分類買賣合同中英文對照

精品文檔精心整理精品文檔可編輯的精品文檔[分類]買賣合同(中英文對照目錄：1、[分類]買賣合同(中英文對照2、如何寫好英文合同(中英文對照)3、涉外勞務(wù)派遣合同(中英文對照)傳[分類]買賣合同（中英文對照[名稱]買賣合同（中英文對照）（供進口合同用）編號日期No.Date:買受人：TheBuyers:電報：傳真：Cable:FAX出賣人：TheSellers:電報：電傳：傳真：Cable:Telex:FAX本合同由買賣雙方訂立，根據(jù)本合同規(guī)定的條款，買方同意購買，賣方同意出售下述商品：ThisContractismadebyandbetweentheBuyersandSellers,wherebytheBuyersagreetobuyandtheSellersagreetoselltheundermentionedcommodityaccordingtothetermandconditionsstipulatedbelow.貨名及規(guī)格COMMODITYANDSPECIFICATIONS（2）數(shù)量（3）單價（4）總價（5）生產(chǎn)國別和制造廠商：COUNTRYOFORIGINANDMANUFACTURERS：（6）裝運期限：TIMEOFSHIPMENT：（7）裝運口岸：PORTOFSHIPMENT：（8）到貨口岸：PORTOFDESTINGATION：（9）保險：INSURANCE：由買方投保。TobecoverdbytheBuyers.（10）包裝：PACKING:須用堅固的新木箱/紙箱包裝，適合長途海運，防濕、防潮、防震、防銹，而粗暴搬運。由于包裝不良所發(fā)生的損失，由于采用不充分或不妥善的防護措施而造成的任何銹損，賣方應(yīng)負(fù)擔(dān)由此而產(chǎn)生的一切費用和/或損失。Tobepackedinnewstrongwodencase(s)/carton(s)suitableforlongdistanceoceantransportationandwellprotectedagainstdampenss,moisture,shock,rustandroughhandling.TheSellersshallbeliableforanydamagetothegoodsonaccountofimproperpackingandforanyrustdamageattributabletoinadequateorimproperprotectivemeasurestakenbytheSellers,andinsuchcaseorcasesanyandalllossesand/orexpensesincurredinconsequencethereofshallbebornebytheSellers.(11)嘜頭：SHIPPINGMARK：賣方應(yīng)在每件包裝上，用不褪色油墨清楚地標(biāo)刷件號、尺碼、毛重、凈重、“此端向上”、“小心輕放”“切勿受潮”等字樣，并刷有下列嘜頭：Onthesurfaceeofeachpackage,thepackagenumber,measurements,grossweight,netweight,theliftingpositions,suchcautionsas“DONOTSTACKUPSIDEDOWN”，“HANDLEWITHCARE”；“KEEPAWAYFROMMOISTURE”andthefollowingshipingmarkshallbestenciledlegiblyinfadelesspaint:（12）付款條件：TERMSOFPAYMENT：甲、信用證付款°貨物裝運前一個月，買方應(yīng)由上海中國銀行開立以賣方為受益人的不可撤銷的信用證，憑本合同第13條甲項規(guī)定的裝運單據(jù)交到上海（銀行）后付款。乙、托收付款：貨物裝運后，賣方應(yīng)將以買方為付款人的匯票連同本合同第13條甲項所列各種裝運單據(jù)，通過賣方銀行寄交買方銀行即上海中國銀行轉(zhuǎn)交買方，并托收貨款。丙、信匯付款：買方收到本合同第13條甲項所列單據(jù)后，應(yīng)于天內(nèi)信匯祭款。A.PaymentbyL/C:Onemonthbeforeshipment,theBuyersshallestablishwithBankofChina,ShanghaianIrrevocableL/CinfavouroftheSellers,tobeavailableagainstpresentationinShanghaioftheshippingdocumentsstipulatedinClause13hereof.B.PaymentbyCollection:Afterdeliveryismade,theSellersshallsendthroughtheSellers,bankdraftdrawnontheBuyerstogetherwiththeshippingdocumentsapecifiedinClause13hereof,totheBuyersthroughtheBuyersbank,theBankofChina,Shanghai,forcollection.C.PaymentbyM/T:PaymenttobeeffectedbytheBuyersnotlaterthandaysafterreceiptoftheshippingdocumentsspecifiedinClause13hereof.（13）單據(jù)：DOCUMENT：甲、賣方應(yīng)將下列單據(jù)提交付款銀行議付貨款/托收付款，如為信匯付款，下列單據(jù)應(yīng)徑寄買方：1.全套可議付的潔凈已裝運海運提單，空白抬頭，空白背書。注明“運費到付”，并通知到貨口岸中國對外貿(mào)易運運輸公司。2.由包收據(jù)注明由費/空運提單。3.保險單或保險證明書注明投保兵險，一切險包括TPND。破碎，滲漏。無百分比限制，并注明貨物到達(dá)后倘發(fā)現(xiàn)殘破碎，滲漏。無百分比限制，并注明貨物到達(dá)后倘發(fā)現(xiàn)殘破碎，滲漏。無百分比限制，并注明貨物到達(dá)后倘發(fā)現(xiàn)殘損情況，須向到貨口岸之中國商品檢驗局申請檢驗。4.發(fā)票五份，注明合同號，嘜頭。5.裝箱單兩份，注明毛、凈重、尺碼和所裝貨物每項的品名數(shù)量。6.按照本合同第18條甲項規(guī)定由制造廠簽發(fā)的質(zhì)量和數(shù)量/重量證明書及檢驗報告各兩份。A.TheSellersshallpresentthefollowingdocumentstothepayingbankfornegotiation/collection,ortotheBuyersincaseofpaymentbyM/T.1.FullsetofNegotiableCleanonBoardOceanBillsofLadingmarked“FREIGHTTOCOLLECT”andmadeouttoorder,blankendorsed,andnotifyingthechinaNationalForeignTradeTransportationCorporationattheportofdestination.

