonewaswillingtoworklong.Everytimeaworker

gaveuphisjob,hetoldthesamestory.Farmlaborerssaidthat…例3反義詞(antonym)Failure

isthemotherofsuccess.例4上\下義詞(hyponymy)Ithasneverbeenexplainedwhyuniversitystudentsseemtoenjoypracticaljokesmorethananyoneelse.Studentsspecializeinaparticulartypeofpracticaljoke:hoax.Invitingthefirebrigadetoputoutanonexistentfireisacrudeformofdeception.Studentsoftencreateamusingsituationswhicharefunnytoeveryoneexceptthevictim.例2同義詞(synonym)21例5同一語義場(semanticfield)Small

boatsloadedwithwaresspedtothegreat

liner

asshewasenteringtheharbor.Beforeshehadanchored,themenfromtheboatshadclimbedonboardandthedecksweresooncoveredwithcolorful…butIdecidednottobuyanythinguntilIhaddisembarked.例5同一語義場(semanticfield)22例6綜合運用Walter’sgoalinlifewastobecomeasuccessfulsurgeon.First,though,hehadtogetthroughhighschool,soheconcentratedallhiseffortsonhisstudies---inparticular,biology,chemistryandmath.Because

heworkedconstantlyonthesesubjects,Walterbecameproficientinthem;however,Walterforgotthatheneededtomasterothersubjectsbesidesthosehehadchosen,asaresult,duringhisjunioryearofhighschool,WalterfailedbothEnglishandLatin.Consequently,hehadtorepeatthesesubjectsandhewasalmostunabletograduateonschedule.Finally,onJune6,Walterachievedthefirststeptowardrealizinghisgoal.例6綜合運用232句子銜接使用過渡句Ithasbeensaidthateveryonelivesbysellingsomething.Inthelightofthisstatement,(概括-具體）teacherslivebysellingknowledge,philosophersbysellingwisdomandpriestsbysellingspiritualcomfort.…Everyonehassomethingtosell.(承上啟下)Trampsseemtbetheonlyexceptiontothisgeneralrule.Beggarsalmostsellthemselvesashumanbeingstoarousethepityofpassers-by.Butrealtrampsarenotbeggars.Theyhavenothingtosellandrequirenothingfromothers.2句子銜接使用過渡句24使用平行結(jié)構(gòu)American,therichestandmostpowerfulnationintheworld,canwellleadthewayinthisrevolutionofvalues.Thisisnothingtopreventusfrompayingadequatewagestoschoolteachers,…ThereisnothingbutalackofsocialvisiontopreventusfrompayinganadequatewagetoeveryAmericancitizen…Thisisnothing,exceptatragicdeathwish,topreventusfrom…Thereisnothingtokeepusfrom…使用平行結(jié)構(gòu)25使用信息結(jié)構(gòu)粘連句子(1)Butmoneyisnoteverything.(2)Itisthat,withmoney,wecanbuywhatevermaterialthingswewant.(3)Life,however,ismorethanjustmaterialthings.(4)People’sspiritualneedsusuallycannotbefullymetwithmaterialthings.(5)Onthecontrary,manypeoplewhoaremateriallyricharesufferingfromlackingspiritualballast.(6)Somoneyalonedoesnotleadtoahappylife.

使用信息結(jié)構(gòu)粘連句子26使用信息結(jié)構(gòu)粘連句子已知信息—新信息—已知信息—新信息

Butmoneyisnoteverything.Itisthat,withmoney,wecanbuywhatevermaterialthingswewant.However,materialthingsonlydonotmeanahappylife.Inamoreimportantsense,lifeinvolvesspiritualthings.People’sspiritualneedsusuallycannotbefullymetwithmaterialthings.Onthecontrary,manypeoplewhoaremateriallyricharesufferingfromlackingspiritualballast.Somoneyalonedoesnotleadtoahappylife.

使用信息結(jié)構(gòu)粘連句子273段落銜接按時間順序(chronologicalorder)Wehadanumberofclosecallsthatday.Whenwerose,itwaslateandwehadtohurrysoasnottomissbreakfast;Then,whenwehadbeendrivinginthedesertfornearlytwohours---itmusthavebeenclosetonoon…;bythetimewereachedthemountain,itwasfouro’clock…notrealizingthedarknesscamesuddenlyinthedesert.Bysixwewerestruggling…Bynine…ithadbeenourluckyday.3段落銜接按時間順序(chronologicalorde28按空間順序(spatialorder)Fromadistance,itlookedlikeaskinnytube,butaswegotcloser,wecouldseeitfleshoutbeforeoureyes….Standingtenfeetaway,wecouldmarvelat…inside,thetubewasgloomy,…Thenasteep,narrowstaircasetookusupinsidethepagoda…按空間順序(spatialorder)29

按重要性順序(重要性遞增或遞減)

Workisindispensabletoman’sexistence.Itprovidesthematerialthingsoflife,thegoodsandservicesthatmakepossibleourancientcivilizationandmoderncivilizationaswell.Mancan’tpossiblysurvivewithoutfood,clothingandshelterwhicharefruitsofhiswork.Howevermorepsychologistshavecometorealizethatworkismorethatanecessityformostpeople.Itisthesourceofhappinessandcreativity.Amoderateamountofworkis