精益生產(chǎn)防錯(cuò)概論

ErrorProofing

防錯(cuò)Topics-ErrorProofingTraining

Topics主題ObjectivesoftheTraining培訓(xùn)的目的WhatandWhyofErrorProofing什么是防錯(cuò)，怎樣進(jìn)行防錯(cuò)ApplicationofErrorProofing防錯(cuò)應(yīng)用IdentifyOpportunitiesforErrors防錯(cuò)時(shí)機(jī)的確定OverviewofFailureModeandEffectsAnalysis(FMEA)失效模式和效果分析總括ErrorProofingOptions防錯(cuò)的選擇Prevention&DetectionThroughPokaYokeDevices通過PokaYoke進(jìn)行預(yù)防與探測(cè)MovetoTheNextLevel轉(zhuǎn)入下一級(jí)ABenchmarkWithinEaton伊頓內(nèi)部標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Summary概要ObjectivesoftheTraining

培訓(xùn)的目的UnderstandWhatIsErrorProofingandWhatItCanDo了解什么是防錯(cuò)和防錯(cuò)能做什么UnderstandthePrinciplesofErrorProofing了解防錯(cuò)的原理LearnHowtoApplyErrorProofingtoProductsandProcesses了解怎樣對(duì)產(chǎn)品及工藝過程應(yīng)用防錯(cuò)LearnAboutthePokaYokeDevicesandSystems了解PokaYoke裝置和系統(tǒng)LearntheProcessofImplementationandContinuousImprovements了解實(shí)施防錯(cuò)的過程和持續(xù)改進(jìn)的過程WhatAreYourExpectations?

你們的期望是什么？WhatandWhyofErrorProofing

什么是防錯(cuò)以及為什么要防錯(cuò)Definition

定義ErrorProofingIsaSystematicApproachforAnticipatingandDetectingPotentialDefectsandPreventingThemFromReachingtheCustomer(InternalorExternal)防錯(cuò)是一種預(yù)測(cè)及探測(cè)潛在缺陷以及阻止缺陷影響客戶的體系方法(內(nèi)部防錯(cuò)和外部防錯(cuò))ErrorProofingbyOtherNames

以其他名稱進(jìn)行防錯(cuò)FoolProofing防止愚蠢行為IdiotProofing防止白癡行為MistakeProofing防止錯(cuò)誤行為FailSafing安全失效PokaYokeZeroQualityControl(ZeroDefects)零質(zhì)量控制（零缺陷）DesignforManufactureandAssembly制造和裝配的設(shè)計(jì)LetUsNotArguetheMeritsofTheseNamesLetUsDecideWhatWeWanttoAchieve我們不要爭(zhēng)論這些名稱,讓我們決定想要完成什么?DemoralizingTerms防錯(cuò)術(shù)語CharacteristicsofErrorProofing

防錯(cuò)的特點(diǎn)ProactiveIdentificationandPrevention前期識(shí)別及預(yù)防PreventFirst首先進(jìn)行防錯(cuò)DoNotAllowDefectFromGoingFurther其次不準(zhǔn)許缺陷進(jìn)一步發(fā)展IntentionallyDesigned,NotHappenstance設(shè)計(jì)錯(cuò)誤,非偶然錯(cuò)誤.AttheSource-ClosetotheOrigination錯(cuò)誤的來源_接近發(fā)源地.InexpensiveFirst首先成本不高TransparenttotheOperator操作者很容易發(fā)現(xiàn)AbsolutelyReliable錯(cuò)誤根源查找絕對(duì)準(zhǔn)確AMeanstoAchieveZeroDefectProduct一種達(dá)到0缺陷產(chǎn)品的方法DefectsinProductsAretheImperfections(orFaults,orFlaws,orBlemishes,orShortcomings,orFailings,orDeficiencies)

缺陷是指產(chǎn)品里的不完整性(或者故障,或者裂紋,或者瑕疵，或者短處，或者過失，或者不足)ResultingFromErrors錯(cuò)誤產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果ErrorsAreHumanOversights(orFaults,orBlunders,orBoo-boos,orSlip-ups,orInaccuraciesorMiscalculations)ThatCauseDefectsinProducts錯(cuò)誤是人為疏忽(或者過錯(cuò),或者失誤,或者低級(jí)錯(cuò)誤，或者失敗，或者精度失誤或者計(jì)算失誤)，這些引起產(chǎn)品的缺陷。DefectsandErrors

