建筑英語(yǔ)第九講

建筑英語(yǔ)ARCHITECTUREENGLISHArchitectureSchoolofSIAS精選pptUNITSIX

Chinese

ArchitectureThearchitectureofChinaisasoldasChinesecivilization.Fromeverysourceofinformation—literary,graphic,exemplary—thereisstrongevidencetestifyingtothefactthattheChinesehavealwaysenjoyedanindigenoussystemofconstructionthathasretaineditsprincipalcharacteristicsfromprehistorictimestothepresentday.OverthevastareafromChineseTurkistantoJapan,fromManchuriatothenorthernhalfofFrenchIndochina,thesamesystemofconstructionisprevalent;andthiswastheareaofChineseculturalinfluence.Thatthissystemofconstructioncouldperpetuateitselfformorethanfourthousandyearsoversuchavastterritoryandstillremainalivingarchitecture,retainingitsprincipalcharacteristicsinspiteofrepeatedforeigninvasions—military,intellectual,andspiritual—isaphenomenoncomparableonlytothecontinuityofthecivilizationofwhichitisanintegralpart.—Liang,Ssu-ch'eng,

1984精選pptOnChineseArchitecture關(guān)于中國(guó)建筑精選ppt課文翻譯Paragraph1

Chinesearchitecturereferstoastyleofarchitecture

thathastakenshapeinAsiaoverthecenturies.ThestructuralprinciplesofChinesearchitecturehaveremainedlargelyunchanged,themainchangesbeingonlythedecorativedetails.SincetheTangDynasty,ChinesearchitecturehashadamajorinfluenceonthearchitecturalstylesofKorea,JapanandVietnam.中式建筑是指一種在過(guò)去幾個(gè)世紀(jì)于亞洲成型的建筑風(fēng)格。中式建筑的結(jié)構(gòu)原理也大致保持不變，主要變化僅在裝飾細(xì)節(jié)方面。自唐代以來(lái)，中式建筑已經(jīng)對(duì)韓國(guó)，日本和越南等國(guó)的建筑風(fēng)格產(chǎn)生重大影響。精選ppt課文翻譯Paragraph2

Chinesearchitectureenjoysalonghistoryandgreatachievements,andhascreatedmanyarchitecturalmiraclessuchastheGreatWallandtheForbiddenCity.Intheprocessofitsdevelopment,superiorarchitecturaltechniquesandartisticdesignwerecombinedtomakeChinesearchitectureauniquearchitecturalsystem.中國(guó)建筑有著悠久的歷史和偉大成就，創(chuàng)造了許多建筑奇跡，如長(zhǎng)城和故宮。在其發(fā)展過(guò)程中，卓越的建筑技術(shù)和藝術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)相結(jié)合，使中國(guó)建筑形成獨(dú)特的建筑體系。superior:adj.上層的；上好的精選ppt課文翻譯Paragraph3

BasicIdeaChinesearchitectureisbasedontheprincipleofbalanceandsymmetry.Officebuildings,residences,temples,andpalacesallfollowtheprinciplethatthemainstructureistheaxis.Thesecondarystructurearepositionedastwowingsoneithersidetoformthemaincourtandyard.ThedistributionofinteriorspacereflectsChinesesocialandethnicalvalues.Forexample,atraditionalresidentialbuildingassignsfamilymembersbasedonthefamily’s

hierarchy.基本理念中式建筑是基于平衡和對(duì)稱的原則。行政建筑，民居，寺廟和宮殿都遵循主結(jié)構(gòu)為軸線的原則。二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)被定位為由兩側(cè)建筑圍合形成的主要庭院。室內(nèi)空間的分布反映了中國(guó)社會(huì)和民族的價(jià)值觀。例如，傳統(tǒng)居住建筑對(duì)家庭成員的空間分配是基于家族的等級(jí)的。hierarchy:n.等級(jí)制度精選ppt精選ppt課文翻譯Paragraph5-1

ColorTimberframeworkdecidesthatcoloristhemainornamentusedonancientChinesearchitecture.Inthebeginning,paintwasusedonwoodforantisepsis

whilelaterpaintingbecameanarchitecturalornament.Inthefeudalsociety,theuseofcolorwasrestrictedaccordingtostrictsocialstatusclassification.色彩木框架結(jié)構(gòu)決定了顏色是中國(guó)古代建筑中使用的主要裝飾品。最初，油漆被用于木材防腐，而后來(lái)，繪畫(huà)成為建筑裝飾。在封建社會(huì)中，色彩的使用按照嚴(yán)格的社會(huì)地位等級(jí)受到限制。antisepsis:n.防腐法精選ppt課文翻譯Paragraph5-2

