中考英語語法訓練-名詞的詞形變化學案

名詞的詞形變化一、名詞的分類名詞可分為 和 兩大類。普通名詞又可分為： 如：cup，desk，student等。 如：class，team，family等。 如：rice，water，cotton等。 如：love，work，life等。 。專有名詞：如：China，Newton，London等。二、名詞的數(shù)（一）可數(shù)名詞的復數(shù)形式的構成規(guī)則一般情況下在名詞的詞尾加s，如：book books，pencil pencils.以結尾的名詞加其讀音如watches，dish dishes等。以-y結尾的名詞：（1）以“輔音字母+y”結尾的名詞，把y改為i再加es，讀［iz］，如：factory factories（2）以“元音字母+y”結尾的名詞，或專有名詞以y結尾，直接在詞尾加-s，讀音為［z］。如：keykeys。以-f和-fe結尾的名詞：（1）變-f或-fe為v再加-es，如：thiefthieves，wifewives，halfhalves等。（2）直接在詞尾加-s，如：roofroofs，gulfgulfs，chiefchiefs，proofproofs等。（3）兩者均可。如：handkerchief handkerchiefs或handkerchieves.以-o結尾的名詞：（1）“輔音字母+o”結尾的名詞后直接加-es，讀音［z］如：hero heroes，potato potatoes，tomato tomatoes等。（二）不規(guī)則名詞的復數(shù)形式改變單數(shù)名詞中的元音字母或其他形式如mouse mice，child children等。單復數(shù)形式相同。如：sheep，deer，fish等，以及由漢語音譯表示度量、幣制等單位的名詞。如：yuan.另外以-ese或-ss結尾的表示民族的名詞也一樣同形。如：Chinese，Japanese，Swiss等。以-an結尾或其他形式結尾的表示民族、國家的人的名詞變復數(shù)時在詞尾加-s.如：Americans，Asians，Russians，Australians，Italians，Germans等。注意：EnglishmanEnglishmen，F(xiàn)renchmanFrenchmen.復合名詞的復數(shù)形式：（1）在詞末加-（e）s，如：afternoons，housewives等。（2）把主體名詞變成復數(shù)形式。如：lookers-on（旁觀者）passers-by（過路人）等。由man或woman作為第一部分的復數(shù)名詞兩個組成部分皆變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)形式如driver mendrivers，womandoctor womendoctors等。（三）幾種特殊的復數(shù)形式的名詞眼鏡（短褲），mathematics（數(shù)學），physics（物理學），politics（政治學）等。有些復數(shù)形式的名詞表示特別的意義。如：papers（文件），manners（禮貌），goods（貨物），times（時代），conditions（環(huán)境；情況）等。friends與……交朋友handswith（與……握手）等。（四）不可數(shù)名詞物質名詞和抽象名詞多為不可數(shù)名詞。如：luggage，milk，rice，soup，water，money，meat等。1apieceofadvice（一條建議）fivepiecesofadvice（五條建議），abagofrice（一袋大米）threebagsofrice（三袋大米）。可數(shù)名詞的量也可以用適當?shù)牧吭~來表達。不可數(shù)名詞的轉化（1）物質名詞表示種類或具體事物時則成為可數(shù)名詞。如：glass（玻璃）aglass（一個玻璃杯），tea（茶）twoteas（兩杯茶），ice（冰）threeices（三個冰淇淋）。（2）抽象名詞具體化時也可成為可數(shù)名詞。如：beauty（美麗）abeauty（一個美人），youth（青春）ayouth（一個青年）。一個房間）room（空間），achicken（一只小雞）chicken（雞肉）。三、名詞的格格（case）是名詞的語法范疇之一。名詞有三種格：主格(nominativecase)賓格(objectivecase)和屬格(genitivecase)。但名詞的主格和賓格形式相同，所以它們又稱為通格(commoncase)屬格的形式's構成（-ses的復形'”）of加名詞構成。前者多用來表示有生命的東西，后者多用來表示無child'splay很容易做的事thedoorofthebarn各色的門's屬格的構成方法如：①：單形名詞末加's theboy'smother②：復形名詞末加“'” twoboys’mothers'sThomas'sbrother④：幾個詞作為一個單位時候，'s加在最后一個詞的末尾如：theQueenofEngland'sthrone's如：John'sandSusan'sdesks'sandSusan'sdesk's屬格常表示有生命的東西，但也可表示無生命的東西如： ①：表示時間 aday'sjourney ②：自然現(xiàn)象 themoon'srays③：表國家，城市等實體thecity'sparks ④：表工作群時theship'screw⑤：表示度量衡及價值amile'sdistance ⑥：表示擬人化death'sdoor⑦：固定用法astone'sthrow四、名詞練習Therearesome onthehill.sheeps B.asheep C.sheep D.sheepesMrBlackoftengivesus byEmail.somegoodinformation B.somegoodinformationsC.goodinformations D.agoodinformationTherearesomenewbooksintheschoollibrary.Theyare books.child B.childrens' C.children D.children'sIhavewornoutmyshoes,soIwanttobuyanew .pair B.one C.ones D.trousersMeimei'shandwritingisbetterthananyother inhisclass.students B.students C.student's D.students'Thehospitalisabitfarfromhere.It'sabout .fortyminutes'swalk B.fortyminute'swalkC.fortyminuteswalk D.fortyminutes'walkHowmany arethereinyourclass?Japanese B.American C.Australian D.CanadianIfoundmyblackcatin room.JimandMike B.JimandMike's C.Jim'sandMike's D.Jim'sandMikeHowmucharethe ?bread B.meats. C.potatos D.tomatoesTherearemany inourschool.womanteachers B.woman'steachersC.womenteachers D.women'steachersThreemonths alongtimeforme.is B.are C.have D.hasThereare and onthetable.twoboxescake;fourbottleoforanges B.twoboxescake;fourbottleoforangeC.twoboxesofcakes;fourbottlesoforange D.twoboxofcakes;fourbottlesoforanges中考綜合訓練