缺陷和錯(cuò)誤SO,ErrorsCauseDefectiveProducts!!所以,錯(cuò)誤導(dǎo)致有缺陷的產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)生!!WhyAreErrorsMade為什么會(huì)會(huì)導(dǎo)致錯(cuò)錯(cuò)誤AnyProductIsaResultofNumerousDecisionsMadeandActionsTakenbyHumanBeings,During:任何產(chǎn)品品都可以以在下述述一系列列人為行行為中產(chǎn)產(chǎn)生錯(cuò)誤誤：ProductDesign產(chǎn)品設(shè)設(shè)計(jì)ProcessDesign過程設(shè)設(shè)計(jì)EquipmentDesign設(shè)備設(shè)設(shè)計(jì)ComponentFabricationProcesses零件加加工過過程ProductAssemblyProcesses產(chǎn)品裝裝配過過程InspectionProcesses檢驗(yàn)過過程PaperworkGeneration程序行行程過過程Etc.等等AndHumanBeingsareFallibleorImperfect人是容易犯犯錯(cuò)或不完完美的SOMEExamplesofDefects屬于缺陷的的一些例子子WrongorInappropriateMaterial錯(cuò)誤或不適適合的材料料WrongorNon-functioningComponents錯(cuò)誤或者沒沒有功能的的零件WrongDimensionsorTolerances尺寸或公差差錯(cuò)誤MissingComponents零件件漏漏裝裝ForeignMatters,Contamination雜質(zhì)質(zhì)物物質(zhì)質(zhì),污穢穢物物DamagedProductorComponents受損損產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品品或或零零件件WrongPaperwork,orWrongProductShipped程序序錯(cuò)錯(cuò)誤誤或或者者運(yùn)運(yùn)輸輸了了錯(cuò)錯(cuò)誤誤的的產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品品Non-functioningorMalfunctioningProduct沒有有功功能能的的產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品品或或者者是是故故障障產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品品WrongShipping,orWrongBilling運(yùn)輸錯(cuò)誤或者者是填單錯(cuò)誤誤SOMEExamplesofCausesofDefects導(dǎo)致缺陷的一一些例子PoorDesignDecisions設(shè)計(jì)比較乏味味OmittedorWrongProcessing過程疏忽或過過程錯(cuò)誤Missing/ExtraPartsorWrongParts漏裝/多裝了了錯(cuò)誤的零件件OmittedorWrongAdjustment/Testing遺漏調(diào)整/測(cè)測(cè)試或調(diào)整/測(cè)試過程錯(cuò)錯(cuò)誤WrongEquipmentSetuporLossofSetup設(shè)備設(shè)置錯(cuò)誤誤或沒有進(jìn)行行設(shè)備設(shè)置WrongMaterial,ComponentsorAssemblies材料，零件或或者裝配錯(cuò)誤誤WrongCommunication,Instructions,Procedures,orMethods錯(cuò)誤的信息，，指令，程序序，或者方法法Inexperience,LackofTraining,WrongTraining,LackofRetraining缺乏經(jīng)驗(yàn)，缺缺乏培訓(xùn)，培培訓(xùn)錯(cuò)誤，缺缺少再培訓(xùn)SOMEExamplesofResultsofDefects缺陷導(dǎo)致的結(jié)結(jié)果示例MalfunctionorNon-functioningProduct有故障或者缺缺乏機(jī)能的產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品Inconvenience,Discomfort,Injury,Death麻煩，不便，，傷害，死亡亡Delays,Cancellations延期期，，取取消消FinancialLosses財(cái)政政損損失失LossofUseorProductivity效用用或或者者生生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)力力的的缺缺乏乏DamagetoCustomer’’sProperty損害害客客戶戶的的利利益益LiabilitiesandLawSuites負(fù)債債和和法法律律問問題題LossofReputationandBusiness名譽(yù)譽(yù)和和業(yè)業(yè)務(wù)務(wù)受受損損SOMECausesofHumanErrors導(dǎo)致致人人們們犯犯錯(cuò)錯(cuò)誤誤的的一一些些原原因因Forgetfulness,LossofConcentration,LackofAttentionorDivertedAttention健忘忘，，不不集集中中，，缺缺乏乏注注意意力力或或者者轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移移注注意意力力MisunderstandingorLackofUnderstanding誤會(huì)會(huì)或或者者缺缺乏乏理理解解LackoforImproperExperience/Training缺乏乏經(jīng)經(jīng)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)/培培訓(xùn)訓(xùn)或或者者不不正正確確的的經(jīng)經(jīng)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)/培培訓(xùn)訓(xùn)LackofStandardization缺乏乏標(biāo)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)準(zhǔn)IntentionalorWillfulError有意意圖圖的的或或者者惡惡意意的的錯(cuò)錯(cuò)誤誤WrongorDelayedDecision決定定錯(cuò)錯(cuò)誤誤或或拖拖延延LimitedorLackofSensoryCapability(e.g.,Smell,Color,Touch)有限的或或者沒有有感官能能力（例例如，嗅嗅覺，色色彩，觸觸覺）LackofApplicationofCommonSense缺乏運(yùn)用用常識(shí)判判斷的能能力ErrorProofinginaFewWords預(yù)防錯(cuò)誤誤的一些些方法“…occurrenceofdefectwastheresultofsomeconditionoraction,andthatitwouldbepossibletoeliminatedefectsentirelybypursuingthecause.Thecausesofdefectslieinworkererrors,anddefectsaretheresultsofneglectingthoseerrors.Itfollowsthatmistakeswillnotturnintodefectsifworkererrorsarediscoveredandeliminatedbeforehand.”缺陷的產(chǎn)產(chǎn)生是一一些環(huán)境境或者行行為導(dǎo)致致的結(jié)果果，但是是完全有有可能通通過查找找原因排排除缺陷陷。缺陷陷原因在在于工人人，缺陷陷是因?yàn)闉楣と撕龊鲆曞e(cuò)誤誤而產(chǎn)生生的。如如果工人人能及時(shí)時(shí)的發(fā)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤并并且消除除錯(cuò)誤，，就不會(huì)會(huì)導(dǎo)致缺缺陷的產(chǎn)產(chǎn)生。ShigeoShingoWhyErrorProof?為什么防防錯(cuò)？