Sinceyellowwasdeemed

thenoblestcolorandgreenandredthesecond,theywereoftenappliedonpalacepainting.Usually,dragonorphoenixwaspaintedongreenbackgroundwithmassgoldpowderorgoldfoil.Thepaintingwillgivethestructureamagnificentnobleimageunderthebackgroundofwhitegranitebasement.Itisuniquethatsuchsharpcolorcanachieveartisticeffects.由于黃色被視為最高貴的顏色，綠色和紅色第二，他們常常應(yīng)用于宮廷繪畫(huà)。通常情況下，用大量金粉或金箔繪出的龍或鳳被漆在綠色背景上。在白色花崗巖基座的映襯下，這些彩繪將為結(jié)構(gòu)打造出宏偉高貴的形象。通過(guò)這樣鮮明對(duì)比的顏色以實(shí)現(xiàn)獨(dú)特的藝術(shù)效果。Deem:v.認(rèn)為；視作Granite：n.花崗巖精選ppt精選ppt課文翻譯Paragraph6-1

RoofAlthoughthetypicalChineseroofwasprobablydevelopedintheShangDynasty(1523-1027BC)ortheZhouDynasty(1027-256BC),itsfeatureswereunknowntousuntiltheHanDynasty.ThenitappearedintheformthatwerecognizetodayasahallmarkofChinesearchitecture—agraceful,overhangingroof,sometimesinseveraltiers,withupturnedeaves.屋頂雖然典型的中國(guó)屋頂可能是在商朝（公元前1523年至1027年），或周朝（公元前1027-256）發(fā)展的，然而直到漢朝我們才知曉其具體特征。此后，它出現(xiàn)的形式就是我們今天所熟知的的中國(guó)建筑的標(biāo)志性特征——優(yōu)美、懸屋頂、有時(shí)多層，還有飛檐。hallmark：n.標(biāo)志；特征tier：n.排；行；層；等級(jí)精選ppt課文翻譯Paragraph6-2

Theroofrestsonaseriesoffour-partbrackets(knownastoukong),whichinturnaresupportedbyotherclustersofbracketssetoncolumns.Thetremendousweightcouldeventuallybebroughtdownviathebracketssystemtothecolumns.Decorativepossibilitiesweresoonrealizedinthecolorfulglazedtilingofroofsandthecarvingandpaintingofbrackets,whichbecamemoreandmoreelaborate.屋頂擱在一系列由四部分組成的支架（稱為斗拱），而后者又是通過(guò)固定在柱子上的其他簇支架來(lái)支撐。巨大的重量最終可以經(jīng)由支架系統(tǒng)下傳到柱子。人們很快就意識(shí)到這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)為裝飾創(chuàng)造了可能性，于是出現(xiàn)了由色彩豐富的琉璃磚鋪設(shè)的屋頂和精雕刻細(xì)繪的支架，而這些也變得越來(lái)越精細(xì)。Rest：v.

(使)倚靠；

基于；擱置Cluster：n.群；簇Tiling：n.蓋瓦；鋪瓷磚

精選ppt精選ppt課文翻譯Paragraph7-1

RoofisofgreatimportanceinChinesearchitecture.Itnotonlyprotectsresidentsfromtheelements,butalsohasadeepermeaning.Iteither

displaysthehonoroftheownerofthehousewithitsout-reachingupturnedeaves,orforexample,inaBuddhisttemple,helpswardoffevilspirits.Thearc

atwhichtheroofturnscomesfromtheintricatefitofrafters.Almosteverywealthyhomehadelaborateroofontheirhouse.屋頂在中國(guó)建筑中具有重要意義。它不僅可以保護(hù)居民免受惡劣天氣的影響，而且還具有更深層次的意義。它或以其外展的飛檐展示了房屋主人的榮耀，或如在一個(gè)佛教寺廟以辟邪。屋角形成的弧線來(lái)自于椽的復(fù)雜配合。幾乎每一個(gè)富有的家庭都有精心制作的自家屋頂。elements：n.惡劣天氣ward：vt.守護(hù)；躲開(kāi)fit：n.配合，匹配

