2023年英美文學(xué)考研復(fù)習(xí)筆記

英美文學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)筆記整頓英國(guó)部分TheRenaissancePeriod1.Renaissance:between14thandmid-17thcentury.2.Renaissancemeansrebirthorrevival,isactuallyamovementstimulatedbyaseriesofhistoricalevents,suchastherediscoveryofancientRomanandGreekculture,thenewdiscoveriesingeographyandastrology,thereligiousreformationandtheeconomicexpansion.3.theRenaissance,thereforeinessenceisahistoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropeanhumanistthinkersandScholarsmadeattempttogetridofthoseoldfeudalistideasinMedievalEurope,tointroducenewideasthatexpressedthepurityoftherisingbourgeoisie,andtorecoverthepurityoftheearlychurchfromthecorruptionoftheRomanCatholicchurch.4.HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance(1)Capableofindividualdevelopmentinthedirectionofperfection.(2)Theyinhabitedwastheirsnottodespisebytoquestion,exploreandenjoy.(3)ByemphasizingthedignityofhumanbeingandtheImportanceofthepresentlife,theyvoicedtheirbeliefsthatmandidnotonlyhavetherighttoenjoythebeautyofthislife(4)TomasMore,ChristopherMarlowandWilliamShakespearearethebestrepresentativeoftheEnglishhumanist.5Metaphysicalpoetry:Metaphysicalischaracterizedbypassionatethoughtsuccessionofconcentratedimage,exerciseofelaborateingenuityand“wit”,JohnDonewasthefamousoftheMetaphysicalpoet.TheMetaphysicalPoetsweremenoflearningandtoshowtheirlearningwastheirendeavour.EdmundSpencerMasterpiece:TheFaerieQueene(allegory)ChristopherMarloweUniversitywitsImportantplays:Tambulaine,Dr.Faustus,TheJewofMetaEdmundIIMarlowevoicedthesupremedesireofthemanoftheRenaissanceofinfinitepowersandauthority(1)Perfectedtheblankverse.(2)CreationoftheRenaissanceherotoEnglishdrama,itembodiesMarlowe’sidealofhumandignityandcapacity.Dr.Faustus:aspiringforknowledge,theplay’sdominantmoralishumanratherthanreligious,itcelebratesthehumanpassionforknowledge,powerandhappiness,italsorevealsman’sfrustrationinrealizingthehighaspirationinahostilemoralorderandtheconfinementtotimeisthecruelestfactofman’scondition.WilliamShakespeare1.Works:154sonnets,38plays,2longpoemsComedy:MerchantofVenice.24greattragedies:Hamlet,Othello,KingLear,MacbethEachportrayssomenoblehero,whofacetheinjusticeofhumanfateiscloselyconnectedwiththefateofthewholenation,eachherohashisweaknessofnature.Hamlet,themelancholicscholar-prince,facesthedilemmabetweenactionandmind:Othello’sinnerweaknessismadeuseofbytheoutsideevilforce;theoldKingLearwhoisunwillingtototallygiveuphispowermakeshimselfsuffer,fromtreacheryandinfidelity;Macbeth’slustforpowerstirsuphisambitionandleadshimtoincessantcrime.3MerchantofVeniceInthisplay,Shakespearehascreatedtension:ambiguity,aselfconsciousandself-delightingartificethatisatonceintellectuallyexistingandemotionallyengaging.Thesophisticationderivesinpartfromtheplaybetweenhigh,outstandingromanceanddarkfacesofnegatingandhatethetraditionalthemeoftheplayistopraisethefriendshipbetweenAntonioandBassanio,toidealizePortiaasaheroineofgreatbeauty,witandloyalty,andtoexploreinsuitablegreedandbrutalityoftheJew.4Hamlet.Theplayhasthequalitiesofa“blood-and-thunder”thrillerandaphilosophicalexplorationoflifeoflifeanddeath,thetimelessappealofhismightydramaliesinitscombinationofinjustice,emotionalconflictandsearchingphilosophicmelancholy.Hamletisobligedtoinhabitashadowworld,tolivesuspendedbetweenfactandfiction,languageandaction.Hislifeisoneoftheconstantrole-playingexaminingthenatureofactingonlytodenyitspossibility.Forsuchafigure,soliloquyisanaturalmedium,anecessaryreleaseofhisanguish;andsomeofhisquestioningmonologuepossessurpassingpowerandinsight.Byrevealingthepower-seeking,thejostlingforplace,thehiddenmotives,thecourteoussuperficialitiesthatveillustandguilty,Shakespearecondemnsthehypocrisyandtreacheryandgeneralreligiouscorruptingattheroyalcount.FrancisBacon1Masterpiece:Essay;NovumOrganum.2NovumOrganum:mostimpressivedisplayofBeacon’sintellect.Theargumentisfortheuseofinductivenessofreasoninscientificstudy.3Beaconsuggeststheinductivereasoning,i.e,proceedingfromtheparticulartothegeneral,inplaceoftheAristotelianmethod,thedeductivereasoning,ceedingfromthegeneraltotheparticular.4Beacon’sessayarefamousfortheirbrevity,compactnessandpowerfulness.JohnDoneMetaphysicalpoetryThemoststrikingfeatureofDone’spoetryispreciselyitstangofreality,inthesensethatitseemstoreflectlifeinarealratherthanapoeticalworld..Donefrequentlyappliesconceits.JohnMiltonThreemajorpoeticalworks:Paradiselost,ParadiseRegained,SamsonAgonistsThefreedomofthewillisthekeytoneofMilton.screed.ParadiseLostTheepicisthemasterpieceofJohnMiltonThestoryisdrawnfromtheOldTestamentoftheBible,whichtellshowSatan,afterbeingdefeatedinhisrebelagainstGod,tempsAdamandEvetoeattheapplesfortheForbiddenTree,andcausestheFallofMan.Satan,intheimageofarebel,stilldeterminestofightbackagainstGodwhenheandhisfollowersarecastintotheHell.Thefeaturesofthecharacterincludehisboldness,unbendingambitionandhisunconquerablewill.Thepoem,asinotherwriting,isfullofbiblicalandclassicalallusion,andisinaLatinizedstylewithonesentencerunningperhapsacrossseverallines.But,themajestyofexpressionsuitswellthesublimityofthepoet’sthought.【自考版重要資料匯總】【自考英語(yǔ)課程學(xué)習(xí)交流區(qū)入口】短消息發(fā)送郵件匯報(bào)帖子引用答復(fù)返回頂部自烤成柴NothingCanBeEverything會(huì)員等級(jí):超級(jí)版主發(fā)帖數(shù)量:4,090精髓數(shù)量:2所持現(xiàn)金:19271巴士幣銀行狀態(tài):正常顧客積分:16來(lái)自:EngBus注冊(cè)日期:2023-02-06#22023-02-1613:57TheNeoclassicPeriod1BetweenthereturnoftheStuartstotheEnglishthronein1660andthefullassertionofRomanticismwhichcamewiththepublicationoflyricalBalladsbyWordsworthandColeridgein17981.EnlightenmentortheAgeofreasonTheEnlightenmentmovementwasaprogressiveintellectualmovementwhichflourishedinFranceandsweptthewholewesternEuropeatthetimeItsproposewastoenlightenthewholeworldwiththelightofmodernphilosophicalandartisticideas.Theenlightenmenterscelebratedreasonorrationally,equalityandscience.Theycalledforareferencetoorder,reasonandrule,yieldplaceto“eternaltruth”“eternaljustice”and“naturalequality”Theybelievedthathumanbeingswerelimited,dualisticandimperfectliteratureatthetime,heavilydidacticandmoralizing.Theybelievedinself-restraint,self-relianceandhardwork.Towork,toeconomizeandtoaccumulatewealthconstitutethewholemeaningoftheirlife.Thisaspectofsociallifeisbest-formedintherealisticnovelsofthe18thcentury.3Inthefieldofliterature,theybelievedthattheartisticshouldbeorder,logic,restrainedemotionandaccuracy.seekproportion,unity,harmonyandgraceinliteraryexpression,inanefforttodelight,instructandcorrecthumanbeings..4Neoclassicism.InEnglishliteratureand,thestylistictrendbetweentheRestorationandtheadventofromanticismatthebeginningofthe19thcenturyisreferredtoasNeoclassicism.5Heroic:Itisapairofrhymedlinesofiambicpentameter.TheformwasintroducedintoEnglishbyChaucerandwidelyusedsubsequently.短消息發(fā)送郵件匯報(bào)帖子引用答復(fù)返回頂部自烤成柴NothingCanBeEverything會(huì)員等級(jí):超級(jí)版主發(fā)帖數(shù)量:4,090精髓數(shù)量:2所持現(xiàn)金:19271巴士幣銀行狀態(tài):正常顧客積分:16來(lái)自:EngBus注冊(cè)日期:2023-02-06#32023-02-1613:57JohnBunyan1.Masterpiece:Thepilgrim’sprogress2.The“vanityfair”symbolizeshumanword,forallthatcomthisvanityEverythingandanythinginthisworldisvanity,havingnovalueandnomeaning.Thevanityfair,a“marketsellingnothingness”ofallsorts,isadirtyplaceoriginallybuiltupbydetails,but,thistown“l(fā)ay”inthewaytotheCelestialCity,meaningpilgrimshadtoresistthetemptationstherewhentheymadetheirwaythrough.So,thedepictionofthe“Fair”insellingthingsworldlyandinattractingpeoplebad,representsJohnBunyan’srejectionoftheworldlyseekingsandpiouslongingforthepureandcharming“Celestialcity”,hisChristianideal.AlexanderPopePope,averysensitiveman,wouldstrikebackhard,andintheconstantverbalbattleshedevelopedastyleofbitingsatire.HewasoneofthefirsttointroducerationalismtoEngland,butwasnotentirelyblindtotherapidmoral,politicalandculturaldeterioration.Forhimthesupremevalueswasorder-cosmicorder,politicalorder,socialorder,aestheticorder,andthisemphasisanorderexpressioninallofhisworks.PopemadehisnameasagreatpoetwiththepublicationofanEssayonCriticismin1711.PopestronglyadvocatedNeoclassicism,emphasizingthatliteraryworksshouldbejudgedbyclassicalruleoforder,reason,logic,restrainedemotion,goodtasteanddecorum.DanielDefoeMasterpiece:RobinsonCrusoeHislanguageissmooth,easy,colloquialandmostvernacular.Defoeglorifieshumanlaborandthepuritanfortitude.Itreferstheenterprisingspritofthemiddleclass.JonathanSwift1.Chiefworks:ATaleofaTub,Thebattleofthebooks,TheDrapier’sletters,Guilliver’sTravelandaModestproposal.2.Swiftisalmostunsurpassedinthewritingofsimple,direct,preciseprose.Hedefinedagoodstyleas“properwordsinproperplaces”clear,simple,concrete,diction,uncomplicatedsentencestructureandeconomyandconciseuseoflanguagemarkallhiswriting-essay,poemsandnovels.3.Asawhole,thebookisoneofthemosteffectiveanddevastatingcriticismandsatiresofallaspectsinthethenEnglishandEuropeanlife-socially,politically,religiously,philosophically,scientificallyandmorally.HenryFielding1.Masterpiece:AHistoryofTomJones,aFoundling2.Fieldinghasbeenregardedbysomeas“FatheroftheEnglishNovel”forhiscontributiontotheestablishmentoftheformofthemodernnovel.3.Fielding’slanguageiseasy,unlabouredandfamiliarbutetremlyvividandvigorous.4.Ofallthe18thcenturynovelist,hewasthefirsttosetout.Bothintheoryandpractice.Towritespeciallya“comicepicinpoem”thefirsttogivethemodernnovelsitsstructureandstory;heuseepistolaryformand“thethird-personnarration”.5.Inplanninghisstories,hetriestoretainthegrand,epicaloftheclassicalworksbutatthesametimekeepsfatithfultohisrealisticpresentationofcommonlifeasitis.SamuelJohnson1.Lexicographer:theauthorofthefirstEnglishdictionarybyanEnglishman---ADictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage(1755)2.TotheRightHonorabletheEarlof----Chesterfield3.Hewasparticularlyfondofmoralizing,anddidacticism.Hislanguageincharacteristicallygeneral,oftenLatinateandfrequentlypolysyllabic.RichardBrinsleySheridan1Masterpiece:Theschoolforscandle.2SheridanhastheonlyimportantEnglishdramatistofthe18thcentury;importantlinkbetweenShakespeareandBenardShaw.3Inhisplay,moralityistheconstanttheme.Heismuchconcernedwiththecurrentmoralissueandharshlyatthesociallifeoftheday.TomasGray1.Hismasterpiece,“ElegyinaCountryChurchyard”waspublishedin1751,thepoemonceandforallestablishedhisfameastheleaderofthesentimentalpoetryofthedayespecially”theGraveyardSchool”2.Inhispoem,Grayreflectsondeath,thesorrowoflifeandthemysteriesofhumanlifewithatouchofhisPersonalMelancholy.3.Hispoem,asawholearemostlydevotedtoasentimentallamentationormediationonlife,pastandpresent.Hispoemsarecharacterizedbyanexquisitesenseofform.Hisstyleissophisticatedandallusive.Hispoemareoftenmarkedwiththetraitofahighlyartificialdictionandadistortedwordorder.短消息發(fā)送郵件匯報(bào)帖子引用答復(fù)返回頂部自烤成柴NothingCanBeEverything會(huì)員等級(jí):超級(jí)版主發(fā)帖數(shù)量:4,090精髓數(shù)量:2所持現(xiàn)金:19271巴士幣銀行狀態(tài):正常顧客積分:16來(lái)自:EngBus注冊(cè)日期:2023-02-06#42023-02-1613:58RomanticPeriod1.MajorRomanticPoints(1)arebellionagainstneo-classicism(2)expressonimagination(3)prioritiesbeengiventopassion,emotionandfeeling(4)beingclosetonatureforitspuritywhilethesocietyiscorrupting(5)tremendousinterestinsomethingremoteintermofspaceandtime(6)favorofmodernism(7)supremacyoffreedom2Romanticperiodbeganin1798withthepublicationofwordsworthandColeridge’slyricalBalladsandhaveendedin1852withSirWalterScott’sdeathandthepassageofthefirstReformBillintheParliament.3.ItwasineffectarevoltoftheEnglishimaginationagainsttheneoclassicalreasonwhichprevailedfromthedaysofPopetothoseofJohnson1.Jean-Roseau:explorationnewideaaboutNature,society,Education.TomasPaine’sDeclarationofRightsofMan.5TheRomanticMovementexpressedamoreorlessnegativeattitudetheexistingsocialandpoliticalconditionsthatcamewithindustrializationandthegrowingimportanceofthebourgeoisie.Thus,wecansaythatRomanticismactuallyconstituteachangeofdirectionattentiontotheouterworldofsocialcivilizationtotheinnerworldofthehumanspirit6Nature:forthemostinfluential18th-centurywriters,wasmoresomethingtobeseenthansomethingtobeknown.ButfortheRomantics,itisjusttheopposite.NaturetoWordsworthisasourceofmentalcleanlinessandspiritualunderstanding.7Poetryhasbeentraditionallyregardedasanartgovernedbyrules;butforRomantics,Poetryshouldbefreefromallrules.8Gothicnovel:itsprincipalelementsareviolence,horrorandsupernatural,whichstronglyappealtothereader’semotion.9HowisRomanticismdifferentfromNeoclassicism?Providebriefevidencefromtheliteraryworksyouknowbest.a.Neoclassicistsupheldthatartisticidealsshouldbeorder,logic,restrainedemotionandaccuracy,andthatliterature,shouldbejudgedintermsofitsservicetohumanity,andthus,literaryexpressionsshouldbeofproportion,unity,harmonyandgrace.Pope’sAnEssayonCriticismadvocatesgrace,wit(usuallythoughsatire/humour),andsimplicityinlanguage(andthepoemitselfisademonstrationofthoseideals,too);Fielding’sTomJoneshelpedestablishedtheformofnovel;Gray’sElegryWritteninacountryChurchyard”displayseleganceinstyle,unifiedstructure,serioustoneandmoralinstructions.b.Romanticismtendedtoseetheindividualastheverycenterofallexperience,includingart,andthus,literaryworkshouldbe“spontaneousoverflowofstrongoffeeling”andnomatterhowfragmentarythoseexperiencewere(Wordsworth’s“IWanderedLonelyasaCloud,”or“TheSolitaryReaper,)0rColeridge’s“KebleKhan”),thevalueoftheworklinkliedintheaccuracyofpresentingthoseuniquefeelingsandparticularaltitude.c.Inaword,NeoclassicismemphasizedrationalityandformbutRomanticismattachedgreatimportancetotheindividual’smind(emotion,imagination,temporaryexperience……….)短消息發(fā)送郵件匯報(bào)帖子引用答復(fù)返回頂部自烤成柴NothingCanBeEverything會(huì)員等級(jí):超級(jí)版主發(fā)帖數(shù)量:4,090精髓數(shù)量:2所持現(xiàn)金:19271巴士幣銀行狀態(tài):正常顧客積分:16來(lái)自:EngBus注冊(cè)日期:2023-02-06#52023-02-1613:58WilliamBlake1(1)ThesongsofInnocenceisalovelyvolumepoems,presentingahappyandinnocentworld,thoughnotwithoutitsevilandsufferings.(2)ThesongsofExperiencepaintsadifferentworld,aworldofmisery,poverty,disease,warandrepresswithmelancholytone(1)Thetwobooksholdthesimilarsubject-matter,butthetone,emphasisandconclusiondiffers.2Blake’sMarriageofHeavenandHell(1790)markshisentryintomaturity.ThePoemwascomposedduringthechangeofFrenchRevolutionanditplaysthedoublerolebothasasatireandarevolutionaryProphecy.InthisPoem,Blakeexplaintherelationshipofthecontraries.“withoutcontraries,thereisnoprogression.ThemarriagetoBlakemeansthereconciliationofthecontraries,notthesubordinationoftheonetotheother.3Blakewriteshispoeminplainanddirectlanguage,hispoemoftencarriesthelyricbeautywithimmensecompressingofmeaning.Hedistruststheabstractnessandtendtoembodyhisviewswithvisualimages,symbolisminwiderangeisalsoadistinctivefeatureofhispoetry.WilliamWordsworth1WilliamWordsworth,SamuelTAYLORColeridgeandRobertSouthey,thethreemanknownasthe“LakePoets”2Wordsworthisregardedasa“worshiperofnature”3Wordsworththinksthatcommonlifeistheonlysubjectofliteraryinterest.4Wordsworthseethewordfreshly,sympatheticallyandnaturally.5ThemostimportantcontributionWordsworthhasmadeisthathehasnotonlystartedthemodernpoetryofthegrowinginnerself,butalsochangedthecourseofEnglishpoetrybyusingordinaryspeechofthelanguageandbyadvocatingareformtonature.SamuelTaylorColeridge1Coledrige’sportion(work)wastodealwithsupernaturethingforhewaimoreinterestedinsomethingremotestrangeonforeign.2Twodiversgroup:thedemonicandtheconversational(1)Thedemonicgroup:beyondthecontrolofreason.TheRimeoftheAncientMariner“Christabel”“KubleKhan”(2)Theconversationalgroup:“FrostatMidnight”3Coledrigeisoneofthefirstcriticstogiveclosecriticalaffectiontolanguage,maintainngthatthetrueendofpoetryistogivepleasure“throughthemediumofbeauty”4Hewasrecongnizedasalyricalpoetandliterarycriticofthefirstrank.Hispoeticthemesrangefromthesupernaturetothedomestic.Histreatises,lectures,andcompellingconversationalpowersmadehimoneofthemostinfluentialEnglishliterarycriticsandphilosophersofthe19thcentury.GeorgeGordonByron1Masterpiece:DonJuan,ChildeHerold’sPilgrimate‘Iawakeonemorningandfoundmyselffamous2ByroninvestsinJuanthemoralpositiveslikecourage,generosityandfranknessTheunifyingprincipalinDonJuanisthebasicironicthemeofappearanceandreality.3ByronhasenrichedEuropeanpoetrywithanabundanceofideas,images,artisticformsandinnovation.4ByronicheroThecreationoftheByronicheroisByron’schiefcontributiontoEnglishPoetry,suchaheroisaproud,mysteriousrebelfigureofnobleorigin.Passionateandpowerful,heistorightallthewrongsinacorruptsocietyandhewouldfightsingle-handelyagainstallthemisdoings,political,religiousmoral.Thusthisfigureisarebelliousindividualsocialsystemsandcustoms.BecauseByron’spoetryisoneoftexperienceonthewhoel,suchaheroismoreorlessasurrogateofhimself,HeappearsfirstinChildeHarold’sPilgrimageandthenfurtherdevelopsinlaterworkssuchasthe“OrientedTale”“Manfred”and“DonJuan”.PersyByssheShelley1In1813hepublishedhisfirstlongseriouswork.QueenMab:APhilosophicalPoem.2Masterpiece“TheCenci”“Prometheusunbounded”lyrics:“TheCloud”“ToaSkylark”“Adonais”3Heheldalife-longaversiontocruelty,injustice,authority,institutionalreligionandtheformalshamesofrespectablesociety,condemningwar,tyrannyandexploitation.4Shelleyexpressedhisloveforfreedomandhishatredtowardtyrannyinseveralofhislyricssuchas:OdetoLiberty,”“OdetoNaples,”“Sonnet:Englandin1819”andsoon.5Bestofallthewellknownlyricpiecesishis“Odetothewestwine”itisrhapsodicanddeclamatory.6Shelley’sstyleaboundsinpersonificationandmetaphorandotherfigureofspeechwhichdescribevividlywhatweseeandfeel,orexpresswhatpassionatelymovesus.短消息發(fā)送郵件匯報(bào)帖子引用答復(fù)返回頂部自烤成柴NothingCanBeEverything會(huì)員等級(jí):超級(jí)版主發(fā)帖數(shù)量:4,090精髓數(shù)量:2所持現(xiàn)金:19271巴士幣銀行狀態(tài):正常顧客積分:16來(lái)自:EngBus注冊(cè)日期:2023-02-06#62023-02-1613:58JohnKeats1.Work:Limia,Isabella,TheEveofSt.Agne2.TheOdesaregenerallyregardedasKeats’smostimportantandmatureworks.OdeonMelancholy,OdeonaGrecianUrn,OdetoaNightingale,OdetoPsyche3.Keats’spoetryisalwayssensuous,colorfulandrichinimagery,whichexpressestheactuelnessofhissenses,sights,sound,scent,tasteandfellingarealltakenintogiveanentireunderstandingofanexperienceofotherseitherhumanoranimal.4.Hisrealizationoftheempatheticpoweroftheimaginationisofthegreatestconsequencetohisworkandisafacultywhich,ashisthoughtandtechniquematured,leadshimtohismostprofoundinsights.Keats’spoetry,characterizedbyexactandcloselyknitconstruction,sensualdescription,andbyforceofimagination,givestranscendentalvaluestothephysicalbeautyoftheworld.JaneAustenWorks:PrideandPrejudice.SenseandSensibility.NorthangerAbbeyAsarealisticwriter,sheconsidersitherdutytoexpressinherworksadiscriminatedandseriouscriticismoflife,andtoexpressthefolliesandillusionsofmankind.Sheshowscontemptuousfeelingstowardssnobbery,stupidity,worldlinessandvulgaritythroughsubtlesatireandirony.Andinstyle,sheisaneoclassicismadvocator,upholdingthosetraditionalidealsoforder,reason,proportionandgracefulnessinnovelwriting.TOBECONTINUED短消息發(fā)送郵件匯報(bào)帖子引用答復(fù)返回頂部自烤成柴NothingCanBeEverything會(huì)員等級(jí):超級(jí)版主發(fā)帖數(shù)量:4,090精髓數(shù)量:2所持現(xiàn)金:19271巴士幣銀行