2.parcelpostReceipt,indicatingpostage/AirWayBill3.InsurancePolicyorCertificate,coveringWarriskandallrisksincludingTPND,BreakageandLeakageirrespec-tiveofpercentageandindicating“Intheeventoflossordamage,requestforsurveyuponarrivalofthecargoattheportofdestinationbemadetotheChinaCommodityInspectionBureauofthatport”.4.Invoiceinquintuplicate,indicatingcontractnumberandshippingmark.5.PackingListinduplicatewithindicationofbothgrossandnetweights,measurementsandquantityofeachitempacked.6.CertificateofQualityandQuantity/WeightandTestingReport,eachinduplicateissuedbythemanufacturersasspecifiedinitemsofClause18hereof.7.AtruecopyofcabletoadvisetheBuyersofshipmentim-mediatelythegoodsareloadedonshipasspecifiedinClanus15hereof.乙、貨物裝運后十天內(nèi)，除上述裝運通知電報副本外，賣方應(yīng)另外準(zhǔn)備各種單據(jù)副本三套，以空郵將其中一套寄交買方，另外兩套寄交到貨囗岸中國對外貿(mào)易運輸公司。b.Within10daysafrershipmentiseffected,theSellersshallpreparethreesets,eachcomprisingonecopyeachoftheabovementioneddocumentswiththeexceptionofthecableshippingadviceonesettobeairmailedtotheBuyersandtheothertwoSetstotheChinaNationalForeignTradeTransportationCorporationattheportofdestination.(14)技術(shù)資料：TECHNICALDOCUMENTS:每次發(fā)貨進，賣方應(yīng)將下述英文技術(shù)資料一整套與貨物一起裝箱，運交買方：1.基礎(chǔ)圖2．布線說明，電氣及/或氣動及/或液壓接線圖3．易損零件制造圖4．零件目錄5．本合同第18條甲項規(guī)定的品質(zhì)證明書6．安裝、操作和維修說明書a.OnecompletesetofthelollowingtechnicaldocumentswritteninEnglishshallbepackedanddepatchdeto-getherwitheachconsignment:Foundationdrawings2.Wiringinstructions,diagramsofelectricalconnectionsand/ofpneumaticand/orhydraulicconnections3.Manufacturingdrawingsofeasilywornparts4.sparepartscatalogues5.CertificateofqualityasstipulatedinItemaofClause18hereof6.Erection,operation,serviceandrepairinstructionbooks乙、個月前，賣方應(yīng)將本條甲項所列.5.6.各種技術(shù)資料2套，以空郵寄交買方。b.monthsbeforeshipment,theSellersshallair-mailtotheBuyerstwocompletesetsofthetechnicaldocumentsmentionedinpoints1,2,3,4,5and6underitemsofthisClause.(F.U.M.P)(15)裝運條款：TERMSOFSHIPMENT：甲、每次發(fā)貨如毛重超過兩公噸，賣方應(yīng)于本合同第8條規(guī)定的裝運期六十天前，將合同編號、商品名稱、數(shù)量、價值、件數(shù)、毛重、尺碼以及及貨物在裝貨口岸備舀日期函/電告買方，以便買方訂艙。如毛重不超過兩公噸，則賣方應(yīng)與裝貨口岸的買方超前享受運代理人直接聯(lián)系裝運事宜。a.Foreachshipmentexceedingtwometrictonsingrossweight,theSellersshall,60daysbeforethedateofshipmentstipulatedinClause8hereof,advisethebuyersbycable/letterofthecontractnumbernameofcommodity,quantity,value,numberofpackages,grossweightandmeasurementsanddateofreadinessattheportofshipmentinorderforthebuyerstobookshippingspace.Foreachshipmentnotovertwometrictonsingrossweight,theSellersshallgetindirecttouchwiththebuyersshippingagentattheloadingport.乙、每發(fā)貨毛重超過兩公噸時，其訂艙事宜將由買方裝運代理人北京中國租船公司（電報掛號：ZHONGZUBEIJING）辦理，買方與該公司密切聯(lián)系有關(guān)裝運事宜。賣方則應(yīng)與在裝貨口岸的中國租船公司裝運代理人密切聯(lián)系。b.Bookingofshippingspaceforeachshipmentexceedingtwometrictonsingrossweightwillbeattendedtobythebuyersshippingagent,ChinaNationalCharteringCorporation,Beijing,China(CableAddress:ZHONGZUBEIJNG)withwhomtheBuyersshallkeepinclosecontactinthematterofshipment.TheSellersshallkeepinclosecontactwithZHONGZU’Sshippingagentattheloadingport.丙、北京中國租船公司或其港口代理人于估計承運船到達(dá)裝貨口岸日期十天以前，將船名、預(yù)計裝船日期、合同編號初步通知賣方，以便賣方安排裝運。事先指定的承運船如有變更，或其估計到達(dá)日期提前或延期時，買方或其裝運代理人應(yīng)及時通知賣方，如果該船未能于買方或其裝運代理人所通知的到達(dá)日期后三十天內(nèi)到達(dá)裝運口岸，則從第三十一天起貨物的倉租和火災(zāi)保險費用應(yīng)由買方負(fù)擔(dān)。c.ChinaNationalCharteringCorporation,Beijing,China,ortheirshippingagentattheloadingport,willsendtheSellers,10daysbeforetheestimateddateofarrivalofthecarryingvesselattheportofshipmentapreliminarynoticeindicatingthenameofvessel,estimateddateofloading,contractnumberinorderfortheSellerstoarrangeshipment.Incasethecarryingvesselpreviouslydesignatedistobereplacedbyanothervesselorincasetheestimateddateofarrivalofthecarryingvesselistobeadvancedorpostponed,theBuyersortheirshippingagentshalladvisetheSellerstothateffectintime.Shouldthevesselfailtoarriveattheportofloadingwithin30daysafterthearrivaldateadvisedbythebuyersortheirshippingagent,thebuyersshallbearthestorageandfireinsuranceexpensesincurredfromthe31stday.丁、承運船及時到達(dá)裝貨口岸時，如賣方未將貨物備妥待裝，因此而發(fā)生的空艙費和延滯費均應(yīng)由賣方負(fù)擔(dān)。d.Thesellersshallbeliableforanydeadfreightordemurrageconsequentupontheirfailuretohavethegoodsreadyforloadingafterthecarryingvesselhasarrivedattheportofloadingintime.戊、在貨物越過船舷并從吊鉤上卸下以前，所有在搬運中發(fā)生的一切費用和風(fēng)險均由賣方負(fù)擔(dān)。在貨物超過船舷并從吊鉤上卸下以后，所發(fā)生的一切費用均由買方負(fù)擔(dān)。e.TheSellersshallbearallexpensesandrisksandrisksinvolvedinthehandlingofthegoodsbeforetheypassoverthevessel’srailandarereleasedfromthetackle,whereasallexpensesinvolvedintheloadingofthegoodsaftertheyhavepassedoverthevessel’srailandhavebeenreleasedfromthevessel’stackleshallbefortheBuyers’account.(16)裝運通知：SHIPPINGADVICE:貨物全部裝船后，買方應(yīng)立即將合同編號、商品名稱、數(shù)量、毛重、發(fā)標(biāo)金額、船名和開航日期電告買方。如單件貨物的重量超過9公噸或闊度3400超過毫米，或兩旁調(diào)試2350超過毫米，則賣方應(yīng)將該件重量和尺碼告知買方。如由于賣方未及時將裝運通知電告買方，以致貨物未及時保險而發(fā)生的一切損失應(yīng)由賣方負(fù)擔(dān)。如貨物系屬危險品，賣方應(yīng)將其性質(zhì)及處理辦法電告買方和到貨口岸中國對外貿(mào)易運輸公司。