精選ppt課文翻譯Paragraph7-2

Oneperfectexampleofsplendidroofwouldbefoundinsidethewonderfulpalaces,theForbiddenCityandtheMingTombs.Theyallhaverooftileswhicharebrilliantyellow,greenandred.Theridgesofeachroofcarryfigurinesofmythicalcreatures.Thecurveofeachroofcanbenomorethanasweepandthemostintricatedesignsontheroofarealmostalwayspointingsoutheast.在壯麗的宮殿里，如故宮和明十三陵，很容易發(fā)現(xiàn)華麗屋頂?shù)耐昝览印Ｋ麄兌加辛咙S色、綠色和紅色的屋瓦。每個(gè)屋脊上都矗立著神話動(dòng)物的雕像。每個(gè)屋頂?shù)那€可以僅僅是一段延伸的翹角，而屋頂上最復(fù)雜的設(shè)計(jì)幾乎總是指向東南方。figurine：n.小塑像

sweep：n.延伸的（常指彎的）路﹑河﹑岸等精選ppt課文翻譯Paragraph8-1

GroundPlanofBuildingComplexDuringtheHanDynastyacharacteristicgroundplanwasdeveloped;itremainedrelativelyconstantthroughthecenturies,appliedtopalacesandtemplebuildingsinbothChinaandJapan.Surroundedbyanexteriorwall,thebuildingcomplexwasarrangedalongacentralaxisandwasapproachedbyanentrancegateandthenaspiritgate.Behindtheminsequencecameapublichallandfinallytheprivatequarters.建筑群的平面圖漢代時(shí)期發(fā)明了一個(gè)典型的建筑群平面圖;經(jīng)歷了幾個(gè)世紀(jì)，它仍然沒(méi)有相對(duì)的大變化，適用于中國(guó)和日本的各種宮殿和寺廟建筑。由外墻環(huán)繞的建筑群沿中軸線排列，先經(jīng)城門(mén)后神門(mén)而入。在其后依次是議政宮，最后是私人住所。Quarter：n.住處;（尤指）營(yíng)房精選ppt精選ppt課文翻譯Paragraph8-2

Eachresidentialunitwasbuiltaroundacentralcourtwithagarden.Basedonimperialzoosandparks,theprivateresidentialgardensoonbecameadistinctivefeatureofthewalledcomplexandanartforminitself.Thegardenwaslaidoutinadefinitescheme,witharestareaandpavilions,ponds,andsemi-plannedvegetation.每個(gè)住宅單元都是圍繞一個(gè)帶花園的中庭來(lái)建造。以皇家動(dòng)物園和花園為基礎(chǔ)，私人住宅的花園很快有了自己的特色——被圍墻圈起的建筑群，并且其本身也成為一種藝術(shù)形式?；▓@的布局依據(jù)一個(gè)明確的方案，常有休息區(qū)、涼亭、池塘和半規(guī)劃的植被。figurine：n.小塑像

sweep：n.延伸的（常指彎的）路﹑河﹑岸等精選ppt課文翻譯Paragraph9

FengshuiFengshuiisaspecialChinesetraditioninarchitecture,andusuallylinksthewholeprocessfromsiteselection,designing,constructionandinteriorandexteriordecoratinginancienttimes.Feng

standsforwindorairandshuimeanswater.Fengshui

combinesthetrinityoftheHeaven,theEarthandhumans,andseeksharmonybetweenselectedsite,orienting,naturaldoctrineandhumanfate.Itrepulseshumandestructionofnatureandstressescohabitationwiththeenvironment,whichisregardedasperfectandoccult.風(fēng)水風(fēng)水是中國(guó)建筑特有的傳統(tǒng)，在古代常貫穿選址、設(shè)計(jì)、建造到室內(nèi)外裝飾的整個(gè)過(guò)程。風(fēng)代表風(fēng)或空氣，水則是指水。風(fēng)水結(jié)合了天，地和人，形成三位一體，并尋求選址、定向、自然學(xué)說(shuō)和人類命運(yùn)的和諧。它拒絕了人類對(duì)自然的破壞，強(qiáng)調(diào)了與環(huán)境共同生存，這被看作是完美和神秘的。cohabitation：n.同居，共生doctrine：n.學(xué)說(shuō)；主義occult：adj.不可思議的精選ppt精選pptMajorformsofChineseArchitecture中國(guó)建筑的主要形式精選ppt課文翻譯Paragraph1

