儀表等級飛行員理論培訓stage1-108HSI,ADF,RMI,DME

PRINCIPLESOFINSTRUMENTFLIGHTHSI,ADF,RMI,DMEHSIisacombinationofVOR&HeadingIndicatorTheHSI“HorizontalSituationIndicator”GreatvisualizinginstrumentCombinesVORindicatorwithHeadingIndicatorbird’seyeviewofyourpositionNOreversesensingproblemswhentunedtoVORFeaturesinstantaneoustrackingawarenesspositionfromdesiredradialHSILocalizerReverseSensingwhentunedtolocalizerunlessfrontcourseisselectedcourseselectormustbesettotheinboundfrontcourseforbothfrontandbackcourseinstrumentapproachesWe’lltalkaboutthismorewhenwelearnaboutILSHSI:FAAFig.95HSI:FAAFigs.98&99WhichaircraftsymbolrepresentstheindicationsofHSI‘A’,‘B’,etc.?FirstnotetheaircraftHeading,thenfigureoutinwhichquadranttheaircraftislocatedHSI:FAAFigs.109,110,111WhatcardinaldirectionarewelocatedfromtheVORstation?ADFGroundFacilitiesNondirectionalbeaconsL/MFrange190to535kHzNolineofsightlimitationsBut:Lightning,precipitationstatic,anddistantstations’interferenceatnightarecommonPrecipitationStaticShorelinesCanRefract(Bend)TheSignalsWhenTheyCrossAtSmallAnglesADFLimitations

TerrainEffectMountainsreflectradiowaves,sometimesatanangle.ShorelineEffectRadiowavestraveldifferentlyoverwaterthanoverland.NightEffectsignalsbouncedoffionosphere-needlefluctuations&interferencefromdistantstationsErrorgreatestatsunriseandsunset-“twilight”ThunderstormEffectneedlepointsatlightning-couldnavigateyoutothenearestthunderstorm!PrecipitationStaticStaticcausedbyrain,snoworcloudsneedlefluctuationsHomingwithADFHOMINGresultsinacurvedpathtostationifthereiswindADFFormula

MH+RB=MBMagneticHeading(MH)RelativeBearing(RB)MagneticBearing(MB)TOthestation(add/subtract180forFROM)MH+RB=MB(TOSTATION)ADFBearingIndicators

FixedCardBearingIndicator -NeedleindicatesRELATIVEBEARING

(MustbereferencedtoHeadingIndicator)MovableCardADFIndicator-NeedleindicatesMAGNETICBEARING(Mustbemanuallysettoheading)RadioMagneticIndicator-NeedleindicatesMAGNETICBEARING (Automaticallysettoheading)FixedCardADFBearingNeedlealwayspointstotherelativebearingRELATIVEBEARING:HowmanydegreesclockwiserelativetotheNOSEoftheaircraftisthestationlocated?Thinkofthe‘N’or‘0’atthetopofthedialasrepresentingthe“NOSE”oftheaircraftratherthanNorth.MovableCardIndicator

WithMHsetonmovablecardADFTipofneedlepointstomagneticbearingTONDBTailofneedlepointstomagneticbearingFROMNDBADFNavigationSuperimposingHeadingIndicatortoADFworkswellwithfixedcardADFMovablecardADFtakesoutalotofguessworkVisualizeusingflightcomputerasheadingindicatorforFAAtestquestionsFAAFig.105SetaircraftheadingonthecompassroseofyourE6B.UseyourpencilastheneedleandpointTIPofpencilto“bearingTOstation”orTAILofpencilto“bearingFROMstation.Matchwhatyouseeonyour“movablecard”E6BtooneoftheindicatorsgivenasanswerchoiceinFAAquestion.(seeGleimInstrumentKnowledgeTestGuidepg.78RadioMagneticIndicator(RMI)Twoparts:slavedcompasscardbearingpointerGenerallyhave2bearingpointerneedlesVORandADFHead-courseTO Tail-bearingFROM(RadialiftunedtoVOR)BearingFROMthestationRMIStationPassageIdentifiedwhen:needledropstowingtippositionORsettlesat180°positionDependingonaltitude,fromtimeofoscillationtostationpassagecouldbeanywhereupto3minutes!DistanceMeasuringEquipment(DME)PairedFrequencies(VORandDMEarelockedtogether)HowDMEworkspulsedsignalpairtimetoreturnGroundspeedfeatureisgooddirectlytoorfromastation(butnot90degreestostation)Slantrange-fromaircrafttostationDME–BASICOPERATIONINTERROGATIONSIGNALRANGEREPLYSIGNALDMETRANSMITTER(RECEIVER)MEASURESTHETIMEITTAKESFORREPLYSIGNALTORETURNANDCONVERTSTHISTIMETOADISTANCEINNMDistanceMeasuringEquipment(DME)

DMEIdentification(Morsecodeapprox.every30seconds)DMECautions:SlantRangeDistanceTheDME(DistanceMeasuringEquipment)isahandylittletool(ifyou’vegotone!)thatmeasuresyourdistancetoaVOR/DMEorVORTAC,givestruegroundspeed,andETAtothatstation.CarefulThough...ReceiverAntennaSpeedAndETAAreOnlyAccurateWhenHeadingDirectlyTowardOrFromTheStation.

DistanceIsOnlyAccurateBeyondSomeDistanceAwayDueTo“SlantRange”DMEDMEArcsAmethodofnothavingtoflytotheVORTACandthenproceedoutboundtoaprocedureturn.EasiestwithRMISeriesoftangenttracksarounddesiredDMEarcChangeneedlepositionrelativetocrosswindinfluenceRMI,DMEARCWhereshouldthebearingpointerbelocatedrelativetothewingtipreferencetomaintainthe16DMErangeinaright-handarcwitharightcrosswindcomponent?(fig.107)Howaboutaleft-handarcwithalef