99.9%ErrorFreeCouldResultin99.9%沒沒有錯(cuò)誤導(dǎo)致致什么結(jié)果2,000,000DocumentsLostbyIRSIRS缺少2，000，000檔案16,000PiecesofMailLostEveryDay每天丟失16，000郵郵件22,000WronglyDebited/CreditedChecksPerHour每個(gè)小時(shí)都會(huì)會(huì)發(fā)生22，，000寫錯(cuò)錯(cuò)借方和貸方方的支票1,314WronglyConnectedPhoneCallsPerMinute每個(gè)小時(shí)都都會(huì)發(fā)生1，314起電話占占線20,000IncorrectDrugPrescriptionsPerYear每個(gè)小時(shí)都都會(huì)發(fā)生20，000起用錯(cuò)錯(cuò)藥物的情情況12NewbornBabiesGiventoWrongParents12個(gè)小孩孩被父母抱抱錯(cuò)2UnsafeLandingsEveryDayatO’’HareAirport每天都會(huì)有有2起飛機(jī)機(jī)不安全著著陸32,000MissedHeartbeatsPerPersonEachYear每年每個(gè)人人都會(huì)有32，000Is99.9%GoodEnough???99.9%夠不夠好???TheErrorsThatBecameHeadlines錯(cuò)誤變成頭頭條TitanicSinking泰坦尼克號(hào)號(hào)的沉沒ChallengerBoosterRocketSealFailure挑戰(zhàn)者號(hào)火火箭發(fā)射失失敗MarsLandingModuleCrash火星升空失失敗墜毀HubbellTelescopeReflectorErrorHubbell望遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)鏡鏡反反射射誤誤差差ExxonValdezOilSpillExxonValdez石油油泄泄露露ChernobylNuclearPowerPlantMeltdownChernobylNuclearPower設(shè)備備報(bào)報(bào)廢廢ReleaseofMethylIsocyanate(MIC)FromUnionCarbidePlantinBhopal,India甲基異異丙酮酮從Bhopal,India,MIC碳化物物廠房房泄露露ThreeMileIslandNuclearPlant三英里里小島島的核核廠房房FirestoneTiresonFordExplorer福特車車上的的耐火火石探探測(cè)器器ErrorProofingandLean防錯(cuò)及及精益益生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)LeanInsistsonOnePieceFlow精益生生產(chǎn)強(qiáng)強(qiáng)調(diào)單單件流流IfThatOnePieceIsDefective,FlowIsDisrupte如果單單件流流有缺缺陷,流向向就會(huì)會(huì)被打打斷LeanInsistsonLimitedInventory精益生生產(chǎn)強(qiáng)強(qiáng)調(diào)有有限庫庫存IfThatInventoryIsDefective,theLinesCanSto如果庫庫存有有缺陷陷,線線路就就會(huì)停停止LeanMeansEliminatingWaste精益是是指消消除浪浪費(fèi)DefectsandCorrectiveActionsAreWast缺陷以及及糾正措措施是針針對(duì)浪費(fèi)費(fèi)LeanRequiresThatEquipmentIsReadyWhenNeededandFunctionsWellAsLongAsNecessary精益生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)要求當(dāng)當(dāng)需要設(shè)設(shè)備時(shí),設(shè)備馬馬上可以以用,且且功能完完好ErrorProofingtheTools,Fixtures,Setups,MethodsandDocumentsEnsuresEquipmentEffectiveness刀具,卡卡具,啟啟動(dòng),方方法以及及文件等等防錯(cuò)以以確保設(shè)設(shè)備的有有效性ErrorProofingExamplesinEverydayLife在每天生生活中防防錯(cuò)的一一些例子子Home家里AutomaticShutoffIrons全自動(dòng)熨斗斗GroundFaultCircuitBreakersforBathroomorOutdoorElectricCircuits浴室或室室外電氣氣線路的的接地保保護(hù)PilotlessGasRangesandHotWaterHeaters油量表以以及熱水水器Child-ProofCapsonMedicineBottles藥瓶上保護(hù)小孩孩安全的的瓶蓋Retail零售Tamper-ProofPackaging錐型防錯(cuò)錯(cuò)包裝BarCodingatCheckou檢驗(yàn)時(shí)的條碼Office辦公室SpellCheckinWordProcessingSoftware在Wordword處理軟軟件中進(jìn)行拼寫寫檢查Verifying““Doyouwanttodelete?””WhenPressthe“Delete””ButtononYourComputer當(dāng)按刪除按按鈕時(shí)電電腦會(huì)詢?cè)儐柲恪啊耙獎(jiǎng)h除除嗎”?Factory工廠DualPalmButtonsandOtherGuardsonMachinery設(shè)備上使用兩個(gè)個(gè)按扭及及其他保保護(hù)裝置置BarCoding條碼Lock-Out/Tag-Out鎖緊/打開標(biāo)簽簽ErrorProofingExerciseNo.1防錯(cuò)練習(xí)習(xí)的第一一部分FormTeamsofTwo兩個(gè)一組組ListAsManyExamplesofErrorProofingAsYouCan,FromEverydayLife從你每天天的生活活中,列出你能能作到的的關(guān)于防防錯(cuò)的許許多例子子10Minutes10分鐘ApplicationofErrorProofing防錯(cuò)的應(yīng)應(yīng)用EssentialStepsforErrorProofing防錯(cuò)的基基本步驟驟IdentifyOpportunitiesforErrors(CriticalFactors)識(shí)別防錯(cuò)錯(cuò)的時(shí)機(jī)機(jī)(關(guān)鍵因素素)PrioritizePotentialErrorsforErrorProofing對(duì)潛在的的錯(cuò)誤加加以，區(qū)區(qū)分進(jìn)行行防錯(cuò)AbsolutelyMustPreventtheDefects必須完全的的防止錯(cuò)誤誤ProvideContainmentandStudyFurther預(yù)防錯(cuò)誤和和深入研究究MayBeTolerated,WithinPredefinedLimits在計(jì)劃的范范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)行行防錯(cuò)IdentifyRootCausesoftheErrors識(shí)別錯(cuò)誤根根源DevelopandEvaluateErrorProofingOptions開發(fā)和評(píng)估估防錯(cuò)方案案Selectand“Design”theErrorProofingSystem選擇和設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)防錯(cuò)系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)Implement-Plan,Install,Document,Train,Monitor實(shí)施防錯(cuò)－－設(shè)計(jì)反錯(cuò)錯(cuò)，安裝防防錯(cuò),編制防錯(cuò)文文件,培訓(xùn),監(jiān)控PeriodicallyAssessthePerformanceandImprove對(duì)防錯(cuò)情況況進(jìn)行定期期評(píng)審及改改進(jìn)ManufacturingProcesses制造過程ProductQuality產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量ProcessDesign過程設(shè)計(jì)ProductDesign產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)WhatistheRightTimetoErrorProof??正確的防錯(cuò)錯(cuò)時(shí)間是什什么時(shí)間?100:110:11:1AsEarlyAsPossible及早發(fā)現(xiàn)WhyErrorProofEarlyDuringNewProductDevelopment為什么在新新產(chǎn)品開發(fā)發(fā)期間防錯(cuò)錯(cuò)Costof““Fixing”theDefects““修理”缺陷陷的成本ConceptDevelopment觀念開發(fā)PreliminaryDesign初步設(shè)計(jì)DetailedProductDesign詳細(xì)的產(chǎn)品品設(shè)計(jì)CustomerSupport客戶支持Industrialization產(chǎn)業(yè)化Production生產(chǎn)ProcessDesign過程設(shè)計(jì)Costof““Fixing”設(shè)備的花費(fèi)費(fèi)MultipliesWithLifeCycleStages整個(gè)過程當(dāng)當(dāng)中的多項(xiàng)項(xiàng)防錯(cuò)StagesofProductLifeCycle產(chǎn)品生命周周期中各個(gè)個(gè)階段WhyErrorProofEarly