Chinesearchitectureisuniqueintheworldofarchitecturalstyles.Intermsoftheformorformationandfunctions,itcanbeclassifiedintosixmajortypes.中國(guó)建筑在世界建筑中具有獨(dú)一無(wú)二的風(fēng)格。就形式或形成和功能而言，它可以分為六種主要的類型。精選ppt課文翻譯Paragraph2

Gong(Palace)AfterthefoundingoftheQinDynasty,gongcametomeanagroupofbuildingsinwhichtheemperorslivedandworked.Ataboutthesametime,Chinesepalacesgreweverlargerinscale.TheEfanggongoftheFirstEmperorofQinmeasured2.5kmfromeasttowestand1,000pacesfromnorthtosouth.TheWeiyanggongoftheWesternHanDynastyhad,withinaperipheryof11kilometers,asmanyas43hallsandterraces.宮秦朝建立后，宮常指供帝王生活和工作的一組建筑。大約在同一時(shí)間，中國(guó)的宮殿規(guī)模越來(lái)越大。在秦始皇的阿房宮從東到西長(zhǎng)2.5公里，從北至南有一千步長(zhǎng)。西漢的未央宮周長(zhǎng)11公里，有多達(dá)43個(gè)宮殿和露臺(tái)。Periphery：n.周邊；邊緣；外圍paces：n.速度；步伐；(一)步精選ppt課文翻譯Paragraph2-2

TheForbiddenCityofBeijing,whichstillstandsintactandwhichservedastheimperialpalaceforbothMingandQingemperorscoversanareaof720,000squaremetersandembracesmanyhalls,towers,pavilionsandstudies.Itisoneofthegreatestpalacesintheworld.Inshort,thepalacegrewintoaveritablecityandisoftencalledgongcheng(palacecity).Apartfromthepalace,othergrandbuildingswithsimilarscaleandsizearealsocalledgongeitherforsecularorreligioususe.北京的故宮仍然屹立不變，作為曾經(jīng)為明、清皇帝服務(wù)的皇家宮殿其占地面積72萬(wàn)平方米，包括許多廳堂、塔、亭閣和書(shū)房。它是世界上最大的宮殿之一?？傊?，宮演變成了一個(gè)名副其實(shí)的城市，通常被稱為宮城。除了皇宮，其他具有類似規(guī)模和大小的宏大建筑群也被稱為宮，無(wú)論是作世俗用還是宗教用。Intact:

adj.完好無(wú)缺的；原封不動(dòng)的veritable:adj.真實(shí)的secular:adj.世俗的精選ppt課文翻譯Paragraph3-1

Ting(Pavilion)Acommonsightinthecountry,aChinesepavilion(ting)isbuiltnormallyeitherofwoodorstoneorbambooandmaybeinanyoftheshapes—square,triangle,hexagon,octagon,afive-petalflower,afanandothers.Butallpavilionshavecolumnsforsupportandnowalls.Inparksorscenicareas,pavilionsarebuilttocommandapanoramicvieworbuiltbythewaterfronttocreateintriguingimages.亭子在國(guó)內(nèi)常見(jiàn)的景象是一個(gè)中式亭通常不是用木頭就是用石頭或竹子建的，而且可以是任何形狀——方形、三角形、六角形、八角形、五瓣花形、扇形及其他。但所有亭子都以柱子來(lái)支撐而無(wú)墻壁。在公園或風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)，亭子常為了能觀賞全景而建造，或者建在水邊以創(chuàng)造引人入勝的景象。Panoramic：adj.全景的intriguing：adj.吸引人的；有趣的