選擇題第一節(jié)：單項填空（共20小題，每小題1分，共20分）1．— willyoufinishyourhomework?InhalfanA．Howsoon B．Howlong C．Howfar D．Howoften2．—youlike ?No,thankyou.I’mfull.A．something B．anything C．somemore D．alittle3．Thegirl wonthegoldmedalcomesfromAnhuiProvince.A．whom B．which C．who 4．Isthere here?Ifnot,don’tstayherealone.A．anyone B．somebody C．anyoneelse D．everyone5．Peopleinwesterncountriescelebrate Christmas,whilepeopleinChinaobserve SpringFestival.A．the;the B．/;/ C．the;/ D．/;the6．Thereisaplaneat9:30andoneat12:00; planewillgetyoutoParisforthecarexhibition.A．Either B．Both C．Every D．Each7．Childrengettiredoflearningoftenbecausethey todobetterthantheycan,bothatschoolandathome.A．hope B．arehoped C．expect D．areexpected8．Don’thavethehorse allthetime.Itneedsagoodrest.beorig Bokg Ctowork o9．Chinaisknown adevelopingA．as B．with C．for D．of10．Thisistheverything belongs .hic;im tht;him Ch;ohis Dtht;tohim11．—Ididn’tdowellintheexam.Whataboutyou,dear?Idid thanyou.A．noworse B．nobetter C．nomore D．notbetter12．—Haveyougotanyjoboffers?No.I .A．waited B．hadbeenwaiting C．havewaited D．amwaiting13．—Whatdoyouenjoy athomeinthenextfewdays?Reading,ofcourse.A．topassyourtime B．passingyourtime C．passyourtime D．beingpassingyourtime14．—Theplaceisn’ttoobad,isit? abittoocrowded.and B．No,because C．No,but but15．—MayIuseyourtelephone?— .A．No,youdon’t B．Goahead C．Nevermind youdo16．EverybodyinthevillagelikesJackbecauseheisgoodattellingand jokes.A．turningup B．puttingup C．makingup D．showingup17．Itisn’tquite thatthechairmanwillattendthemeeting.A．sure B．right C．exact D．certain18．Everytimeshe ,she someflowerstome.A．comes;wouldbringB．come;willbring C．came;wouldbringD．came;hadbrought19．—Oh,thematter?looksotired— .A．SodoI B．SoIam C．SoIdo D．SoamI20．John,lookatthetime. youplaythepianoatsuchalatehour?A．Must B．Can C．May D．Need第二節(jié)：完形填空（共15小題，每小題1分，共15分）ManypeopleuseemailtocommunicatewitheachIfyoucansurftheInternet,itisagreat21tosendmessagesquicklyandasoftenasyoulike.No22isitnecessarytofindapenorpaper,notto23anenvelopeorstamp.Arewemissinganythingbynotwritingpaperletterstopeople?Mustyoutakethe24ofwritingthemifyouwanttoreceivesuchletters?Mostpeoplewouldprobablyanswer,“No,itisawasteofpaper25,andthisisamuchbettersystem.”Itishardtobeagainstsuchaviewpoint.However,IwouldliketoIbelievethatthekindsofletterspeople26towritewereprobablymore27thanbillionsofemailssentOfcourse,whenit28tosendingquickmessages,emailisthebest.If29isimportant,emailisparticularlyuseful.30,ifyouwantreallytotouchsomeone,aletterismorepersonal. 31 lettersarethemostpersonal.Ifyoucantypefast,youcanputalotintoaletter,butitlacks（缺少）thespecialsensethatcomesfromseeingthehandwriting.Aslongasitisunderstandable,itdoesn’tmatterhowtidyitis.Whensomeonesitsdownandjustwritestoyou,youwill32thatwhenyouarereadingit.ThoughI’mateenager,IadmitthatItoofeel33toreceivealetterinthemail.Iloveseeingmynamewrittenbyhandon34makeyourselfacupofcoffee,sitdowninacomfortableplace,openyour35,andenjoyeverythingthatthepersonputsintothosewordsjustforyou.Whatagift!21．A．chanceB．wayC．funD．time22．A．longerB．muchC．lessD．important23．A．sayB．speakC．talkD．mention24．A．questionB．troubleC．pleasureD．problem25．A．anywayB．tooC．simplyD．just26．A．neededB．usedC．gotD．agreed27．A．importantB．usefulC．helpfulD．meaningful28．A．runsB．leadsC．comesD．arrives29．A．moneyB．meaningC．feelingD．time30．A．HoweverB．SoC．ThereforeD．But31．A．LongB．TypedC．HandwrittenD．Short32．A．feelB．loveC．wantD．like33．A．excitedB．disappointedC．puzzledD．surprised34．A．aletterB．alistC．apaperD．anenvelope35．A．mouthB．letterC．bookD．magazine第三節(jié)：閱讀理解（共10小題，每小題2分，共20分）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A.B.C.D.四個選項中，選出最佳選項。AIndianapolisisthecapitalandlargestcityofIndiana,USA.Withapopulationof774000,itisoneofthelargestcitiesintheworldthatcannotbereachedbywater.However,Indianapolisisacitythroughwhichmanyrailways,roads,buses,andplanespass.Therearemayfactoriesthatmakecars,farmtoolsandelectricalthings.Thesefactoriescauselittlepollutionforthecity.BulterUniversity,wellknownforengineering,andthelawandmedicalschoolsofIndianaUniversityareinthecitycenter.NearbyistheIndianapolisracecourse,wherethenation’smostfamouscarraceisheldeveryyearonMay30th.IfyouvisitIndianapolis,youwillbeabletofindyourwayaroundeasilybecausemostofthestreetscrosseachotherlikeachessboard.Inthecenterofthecalledthecircle,standstheSoldier’sandSailor’s紀念碑100hundredmetershigh.AlsointhecentertherearemanybuildingsmadeoffamousIndianapolisstone,whichmakesthemwhiteincannottraveltoIndianapolisby .A．boat B．bike C．car D．train37．WhatisIndianapolisbestknownfor? .A．Itsschoolandlibraries B．ItsyearlymotorraceC．Itsuniversitiesandmedicalschools D．ItsSoldiers’andSailors’Monument38．Itiseasyforastrangertogoaboutinthecitybecause .A．mostofthebuildingsareinthecenterofthecityB．therearemanydifferentwaysoftravelingthereC．thebuildingsareveryclosetoeachotherD．thecityisplannedinsquares39．ManybuildingsinIndianapolisarewhitebecause .A．theyarepaintedeveryyear B．theIndianapeoplekeepthemcleanC．theyaremadeofspecialstone D．thereislittlepollutionfromfactoriesBIfthereistimeforquestionsordiscussionattheendofaclass,takethechancetoaskforfurtherexplanationofanythingthatwasnotimmediatelyclear.Youareunlikelytobetheonlyonewhodoesnotunderstand.Soourquestionswillhelpothersandwillencouragethemtoaskquestions,andyoushouldlearnfromalltheteacher’sreplies.Questionsnotonlyhelpstudentstolearnbutalsoshowinterestinthesubject,andthismakestheteacher’sworkmoreuseful.Besides,questionsshouldhelptheteacherfirsttorecognizethingsthatstudentsfinddifficultandthentogivebetterlessons.Morequestionswillcometomindduringyourfurtherstudies.Trytofindtheanswersbeforethenextclass.Thiswillhelpyoutolearn.40．Thewriterofthispassageadvisesus .A．toaskforfurtherexplanationofeverythingwelearnB．toaskquestionsattheendofaclassC．tohelpothersbyaskingtheteacherquestionsD．toencouragetheteachertogivebetterlessons41．Accordingtothepassage,youaskquestionsinorderto .A．makeyourteacherrecognizeyouB．encourageyourschoolfriendstolearnbetterC．makeyourselfandyourclassmateslearnbetterD．satisfyyourteacher42．Accordingtothepassage,questionsarehelpful .A．eithertotheslowstudentsortothebrightstud