DuringProcessing在處理期間間為什么要要盡早防錯(cuò)錯(cuò)Costof““Fixing”theDefects設(shè)備成本失失效IncomingParts外協(xié)件AfterCompletingtheProcess過程完成之之后AttheEndoftheLine產(chǎn)品最終離離開生產(chǎn)線線AfterDeliverytoCustomer交付給客戶戶之后FinalTest最后檢驗(yàn)Costof““Fixing”IncreasesWithProcessSteps隨著程序步步驟增長(zhǎng)修修復(fù)錯(cuò)誤成成本增長(zhǎng)StepsofProductProcessing產(chǎn)品處理的的步驟Reject&Return廢棄件NoDelay沒有拖延Reject&Scrap廢棄件&廢廢品MinorDelay稍微拖延Reject&Scrap/Rework廢棄件&廢廢品/返工工RescheduleSomeDelay進(jìn)度稍有拖拖延SignificantRework/ScrapAddtotheProductionScheduleDelayedDeliveries重要的返工工/廢品影影響生產(chǎn)進(jìn)進(jìn)度及產(chǎn)品品交付WarrantyCostsAdministrativeCostsLiabilitiesReputationMarketShareLoss擔(dān)保成本及及管理成本本增加,導(dǎo)導(dǎo)致市場(chǎng)份份額損失ErrorProofingExerciseNo.2防錯(cuò)訓(xùn)練的的第二部分分FormTeamsofTwo兩個(gè)一組DiscussandAgreeonOneExampleofProductDesignorManufacturingProcesstoAnalyze討論一個(gè)產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)或或制造工藝藝的例子,并進(jìn)行分分析Identify鑒別別ErrorProofingImplemented防錯(cuò)錯(cuò)實(shí)實(shí)施施EstimateCost/QualityImpact消除除成成本本/質(zhì)質(zhì)量量影影響響OR或者者ErrorProofingOpportunitiesMissed喪失失防防錯(cuò)錯(cuò)良良機(jī)機(jī)EstimatetheCost/QualityImpact消除除成成本本/質(zhì)質(zhì)量量影影響響ListLessonsLearned學(xué)到到的的教教訓(xùn)訓(xùn)清清單單PreparetoPresenttotheClass準(zhǔn)備備到到課課堂堂上上展展示示20Minutes20分鐘鐘IdentifyOpportunitiesforErrors識(shí)別別防防錯(cuò)錯(cuò)的的時(shí)時(shí)機(jī)機(jī)MethodsforIdentifyingPotentialErrors識(shí)別別潛潛在在的的防防錯(cuò)錯(cuò)方方法法CustomerDemanded-GoodStart消費(fèi)費(fèi)者者的的需需求求-良良好好的的開開始始InternalQualityResults––Reactive內(nèi)部部質(zhì)質(zhì)量量成成效效-反反應(yīng)應(yīng)PastExperience-NotCompletelyReliable以往經(jīng)經(jīng)驗(yàn)-不完完全可可靠Customer反饋-TooLate消費(fèi)者者的反反饋-太遲遲SystematicAnalysestoIdentifyPotentialErrors識(shí)別潛潛在的的錯(cuò)誤誤需進(jìn)進(jìn)行系系統(tǒng)分分析PotentialFailureModeandEffectsAnalysis(FMEA)潛在的的失效效模式式及效效果分分析(FMEA)ProductFMEA產(chǎn)品FMEAProcessFMEA過程FMEAPotentialFailureModeandEffectsAnalysesPFMEA潛在的的失效效模式式和效效果分分析Overview總攬KeyPointsofFMEAFMEA的關(guān)鍵鍵部分分FMEAAnalysesPotentialFailuresFMEA分析潛潛在失失效FleasHavetoBeDonebyMulti-functionalTeamsFleas應(yīng)由多多功能能組執(zhí)執(zhí)行DesignFMEAShouldBeInitiatedBeforeorattheConceptStage設(shè)計(jì)FMEA是在開開始之之前或或者概概念形形成階階段ProcessFMEAShouldBeInitiatedBeforeorattheFeasibilityStage,PriortoToolingorEquipmentFinalization過程FMEA是在工工裝及及設(shè)備備調(diào)整整好開開始生生產(chǎn)之之前或或者可可研階階段FMEAsShouldBeContinuouslyUpdated,AsChangesinProduct&ProcessDesignsTakePlace應(yīng)該不不斷更更新,比如如FMEAs中的產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品&過程程設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)FMEAsAreLivingDocumentsFMEAs是活的的文件件FMEAsAreNeverEndingProcessesFMEAs是永遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)都不不會(huì)結(jié)結(jié)束的的工藝藝FMEATypeandLevelsFMEA的類型和水水平DesignFMEA設(shè)計(jì)FMEAProcessFMEA過程FMEASubsystem子系統(tǒng)CriticalFeatures關(guān)鍵特性Components/Parts零件Subassemblies分裝Workstations工作臺(tái)Operations加工操作GeneralInformation(1)總說明23456781011912FMEAStepsFMEA的步驟DesignFMEA設(shè)計(jì)FMEAGeneralInformation-DetailsoftheProduct&FMEA信息總說說明-產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品及FMEA的詳情ItemFunction/Requirement項(xiàng)目的功功能/要要求EnterAllFunctionsofaProductItem鍵入所有有產(chǎn)品的的功能PotentialFailureMode潛在的故故障模式式DescribeHowaProductItemCouldFail描述產(chǎn)品品怎樣失失效UsePhysicalTerms,NotSymptoms使用專用用描述詞詞語,不不是癥狀狀ProcessFMEA過程FMEAGeneralInformation-DetailsoftheProduct&FMEA信息總說說明--產(chǎn)品品的詳細(xì)細(xì)資料和和FMEAProcessFunction過程功能能EnterDescription&PurposeoftheProcess鍵入過程程描述和和過程功功能PotentialFailureMode潛在失效模模式DescribeHowProcessCouldFailtoMeetRequirementsofSubsequentOperations描述工藝為為什么不能能滿足分序序要求DescribeNon-conformance描述不一致致性FMEAStepsFMEA的步驟DesignFMEA設(shè)計(jì)FMEAPotentialEffect(s)ofFailure潛在失效效效果PerceivedbyCustomer客戶需要Severity(Chart)嚴(yán)肅性（圖圖表）SeriousnessoftheEffectofPotentialFailure潛在失效效效果的嚴(yán)肅肅性SeverityRankingReducedOnlybyDesignChange只有設(shè)計(jì)更更改時(shí)嚴(yán)肅肅性級(jí)別降降低Classification分類Safety/RegulationorFunction/AppearanceBased安全/規(guī)定定或功能/基本表象象EmployCustomer’sCriteria采用客戶標(biāo)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)ProcessFMEA過程FMEAPotentialEffect(s)ofFailure潛在失效效效果PerceivedbyCustomer,IncludingSubsequentOperations客戶需要,包括下述述操作Severity(Chart)嚴(yán)肅性(圖圖表)SeriousnessoftheEffectofPotentialFailure潛在失效效效果的嚴(yán)肅肅性Classification分類Safety/RegulationorFunction/AppearanceBased安全/規(guī)定定或功能/基本表象象EmployCustomer’sCriteria采用客戶標(biāo)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)SeverityRatingChart嚴(yán)肅性級(jí)別別表格FMEAStepsFMEA步驟DesignFMEA設(shè)計(jì)FMEAPotentialCause(s)潛在原因ListAlltheCauses(DesignWeaknesses)列出所有原原因(設(shè)計(jì)弱點(diǎn))Occurrence(Chart)頻率(圖表)LikelihoodoftheFailuretoOccurbytheSpecificCause特殊原因?qū)?dǎo)致失效的的可能性O(shè)ccurrenceRankingReducedOnlybyDesignChange僅當(dāng)設(shè)計(jì)更更改時(shí)才考考慮降低發(fā)發(fā)生頻率.DesignControl設(shè)計(jì)控制Validation/VerificationActivitiesWhichWillAssureAdequacyofDesign驗(yàn)證/確認(rèn)活動(dòng)應(yīng)應(yīng)確保設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)的準(zhǔn)確性性ProcessFMEA過程FMEAPotentialCause(s)潛在原因IdentifyRootCause,andIdentifyWhatCanBeCorrected確定原因,確定可以采采取什么糾糾正措施Occurrence(Chart)頻率率(圖表表)ExpectedFrequencyofFailuretoOccurbySpecificCause具體體原原因因?qū)?dǎo)致致失失效效發(fā)發(fā)生生的的頻頻率率Classification(Chart)類別別ProcessControlsThatPreventorDetecttheFailure預(yù)防防或或探探測(cè)測(cè)缺缺陷陷的的過過程程控控制制OccurrenceRatingChart頻率率等等級(jí)級(jí)表表格格FMEAStepsFMEA的步步驟驟DesignFMEA設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)FMEADetection(Chart)檢測(cè)測(cè)（（圖圖表表））AbilityofaCurrentDesignControltoIdentifyaPotentialCause現(xiàn)行行控控制制設(shè)設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)能能力力,以以識(shí)識(shí)別別潛潛在在的的原原因因當(dāng)前前設(shè)設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)的的能能力力ProcessFMEA過程程FMEADetection(Chart)檢測(cè)（圖圖表）AssumingFailureHasOccurred,AssessDetectionCapabilityofAlltheProcessControls假設(shè)發(fā)生生失效,應(yīng)檢測(cè)測(cè)所有工工藝控制制的能力力RPN(RiskPriorityNo.)RPN(風(fēng)險(xiǎn)優(yōu)優(yōu)先號(hào)號(hào))ProductofS(Severity),O(Occurrence)&D(Detection)產(chǎn)品的的S(嚴(yán)重性性),O(發(fā)生頻頻率)&D(檢測(cè))UsedAsaGuidetoHelpRankDesign/ProcessConcerns為進(jìn)行行設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)及過過程等等級(jí)等等提供供向?qū)?dǎo)NoThresholdValue無界限限值PaySpecialAttentionIfSeverityIsHigh如果嚴(yán)嚴(yán)重級(jí)級(jí)別高高的話話,應(yīng)應(yīng)提高高警惕惕CorrectiveAction,Responsibility,andMonitoringResults實(shí)施糾正措施施,確定責(zé)任任人,監(jiān)控結(jié)結(jié)果1112DetectionRatingChart檢測(cè)等級(jí)表SummarizedRatingChart總結(jié)等級(jí)表SummaryofFMEASteps