精選ppt課文翻譯Paragraph3-2

Pavilionsservediversepurposes.Thewaysidepavilioniscalledliangting(coolingkiosk)toprovidewearywayfarerswithaplaceforrest.The“stelepavilion”givesarooftoastonetablettoprotecttheengravedrecordofanimportantevent.Pavilionsalsostandbybridgesoroverwater-wells.Inthelattercase,dormerwindowsarebuilttoallowthesunto

castitsraysintothewellasithasbeenthebeliefthatwateruntouchedbythesunwouldcausedisease.亭子有多種服務(wù)目的。路旁的亭子被稱為涼亭（冷卻亭），為疲憊的旅人提供休息的地方?！氨ぁ笔菍⑹采w一覆頂，以保護(hù)重要事件的雕刻記錄。亭子也會(huì)出現(xiàn)在橋邊或水井上。在后者情況下，亭子頂部要建一天窗，以便陽(yáng)光投射進(jìn)入井中，因?yàn)槟菚r(shí)的人們相信不見(jiàn)陽(yáng)光的水會(huì)引起疾病。Kiosk:

n.亭；涼亭；報(bào)攤wayfarer:n.旅人；徒步旅行者stele:n.石碑精選ppt課文翻譯Paragraph4

Tai(BuildingwithTerrace)Thetaiwasanancientarchitecturalstructure,averymuchelevatedterracewithaflattop.Generallybuiltofearth,stoneandsurfacewithbrick,theyareusedasabelvedere

onwhichtolookintothedistance.Infact,however,manywell-knownancienttaiarenotjustabareplatformbuthassomepalatialhallsbuiltontop.臺(tái)（帶露臺(tái)的樓）臺(tái)是一種古老的建筑結(jié)構(gòu)，一個(gè)非常高的平頂露臺(tái)。一般用泥土和石頭建造，表面用磚砌，它們常用作遠(yuǎn)眺的觀景樓。然而，事實(shí)上，許多知名的古臺(tái)不只是一個(gè)光禿禿的平臺(tái)，而是在其上建了一些富麗堂皇的廳堂。belvedere：n.觀景樓palatial：adj.宮殿般的；宏偉的精選ppt課文翻譯Paragraph5

Taicouldbebuilttoservedifferentpracticalpurposes.Forexample,itcouldbeusedasanobservatoryasistheonenearJianguomeninBeijingwhichdatesbacktotheMingandQingdynasties.ItcouldalsobeusedformilitarypurposeslikethebeacontowersalongtheGreatWall,totransmiturgentinformationwithsmokebydayandfirebynight.AlsoontheGreatWall,thereisasquaretaiatintervalsofevery300to400metersfromwhichthegarrisontroopskeptwatch.OnthetrackoftheancientSilkRoad,ruinsoftheoldfortificationsintheformofearthenterracescanstillbeseen.臺(tái)可以有不同的實(shí)際用途。例如，它可以作為一個(gè)天文臺(tái)，就像北京建國(guó)門(mén)附近的那個(gè)，其可以追溯到明清時(shí)期。它也可以用于軍事用途，如長(zhǎng)城沿線的烽火臺(tái)，白天用煙夜晚用火來(lái)傳送緊急信息。另外在長(zhǎng)城，每隔300米至400米就有一個(gè)由駐軍守衛(wèi)的方臺(tái)。沿著古代絲綢之路的軌跡走，仍然可以看到現(xiàn)在已成為土梯田的古防御工事的遺跡。garrison：n.守備隊(duì)；駐地；要塞troop:

n.群；組；軍隊(duì)；大量精選ppt課文翻譯Paragraph6

Lou(StoreyedHouse)Chinesecharacterloureferstoanybuildingoftwoormorestoreyswithahorizontalmainridge.TheerectionofsuchbuildingsbeganalongtimeagointheWarringStatesPeriod,whenchonglou(multi-storeyhouse)wasmentionedinhistoricalrecords.樓（多層的建筑）中國(guó)漢字中的樓指的是任何有兩層或以上的有著水平主脊的建筑物。這些建筑物在很久以前的戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)代就已出現(xiàn)，當(dāng)時(shí)的歷史記載里已提到重樓（多層建筑）。Erection：n.直立；建造；建筑物精選ppt課文翻譯Paragraph7

Ancienthouseswithmorethanonestoreyweremeantforavarietyofuses.Thesmallertwo-storeyhouseofprivatehomegenerallyhastheowner’sstudyorbedroomupstairs.Themoremagnificentonesbuiltinparksoratscenicspotswerebelvederesfromwhichtoenjoythedistantscenery.Inthiscase,itissometimestranslatedasa“tower”.高于一層的古代建筑常有多種用途。私人住宅的兩層小樓一般將主人的書(shū)房或臥室設(shè)在上層。更宏偉的是那些建在公園或風(fēng)景名勝的觀景樓，可以在其上享受遠(yuǎn)處的風(fēng)景。在這種情況下，樓有時(shí)也被翻譯為“塔”。精選ppt課文翻譯Paragraph8