Immediatelythegoodsarecompletelyloaded,theSellersShallcabletonotifytheBuyersOFthecontractnumber,nameofcommodity,quantity,grossweight,invoicednameofthecarryingvesselandthedateofsailing.Ifanypackageisabove9metrictonsinweight,ofover3400mminwidth,ofover2350mmonbothsidesinheight,theSell-ersshalladvisetheBuyersoftheweightandmeasurementsofsuchpackage.incasethegoodsarenotinsuredintimeovingtotheSellershavingfailedtogivetimelyadvice,anyandallconsequentlossesshallbebornebytheSellers.Inthecaseofdangerousgoods,theSellersSHALLcableTOnoti-fytheBuyersandtheChinaNationalForeignTransporta-tionCorporationattheportofdestinationoftheirnatureandthemethodofhandlingthen.(17)質(zhì)量保證：CUARANTEEOFQUALITY：賣方保證訂貨系用最上等的材料和頭等工藝制成，全新，未曾用過，并完全符合本合同規(guī)定的質(zhì)量、規(guī)格和性能。賣方并保證本合同訂貨在正確安裝、正常使用和維修的情況下，自化物到達(dá)到貨口岸之日起十二個月內(nèi)運轉(zhuǎn)良好。TheSellersshallguaranteethatthegoodsaremadeofbestmaterials,withfirstclassworkmanship,brandnow,unusedandcorrespondinallrespectswiththequality,specifica-tionsandperflrmanceasstipulatedinthisContract.Thesellersshallalsoguaranteethatthegoodswhencorrectlymountedandproperlyoperatedandmaintained,willgivesatisfactoryperformanceforaperiodof12monthsstartingfromthedateonwhichthegoodsarriveattheportofdes-tination.(18)檢驗和索賠：INSPECTIONANDCLAIMS：在交貨以前，制造廠就訂貨的質(zhì)量、規(guī)格、性能、數(shù)量/重量作出準(zhǔn)確和全面的檢驗、并出具貨物和本合同規(guī)定相符的證明書，該證書為議付/托收貨款而應(yīng)上交銀行的單據(jù)的組成部分，但不得為貨物的質(zhì)量、規(guī)格、性能和數(shù)量/重量的最后依據(jù)。制造廠應(yīng)將記載試驗細(xì)節(jié)和結(jié)果的書面報告附在質(zhì)量證明書內(nèi)。Themanufacturersshallbeforemakingdelivery,makeapreciseandcomprehensiveinspectionofthegoodsasregardstheirquality,specifications,performanceandquantity/weight,andissuecertificatescertifyingthatthegoddsareinconformitywiththestipulationsofthisContract.Thecertificatesshallfromanintegralpartofthedocumentstobepresentedtothepayingbankfornegotiation/collectionofpaymentbutshallnotbeconsideredasfinalinrespectofquality,specifications,performanceandquatity/weight.ParticularsandresultsofthetestcarriedoubythemanufacturersmustbeshowninastatementtobeattachedtothesaidQualityCertificate.貨物到達(dá)到貨口岸后，買方應(yīng)申請中國商品檢驗局（以下稱商檢局）就貨物的質(zhì)量、規(guī)格和數(shù)量/重量進行初步檢驗。如發(fā)現(xiàn)到貨的規(guī)格或數(shù)量/重量與合同不符，除應(yīng)由保險公司或船公司負(fù)責(zé)者外，買方于貨物在到貨口岸缺貨后120天內(nèi)憑商檢局出具之檢驗證書有權(quán)拒收貨物或向賣方索賠。Afterarrivalofthegoodsattheportofdestination,theBuyersshallapplytotheChinaCommodityinspectionBureau(hereinaftercalledtheBureau)forapreliminaryinspectionofthegoodsinrespectoftheirquality,specificationsandquantity/weight.IfanydiscrepanciesarefoundbytheBureauregardingthespecificationsorthequantity/weightorboth,exceptthoseforwhicheithertheinsurancecompanyortheshippingcompanyisresponsible,theBuyersshall,within120daysafterdischargeofthegoodsattheportofdestination,havetherighteithertorejectthegoodsortoclaimagainsttheSellersonthestrengthoftheinspectioncertificaeissuedbytheBuren.