FMEA步驟匯總FormaMulti-functionalTeam組建多功能小小組FailureMode:HowCouldThisPart,SystemorProcessFail?失效模式:該該產(chǎn)品,系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)或工藝是怎怎么失效的?EffectoftheFailure:WhatDoestheCustomerExperienceAsaResultoftheFailure?失效影響:作作為一種失效效模式客戶的的經(jīng)驗(yàn)是怎樣樣的?CauseofFailure:WhatConditionsCouldBringAbouttheFailureMode?失效原因:關(guān)關(guān)于該失效模模式會(huì)導(dǎo)致什什么情況?Occurrence:ProbabilitytheFailureModeWillOccur發(fā)生:發(fā)生失失效模式的可可能性Severity:WeighingtheConsequenceoftheFailureMode嚴(yán)重性:衡量量失效模式的的結(jié)果Detection:ProbabilitytheFailureModeWillNotBeDetectedBeforeReachingtheCustomer失效:失效模模式在到達(dá)客客戶之前不會(huì)會(huì)被檢測(cè)到.RiskPriorityNo.(RPN):ProductofOccurrence,SeverityandDetection,ThatProvidesRelativePriority.風(fēng)險(xiǎn)號(hào)(RPN):產(chǎn)品發(fā)生頻率率,嚴(yán)重性檢檢測(cè),提供了了相對(duì)優(yōu)先權(quán)權(quán).IdentifyActionItems,AssignResponsibility,andFollowThrough確定實(shí)施措施施:分配責(zé)任任,跟蹤執(zhí)行行EssentialStepsforErrorProofing防錯(cuò)的基本步步驟IdentifyOpportunitiesforErrors(CriticalFactors)PrioritizePotentialErrorsforProofingAbsolutelyMustPreventtheDefectsProvideContainmentandStudyFurtherMayBeTolerated,WithinPredefinedLimitsIdentifyRootCausesoftheErrorsDevelopandEvaluateErrorProofingOptionsSelectand““Design”theErrorProofingSystemImplement-Plan,Install,Document,Train,MonitorPeriodicallyAssessthePerformanceandImproveFMEAAddressesAlltheseErrorProofingStepsFMEA可以定位所有有的防錯(cuò)步驟驟AndHelpsPlanforThese為此設(shè)置計(jì)劃劃Exercise-3