Ancientcitieshasbellanddrumtowers(zhonglouandgulou),usuallypalatialbuildingswithfour-sloped,double-caved,glazedroofs,all-around

verandasandcoloredandcarvedbracketsupportingtheoverhangingeaves.Eachtowerhousedabigbellordrumwhichwasusedtoannouncethetime.古城一般有鐘鼓樓（鐘樓和鼓樓），通常為四面坡、雙面洞、釉面屋頂、環(huán)繞陽(yáng)臺(tái)以及支撐著懸檐的彩刻支架的富麗堂皇的建筑。每座塔都有一個(gè)大鐘或大鼓以公布時(shí)間。Caved：n.洞穴；山洞verandas：n.陽(yáng)臺(tái)；游廊精選ppt課文翻譯Paragraph9

Ge(StoreyedPavilion)TheChinesecharactergeissimilartolou

inthatbothareoftwoormorestoreybuildings.Butlouhasadoorandwindowsonlyonthefrontsidewiththeotherthreesidesbeingsolidwalls.Geisusedusuallyenclosedbywoodenbalustradeordecoratedwithboardsallaround.閣（亭樓閣）漢字中的閣類似于樓，兩者都是兩層或多層建筑。但樓只在前面有門(mén)和窗而其他三面均是實(shí)心墻。閣則通常由木質(zhì)欄桿圍合或四周由板裝飾著。精選ppt課文翻譯Paragraph10-1

Suchbuildingswereusedinancienttimesforthestorageofimportantarticlesanddocuments.Wenyuangeforinstance,intheForbiddenCityofBeijing,wasineffecttheimperiallibrary.KuiwengeintheConfuciusTempleofQufu,ShandongProvincewasdevotedtothesafekeepingofthebooksandworksofpaintingandcalligraphybestowedbythecourtsofvariousdynasties.這樣的建筑，在古代的重要文章和文件的存儲(chǔ)。例如在紫禁城的文淵閣，其實(shí)是皇家圖書(shū)館。山東曲阜孔廟里的魁文閣，專門(mén)保存各朝代宮廷贈(zèng)送的繪畫(huà)和書(shū)法作品。Bestow：v.授予；給予精選ppt課文翻譯Paragraph10-2

VisitorstothecityofNingbo,ZhejiangProvince,canstillseeTianyige,whichhousesthegreatestprivatecollectionofbookshandeddownfromthepast.MonasteriesofalargesizenormallyhavetheirownlibrariesbuiltinthestyleofageandcalledCangjinggetokeeptheircollectionsofBuddhistscriptures.Someofthege,notablythoseerectedinparks,likeotherpavilionsortowers,wereusedforenjoyingthesights.游客到浙江寧波仍然可以看到天一閣，里面存放著從過(guò)去流傳下來(lái)的書(shū)籍，堪稱私人收藏之最。大規(guī)模的寺院通常都有自己的藏經(jīng)閣以保存收藏的佛經(jīng)。有些閣，尤其是那些豎立在公園，像其他亭或塔的，常用于欣賞風(fēng)景。Monastery：n.修道院；寺院精選ppt課文翻譯Paragraph11

Ta(Pagoda)DerivedfromIndianstupa,taorpagodaishighrisingstructurewhichhousesBuddha’srelics.ItisacombinationofBuddhistphilosophyandChinesetradition.IntheTangDynastypagodaswereusuallysimple,squarestructures;theylaterbecamemoreelaborateinshapeandadornment.塔源于印度佛塔，塔或?qū)毸莾?nèi)存佛陀遺物的高聳建筑。它是佛教哲學(xué)與中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)相結(jié)合的產(chǎn)物。唐代佛塔通常是簡(jiǎn)單的方形結(jié)構(gòu)，后來(lái)其造型和裝飾變得更復(fù)雜。Derivedfrom:來(lái)源于精選ppt課文翻譯Paragraph12

Inthe11thcenturyadistinctivetypeofpagodawascreatedintheLiaoterritory.Builtinthreedifferentstages,withabase,ashaft,andacrown,thestructurewassurmountedbyaspire.Itsplanwasoftenoctagonal,possiblyasaresultoftheinfluenceofTantricBuddhisminwhichthecosmologicalschemewasarrangedintoeightcompasspointsratherthanfour.1