在合同第17條規(guī)定的保證期限內(nèi)，如發(fā)現(xiàn)貨物的質(zhì)量及/或規(guī)格與本合同規(guī)定不符或發(fā)現(xiàn)貨物無論任何原因引起的缺陷包括內(nèi)在缺陷或使用不良的原料，買方應(yīng)申請商檢局檢驗，并有權(quán)根據(jù)商檢證向賣方索賠。WithintheguaranteeperiodstipulatedinClause17here-ofshouldthequalityand/orthespecificationsofthegoodsbefoundnotinconformitywiththecontractedstipulations,orshouldthegoodsprovedefectiveforanyreasons,includinglatentdefectoftheuseofunsuitablenaterials,theBuyersshallarrangeforaninspectiontobecarriedoutbytheBureauandhavetherighttoclaimagainsttheSellersonthestrengthoftheinspectioncer-tificateissuedbytheBureau.丁.賣方收到買方索賠通知后，如果在三十天內(nèi)不答復(fù)，應(yīng)視為賣方同意買方提出的一切索賠。d.AnyandallclaimsshallberegardedasacceptediftheSellersfailtoreplywithin30daysafterreceiptoftheBuyers’claim.(19)索賠解決方法：SETTLEMENTOFCLAIMS：如貨物不符合本合同規(guī)定應(yīng)由賣方者。同時買方按照本合同第17條和第18條的規(guī)定在索賠期限或質(zhì)量保證期限內(nèi)提出索賠，賣方在取得買方同意后，應(yīng)按下列方式理賠。IncasetheSellersareliableforthediscrepanciesandaclaimismadebytheBuyerswithintheperiodofclaimorqualityguaran-teeperiodasstipulatedinClauses17and18ofthisContract.theSellersshallsettletheclaimupontheagreementoftheBuyersinthefollowingways:甲、同意買方退貨，并將通貨金額以成交原幣償還買方，并負(fù)擔(dān)因退貨而發(fā)生的一切直接損失和費用，包括利息，銀行費用，運費，保險費，商檢費，倉租，碼頭裝卸費以及為保管退貨而發(fā)生的一切其它必要費用。a.AgreetotherejectionofthegoodsandrefundtotheBuy-ersthevalueofthegoodssorejectedinthesamecurrencyascontractedherein,andtobearalldirectlossesandexpensesinconnectiontherewithincludinginterestaccrued,bankingcharges,freight,insurancepremium,inapectioncharges,storage,stevedorechargesandallothernecessaryexpensesrequiredforhecustodyandprotectionoftherejectedgoods.乙、按照貨物的疵劣程度，損壞的范圍和買方所遭受的損失，將貨物貶值。b.Devaluatethegoodsaccordingtothedegreeofinferiority,extentofdamageandamountoflossessustainedbytheBuyers.調(diào)換有瑕疵的貨物，換貨必須全新并符合本合同規(guī)定的規(guī)格、質(zhì)量和性能。賣方并負(fù)擔(dān)因此而發(fā)生的一切費用和買方遭受的一切直接損失。對換貨的質(zhì)量，賣方仍應(yīng)按本合同第17條的決定，保證十二個月。c.Replacethedefectivegoodswithnewoneswhichconformtothespecifications,qualityandperformanceasstipulatedinthisContract,andbearallexpensesincurredtoanddirectlossessustainedbytheBuyers.TheSellersshall,atthesametime,guaranteethequalityofthereplacementgoodsforafurtherperiodof12monthsasspecifiedinClause17ofthisContract.(20)人力不可抗拒事故：FORCEMAJEURE:由于人力不可抗拒事故，而賣方交貨遲延或不能交貨時，責(zé)任不在賣方。但賣方應(yīng)立即將事故通知買方，并于事故發(fā)生后十四天內(nèi)將事故發(fā)生地政府主管機關(guān)出給的事故證明書用空郵寄交買方為證，并取得買方認(rèn)可。在上述情況下，賣方仍負(fù)有采取一切必要措施從速交貨的責(zé)任。如果事故持續(xù)超過十個星期，買方有權(quán)撤銷本合同TheSellersshallnotbeheldresponsibleforanydelayindeliveryornondeliveryofthegoodsduetoForceMajeure.However,theSellersshalladvisetheBuyersimmediatelyofsuchoccurrenceandwithinfourteendaysthereafter,shallsendbyairmailtotheBuyersfortheiracceptanceacertifi-cateissuedbythecompetentgovernmentauthoritiesoftheplacewheretheaccidentoccursasevidencethereof.UndensuchcircumstancestheSeellers,however,arestillundertheobligationtotakeallnecessarymeasurestohastenthede-liveryofthegoods.Incasetheaccidentlastsformorethantenweeks,theBuyersshallhavetherighttocancelthiscontract.(21)遲交和罰款：LATEDELIVERYANDPENALTY：如延遲貨除人力不可抗拒事故者外，賣方應(yīng)會給買方每一星期按遲交貨物總值的0。5%的遲交罰款，不足一星期的遲交日數(shù)作為一星期計算，此項罰款總額不超過全部遲交貨物總值的5%，在議付貨款時由銀行代為扣除，或由買方在付款時進行扣除。如遲延交貨超過原定期限十星期時，買方有權(quán)終止本合同。但賣方仍應(yīng)向買方繳付以上規(guī)定之罰款，不得推諉或遲延。Incaseofdelayeddelivery,exceptforforcemajeurecases,theSellersshallpaytotheBuyersforeveryweekofdelayapenaltymountingto0.5%ofthetotalvalueofthegoodswhosedeliveryhasbeendelayed.Aayfractionalpartofaweekistobeconsideredafullweek.Thetotalamountofpenaltyshallnot,however,exceed5%ofthetotalvalueofthegoodsinvolvedinlatedeliveryandistobedeductedfromtheremountduetotheSellersbythepayingbankatthetimeofnegotiation,orbytheBuyersdirectatthetimeofpayment.Incasetheperiodofdelayexceeds10weelsafterthestipu-lateddeliverydatetheBuyershavetherighttoterminatethiscontractbuttheSellersshallnottherebybeexemptedfromthepaymentofpenalty.(22)仲裁ARBITRATION：凡有關(guān)本合同或執(zhí)行本合同而發(fā)生的一切爭執(zhí)，應(yīng)通過友好協(xié)商解決。如不能解決，則應(yīng)提交中國國際經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易仲裁委員會按照該會的仲裁規(guī)則在北京進行仲裁。該仲裁委員會作出的裁決是最終的，買賣雙方均應(yīng)受其拘束，任何一方不得向法院或其它機關(guān)申請變更。仲裁費用由敗訴一方承擔(dān)。AlldisputesinconnectionwiththisContraceortheexecu-tionthereofshallbesettledthronghfriendlynegotiations.Incasenosettlementcanbereachedthroughnegotiations,thecaseshouldthenbesubmittedforarbitrationtoChinaInternationalEconomicandTradeArbitrationCommis-sion,Beijing,inaccordancewithitsarbitrationrules.ThearbitrationsoalltakeplaceinBenjingandbindingup-onbothparties;neitherpartyshallseekrecoursetoalawcourtorotherauthoritiesforrevisingthedecision.Thear-bitrationfeeshallbebornebythelosingpart.(23)附注：REMARLS：本合同一式兩份，買賣雙方各執(zhí)一份為證。ThisContractismadeoutintwooriginalcopies,onecopytobeheldbyeachpartyinwitnessthereof出賣人買受人TheSellers:TheBuyers:精品文檔精心整理精品文檔可編輯的精品文檔如何寫好英文合同(中英文對照)BeforeYouWritetheFirstWord第一部分：在動筆之前