ProcessPFMEA過程PFMEA練習(xí)第三部分分IdentifyOneoftheProcessSteps識(shí)別一個(gè)過程程步驟WalkThroughtheStepsofPFMEA實(shí)施整個(gè)PFMEA步驟FillOuttheFMEAForm填寫FMEA表格DevelopanActionPlan開發(fā)實(shí)施計(jì)劃劃ErrorProofingOptions防錯(cuò)方案ErrorProofingApproaches防錯(cuò)方法EliminatePotentialDefects:DesignOutthePotentialsforErrors消除潛在缺陷:對(duì)對(duì)潛在錯(cuò)誤進(jìn)進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)PreventDefectsFromOccurring:IdentifythePotentialofError,BeforeItOccurs,andPreventIt防止缺陷發(fā)生生:識(shí)別潛在在錯(cuò)誤:在錯(cuò)錯(cuò)誤發(fā)生前進(jìn)進(jìn)行預(yù)防DetecttheDefect:ErrorHasAlreadyOccurred,DetectandRemovetheDefectiveProduct檢測(cè)測(cè)缺缺陷陷:錯(cuò)錯(cuò)誤誤已已經(jīng)經(jīng)發(fā)發(fā)生生,檢檢測(cè)測(cè)及及移移除除缺缺陷陷件件LossControl:PotentialforDefectExists,PotentialExistsforNotDetecting,MinimizeDamageFromtheDefect損失控控制:存在在潛在在缺陷陷,沒沒有對(duì)對(duì)潛在在缺陷陷進(jìn)行行探測(cè)測(cè),使使缺陷陷的傷傷害最最小化化.AllTheseApproachesOverlap,NoClearBoundaries所有方方法交交織在在一起起,沒沒有清清晰界界限Example-FireProofingaNewBuilding例如-新建建筑筑的防防火防防錯(cuò)Eliminate:UseOnlyNon-combustibleMaterialforConstruction(Steel,Concrete,Etc.)排除：：在建建筑中中要使使用不不易燃燃物質(zhì)質(zhì)（鋼鋼鐵，，混凝凝土等等）Prevent:DoNotAllow不允許吸煙煙ElectricalSystemandComponents使用正確的的電氣系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)和元件預(yù)預(yù)防：Detect:InstallSmokeDetectorsandFireAlarms檢測(cè)：安裝裝煙霧檢測(cè)測(cè)器和火警警系統(tǒng)LossControl:InstallSprinklerSystem,FireExtinguishers,FireHoses損失控制：：安裝自動(dòng)動(dòng)噴淋裝置置系統(tǒng)，滅滅火器，滅滅火水龍帶帶，防火軟軟管等Example-AccidentProofaRailwayCrossing例子：測(cè)測(cè)試鐵道道路口的的意外事事故EliminateAccidents:BuildaBridge排除事故故：建造造一座橋橋PreventAccidents:InstallanAutomaticGate,InAdditiontoLightsandAlarms預(yù)防意外外事故：：除了燈燈和警報(bào)報(bào)裝置,安裝一一個(gè)自動(dòng)動(dòng)門DetectandannounceaPassingTrain:InstallLightsandAlarms檢測(cè)和進(jìn)進(jìn)行一個(gè)個(gè)短期培培訓(xùn)：安安裝燈和和警報(bào)裝裝置培訓(xùn)訓(xùn)LossControl,inCaseofanAccident:InstallaPayPhone??損失控制制，有意意外事故故時(shí)：安安裝一個(gè)個(gè)付費(fèi)電電話??InManyCases,LossControlIsNOTanOption在很多情情況下,損失控控制不是是實(shí)施方方案FirstStepforErrorProofingOptions防錯(cuò)的第第一個(gè)步步驟DecidetheLevelofErrorProofingNeeded需要決定定防錯(cuò)的的水平Eliminate,If排除，如如果SeverityIsHigh嚴(yán)重度高高PotentialforOccurrenceIsVeryHigh發(fā)生的可可能性很很大DetectionIsImpossible檢測(cè)是不不可能的的CostofEliminatingisLow排除成本本低Prevent,IfDesignIsCompleted,and防止，如如果設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)完成SeverityIsLow嚴(yán)肅性較較低RPNIsLowRPM低AttemptDetectioninMostOtherCasesofPotentialforDefects對(duì)其他潛潛在缺陷陷進(jìn)行檢檢測(cè)BasedonPriority以優(yōu)先權(quán)權(quán)為基礎(chǔ)礎(chǔ)OpportunitiesforErrorProofing防錯(cuò)的良良機(jī)消除預(yù)防檢測(cè)損失控制制產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)工工藝/設(shè)設(shè)備設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)車間措施施其其他質(zhì)質(zhì)量保證證措施ErrorProofingDecisionDiagram防錯(cuò)決策策圖表PotentialError潛在的錯(cuò)錯(cuò)誤DefectFreeProduct無缺陷產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品ErrorsEliminated排除錯(cuò)誤誤PreventErrorfromOccurring防止錯(cuò)誤誤發(fā)生EliminateDuringProduct/ProcessDesign在產(chǎn)品/過程設(shè)設(shè)計(jì)中消消除錯(cuò)誤誤DetecttheDefect發(fā)現(xiàn)缺陷陷DefectDetected缺陷檢測(cè)DefectPrevented缺陷防止DesignLossControlIntheProduct在產(chǎn)品中設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)損失控制DefectHasSeriousConsequences缺陷導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重重結(jié)果NoNoNoNo無Yes有YesYes有YesDevelopLossControlProcedure開發(fā)損失控制制程序KeyPointsforElimination錯(cuò)誤排除的關(guān)關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)LargestPotentialDuringDesign設(shè)計(jì)中的巨大大潛能EliminatebyDesigningOutActivitiesWithPotentialforErrors對(duì)潛在的錯(cuò)誤誤設(shè)計(jì)活動(dòng),進(jìn)行排除CostEffectiveIfAddressedBeforeFinalizingtheDesigns(Product,Process,Equipment)設(shè)計(jì)定案之前前（產(chǎn)品，程程序，器材））計(jì)算成本效效用MostCostEffectiveMethodofAll大多數(shù)成本效效用方法SixSigmaQualityCanBeAchievedOnlyWithExtensiveElimination只有完成大范范圍消除措施施后才可以完完成6SigmaMotorolaMandatesAllProcessesforaNewProducttoBeSixSigmaCapable摩托羅拉要求求所有產(chǎn)品工工藝都可以使使用6Sigma.OnceEliminated,NothingElseisRequired一旦消除,就就不需要其他他的了ErrorElimination&Symmetry排除錯(cuò)誤和對(duì)對(duì)稱L1L2L1L1MakeThemAsymmetric使其不均勻分分布MakeThemCompletelySymmetric使其完全均勻勻分布PartiallySymmetricParts部分均衡件OR或ErrorElimination&Dimensioning排除防錯(cuò)和決決定錯(cuò)誤大小小WhichisBetter?哪一個(gè)最好？？AskWhatisImportantandHowItShouldbeMeasured什么是重要，，應(yīng)怎樣測(cè)量量ToEliminate

ModifyorRedesign?通過修改或重重新設(shè)計(jì)排除除錯(cuò)誤?SomeDefectscanbeRemovedbyModifications許多缺陷都可可以通過修改改排除OthersMayNeedRedesign其他許多需要要重新設(shè)計(jì)KeyPointsforPrevention預(yù)防的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)點(diǎn)EliminationIsBestWaytoPrevent排除是最好的的預(yù)防方法RobustDesign精力充沛的設(shè)設(shè)計(jì)DesigntoTolerateUnavoidableVariations對(duì)不可避免的的變化進(jìn)行設(shè)設(shè)計(jì)EnsuresAcceptableProductsforWiderVariations確?？梢越邮苁艿漠a(chǎn)品允許許有較大的變變化DesignSoThatErrorsCannotBeMade設(shè)計(jì),以免會(huì)會(huì)產(chǎn)生錯(cuò)誤DesignProducts,Processes,Equipment,FixturesThatWillPreventWrongPartsFromBeingUsed(PokaYokeDevices)設(shè)計(jì)(PokaYoke裝置)產(chǎn)品,工藝,設(shè)備備,卡具等可可以防止錯(cuò)誤誤的裝置.Procedures,Training,DocumentationThatHelpPreventErrors防止錯(cuò)誤的程程序,培訓(xùn)文文件等ErrorProofDocumentGeneratingProcesses-ThatWillPreventManyDefectsFromReachingtheCustomer防止錯(cuò)誤的文文件-阻止太太多缺陷到達(dá)達(dá)客戶.Drawings,etc.圖紙等ReturnUnacceptableProductBacktothe““Supplier”把不合格件返返回供應(yīng)商.InstitutionalizePreventionMindset結(jié)構(gòu)化預(yù)防措措施ConceptsforPreventionontheShopFloor車間預(yù)防的理理念A(yù)lwaysProvideAidforCounting為計(jì)算提供依依據(jù)HelpIndicateSelectionofParts幫助進(jìn)行零件件選擇ColorCoding,LightedIndicators彩色碼,彩燈燈指示器ProvideOnlyWhatIsNeeded,PreventAccesstoOthers僅提供所需要要的,阻止進(jìn)進(jìn)入其他部分分VerifyMachineSettingsThatControlCriticalDimensionsBeforeMachining驗(yàn)證設(shè)備裝置置等,可以在在加工前控制制標(biāo)準(zhǔn)尺寸EmployTPMforEquipmentandDies設(shè)備及模具可可以實(shí)施TPMImplementMechanismsThatHelptheOperators實(shí)施操作者易易使用的機(jī)械械裝置BarCoding,CheckLists,GraphicWorkInstructions條碼,檢驗(yàn)列列表,圖表化化的操作說明明InvolvetheOperators包括操作者CarefullyDispositionRejectedParts仔細(xì)處理不合合格件AvoidRepetitive,Monotonous,HazardousTasks避免重復(fù)，單單調(diào)，危險(xiǎn)的的任務(wù)Standardize標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化DesignedtoPreventDefects預(yù)防缺點(diǎn)的設(shè)設(shè)計(jì)SensorstoDifferentiateIdenticalParts區(qū)別可互換零零件的傳感器器L1L2AlmostIdenticalParts幾乎是可互換換零件CoordinatedLightSensorsDifferentiatetoPreventErrors用燈傳傳感器器來區(qū)區(qū)分預(yù)預(yù)防錯(cuò)錯(cuò)誤DetectPresenceorAbsencetoPreventDefects使用存存在或或不存存在缺缺陷的的方法法預(yù)防防缺陷陷VerifyPresenceofScrewstoPreventAssembliesWithoutScrews確定螺螺絲的的存在在來預(yù)預(yù)防裝裝配忘忘記螺螺絲DetectSplicetoHelpDiscardtheSection探測(cè)接接口幫幫助廢廢棄某某部分分VerifyLiquidLeveltoPreventShippingUnfilledBottle確認(rèn)液液體水水平,來預(yù)預(yù)防未未裝滿滿瓶子子運(yùn)走走VariousTypesofCounterstoPreventDefects各種型型號(hào)的的計(jì)算算器來來防止止缺陷陷2134BreakingtheLightCurtain斷掉燈燈的線線路LightReflectingSensors燈光反反映感感應(yīng)器器InductanceSensors自感感應(yīng)應(yīng)器器KeyPointsforDetection探測(cè)測(cè)的的關(guān)關(guān)鍵鍵點(diǎn)點(diǎn)PokaYokeDevicesCanAddressMostoftheManufacturingDefectsPokaYoke裝置置可可以以探探測(cè)測(cè)大大多多數(shù)數(shù)生生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)缺缺陷陷的的位位置置DetectionTakesCareofWhatWasNotPreventedUpstream,orintheCurrentProcess可以以探探測(cè)測(cè)到到以以前前沒沒有有預(yù)預(yù)防防住住的的點(diǎn)點(diǎn),或或現(xiàn)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)場(chǎng)工工藝藝中中的的錯(cuò)錯(cuò)誤誤DetectionShouldTarget““Direct””Parameter,Examples:探測(cè)測(cè)需需定定位位正正確確的的參參數(shù)數(shù),例例如如:MeasurePressureUndertheNut,NottheTorque測(cè)量量螺螺母母下下面面的的壓壓力力,而而不不是是扭扭矩矩下下面面的的壓壓力力MeasureWeldStrength,NotWeldingCurrent測(cè)量量焊焊接接件件的的強(qiáng)強(qiáng)度度,而而不不是是焊焊接接件件的的電電流流DetectionMustBeClosetotheProcess探測(cè)測(cè)必必須須接接近近工工藝藝RightBeforeforIncomingParts進(jìn)件件以以前前正正確確RightAfterforCompletedActivity完成成活活動(dòng)動(dòng)以以后后正