1.Askyourclienttolistthedealpoints.Thiscanbeintheformofalist,outlineornarration.Doingthiswillhelptheclientfocusonthetermsoftheagreement.

1.要求你的客戶列出合同交易的要點，也可以說是合同的清單、目錄或概述。這一招首先幫助你的客戶弄清合同的重點所在。

2.Engageyourclientin"whatif"scenarios.Agoodcontractwillanticipatemanypossiblefactualsituationsandexpresstheparties’understandingincasethosefactsarise.Talkingtoyourclientaboutthiswillgeneratemanyissuesyoumaynototherwiseconsider.

2.讓你的客戶提供一些假設(shè)可能發(fā)生的情況。好的合同不僅能夠預(yù)見到許多可能發(fā)生的情況，而且還能清楚地描述出發(fā)生這些情況后合同雙方的立場。和客戶聊這些情況將有助于你發(fā)現(xiàn)一些你可能沒有考慮到的問題。

3.Askyourclientforasimilarcontract.Frequently,clientshavehadsimilartransactionsinthepastortheyhaveaccesstocontractsforsimilartransactions.

3.請求你的客戶提供類似的合同。通常情況下，客戶都保留著過去的交易記錄或者是類似合同。

4.SearchyourofficecomputerortheInternetforasimilarform.Manytimesyoucanfindasimilarformonyourcomputer.Itmaybeoneyoupreparedforanotherclientoroneyounegotiatedwithanotherlawyer.Justremembertofindandreplacetheoldclient’sname.Startingwithanexistingformsavestimeandavoidstheerrorsoftyping.

4.在辦公室的電腦中或是在因特網(wǎng)上搜索類似的合同范本。通常你會在你的電腦上找到你想要的東西，這些類似的合同范本要么是你給其他客戶準(zhǔn)備的，要么是你和其他的律師共同協(xié)商起草的。使用這些舊合同可以為你節(jié)省時間和避免打印錯誤，不過，用這些合同范本時別忘了替換掉老客戶的名字。

5.ObtainformsinbooksorCD-ROM.Typicalformsofcontractscanbefoundinformbooks,suchasWest’sLegalForms(anationwideset)andFloridaJurForms,aswellasintreatisesandFloridaBarCLEpublications.Thesecanbeusedasthestartingpointfordraftingthecontractoraschecklistsoftypicalprovisionsandwordingtoincludeinthecontract.ManytreatisesandformbooksnowcomewithformsondiskorCD-ROM.

5.從書中或者是光盤上獲取合同范本。典型的合同范本在一些范例書中都可能找到：比如,西方法律文書（全國版）佛羅里達(dá)州文書期刊，另外，在有些論文和佛羅里達(dá)州律師協(xié)會的法律繼續(xù)教育出版物中也可以找到一些。起草合同時，你可以把這些范本當(dāng)做原始資料，利用其中某些典型的條款和措詞。更為方便的是，許多論文和書中的合同范本都有電子文本儲存在磁盤或光盤中。

6.Don’tletyourclientsignaletterofintentwithoutthiswording.Sometimesclientsareanxioustosignsomethingtoshowgoodfaithbeforethecontractisprepared.Aproperlywordedletterofintentisusefulatsuchtimes.Justbesurethattheletterofintentclearlystatesthatitisnotacontract,butthatitismerelyanoutlineofpossibletermsfordiscussionpurposes.SeeAppendixC.