正確確DetectionShouldRejectUnacceptableParts&ProvideImmediatefeedback(PokaYokeDevices)探測(cè)測(cè)應(yīng)應(yīng)拒拒收收不不合合格格件件&立立即即提提供供反反饋饋(PokaYoke裝置置)DetectionShouldBeReliable,CertifiableandMonitored探測(cè)測(cè)須須是是可可靠靠的的,有有保保證證的的,可可以以監(jiān)監(jiān)控控的的.MeasureDimensions(Go,NoGo)toDetectDefects測(cè)量量尺尺寸寸(通通止止規(guī)規(guī))來來探探測(cè)測(cè)缺缺陷陷MeasureSheetThickness測(cè)量量鋼鋼板板厚厚度度MeasureDiameter測(cè)量量直直徑徑MeasureSheetWidth測(cè)量量鋼鋼板板寬寬度度DetectDifferentFeatures探測(cè)測(cè)不不同同的的特特性性DetectPickupofaSheet探測(cè)測(cè)鋼鋼板板位位置置DetectPresenceofFeatures探測(cè)特性性的存在在性DetectColorAccuracy探測(cè)顏色色精確性性DetectionUsingContact使用接觸觸探測(cè)RememberThisPart?是否記得得這個(gè)零零件?WhattoDoIfItCannotberedesigned?如果不能能重新設(shè)設(shè)計(jì)怎么么做FixtureDesignedtoDetectIncorrectOrientation設(shè)計(jì)卡具具檢測(cè)位位置正確確性DetectingDimensionUsingContact用接觸法法測(cè)定尺尺寸Accept可接受件Reject廢棄件GoodPart合格件BadPart不合格件件KeyPointsforLossControl損失控制制的關(guān)鍵鍵點(diǎn)Design,IntheProduct,AvoidanceofCatastrophicResults在產(chǎn)品設(shè)設(shè)計(jì)中避避免大的的損失SeveralBackupSystemsinAircraft,EjectionSeats,Parachute航行器,排除座座,降落落傘的備備份系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)Airbag安全氣袋袋LimitedClinicalTrialsonHumansofNewDrugs新藥物物對(duì)人人進(jìn)行行臨床床實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)FinalFunctionalTests,BeforeShipping運(yùn)輸前前的最最后功功能實(shí)實(shí)驗(yàn)NothingDetectedonIndividualParts不對(duì)單單獨(dú)件件進(jìn)行行檢驗(yàn)驗(yàn)ScheduledMaintenanceChecksofMissionCriticalItems對(duì)于關(guān)關(guān)鍵項(xiàng)項(xiàng)目任任務(wù)提提供定定期維維修ShouldBetheLastResort對(duì)關(guān)鍵鍵物品品進(jìn)行行定期期維修修檢驗(yàn)驗(yàn),應(yīng)應(yīng)該有有檢驗(yàn)驗(yàn)報(bào)告告DriversDoGetinAccidents,SaveThemWithAirbags司機(jī)遇遇到交交通事事故時(shí)時(shí),安安全氣氣囊可可以對(duì)對(duì)他們們進(jìn)行行保護(hù)護(hù)NOTDesignUnsafeCars不要設(shè)設(shè)計(jì)不不安全全的汽汽車EarlyCommunication,RecallsAreExtremelyImportantforLossControl早期交交流,招回回對(duì)損損失控控制是是非常常重要要的TraditionalQualityControlVersusErrorProofing傳統(tǒng)的的質(zhì)量量控制制與防防錯(cuò)進(jìn)進(jìn)行比比較Op1Op2Op3Op4Test/Inspect檢驗(yàn)/檢測(cè)Scrap廢品Accept接受Op1Op2Op3Op4Verify確定確認(rèn)Verify確定確認(rèn)Verify確定確認(rèn)Feedback反饋Feedback反饋Feedback反饋Traditional,CompleteProduct&TestorInspect傳統(tǒng),完成成產(chǎn)品實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)及檢驗(yàn)ErrorProofing,VerifyAfterEveryOperation&反饋每一序后以以及反饋后后進(jìn)行防錯(cuò)錯(cuò)確認(rèn)DetectionVersusPrevention探測(cè)與預(yù)防防的比較TraditionalQualityControlVersusErrorProofing傳統(tǒng)的質(zhì)量量控制與防防錯(cuò)進(jìn)行比比較TraditionalQUALITYCONTROL傳統(tǒng)質(zhì)量控控制InspectorTestFunctionalitytoDetectDefectiveproduct(FinalProductDefect)功能檢測(cè)及及實(shí)驗(yàn)來探探測(cè)缺陷產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品(最后后產(chǎn)品缺陷陷)TheTestProduces“Accept”“Reject”Judgement通過實(shí)驗(yàn)選選出合格件件與不合格格件TestorInspectAfterSeveralOperations幾序以后進(jìn)進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)與與檢測(cè)DifficulttoPinpointCauseoftheDefect精確找出缺缺陷原因很很困難NoDirectfeedbacktotheOffendingOperation對(duì)于不穩(wěn)定定序沒有直直接反饋LongDelayBetweenError&DiscoveryofDefect錯(cuò)誤產(chǎn)生與與發(fā)現(xiàn)缺陷陷之間拖延延太長(zhǎng)ErrorProofing防錯(cuò)VerifySpecificCharacteri-stic&PreventErrororDetectInter-processDefect確定具體的的防錯(cuò)以及及工藝缺陷陷預(yù)防Verification““Catches”DefectiveComponent確認(rèn)捕捉缺缺陷件VerificationIsImmediate立即確認(rèn)RelationofDefect&ErrorIsAlreadyKnown缺陷與錯(cuò)誤誤之間的關(guān)關(guān)系已知道道FeedbackIsImmediate立即反饋NoDelayinDefectDiscovery不能拖延缺缺陷件的發(fā)發(fā)現(xiàn)Traditional