6.如果沒有特別申明，不要讓你的客戶在意向書上簽字。有時候，在合同未準(zhǔn)備好之前，客戶為了表示誠意，往往急于簽署某些東西，當(dāng)然，在這種情況下，如果客戶急于簽署的是有特別申明的意向書，這也是可以的，但一定要注明：本意向書并非合同，只是雙方為了更好地溝通協(xié)商，而擬定的對未來條款的概述。類似意向書的范例見附錄C。

WritingthatFirstWord

第二部分：開始起草合同

7.Startwithasimple,genericcontractform.TheforminAppendixAissuchaform.Itprovidesasolidstartingpointforthestructureofthecontract.Likeahouse,acontractmusthaveagood,solidfoundation.

7.從簡單、典型的合同入手。附錄A就是一個簡單、典型的合同，它提供了一個合同的基本支架。像房子一樣，一個合同必須有一個牢固的根基。

8.Statethecorrectlegalnamesofthepartiesinthefirstparagraph.Asobviousasthisis,itisoneofthemostcommonproblemsincontracts.Forindividuals,includefullfirstandlastname,andmiddleinitialsifavailable,andotheridentifyinginformation,ifappropriate,suchasJr.,M.D.,etc.Forcorporations,checkwiththeSecretaryofStatewhereincorporated.

8.在合同的第一段要寫清楚雙方的名稱。，這是個簡單而又不得不引起重視的問題。如果是個人，要寫清姓和名,中間有大寫字母和其他身份信息的，也要注明，例如：jr.,M.D,等等；如果是公司，為避免弄錯，寫名稱時可以到公司注冊地的相應(yīng)機構(gòu)去核對一下。

9.Identifythepartiesbynicknames.Givingeachpartyanicknameinthefirstparagraphwillmakethecontracteasiertoread.Forexample,JamesW.Martinwouldbenicknamed"Martin."

9.確定合同雙方的別稱（簡稱）。為便于閱讀，一般要在合同的第一段為雙方弄一個別稱，如：將詹姆士.馬丁簡寫為"馬丁"。

10.Becarefulwhenusinglegaltermsfornicknames.Donotuse"Contractor"asanicknameunlessthatpartyislegallyacontractor.Donotuse"Agent"unlessyouintendforthatpartytobeanagent,andifyoudo,thenyoubetterspecifythescopeofauthorityandotheragencyissuestoavoidfuturedisagreements.

10.使用法定術(shù)語作為雙方當(dāng)事人的別稱時，要小心。除非一方當(dāng)事人在法定上就是承包人，否則不要將"承包人"作為其別稱。同樣，除非你想讓一方當(dāng)事人成為法定上的代理人，否則不要稱其為"代理人"，如果堅持要用，最好明確一下代理范圍并找到其他可以避免將來爭執(zhí)的方案。

11.Includeablankforthedateinthefirstparagraph.Puttingthedateinthefirstparagraphmakesiteasytofindafterthecontractissigned.Italsomakesiteasytodescribethecontractinotherdocumentsinapreciseway,suchasthe"December20,2000,ContractforSaleofRealEstate."

11.在合同的第一段要為書寫簽約時間留下空格。把簽約時間放在第一段，當(dāng)合同簽署后，你就能夠很容易地找到它，而且，這樣做還可以給你在其他相關(guān)文件中準(zhǔn)確地描述這個合同提供幫助，范例如：不動產(chǎn)買賣合同，訂立于2000年12月20日

12.Includetoprovidebackground.Recitalsarethe"whereas"clausesthatprecedethebodyofacontract.Theyprovideasimplewaytobringthecontract’sreader(party,judgeorjury)uptospeedonwhatthecontractisabout,whothepartiesare,whytheyaresigningacontract,etc.Thefirstparagraphinthebodyofthecontractcanincorporatetherecitalsbyreferenceandstatethattheyaretrueandcorrect.Thiswillavoidalaterargumentastowhetherornottherecitalsarealegallybindingpartofthecontract.

12.書寫引述語。引述語是指那些放在合同主體前面的"鑒于"條款。書寫此類條款的目的是為了讓讀者（通常指合同雙方，法官，陪審團）很快地了解到合同的主要內(nèi)容是什么，合同雙方是誰，以及他們?yōu)槭裁春炗喓贤?，等等。?dāng)然，合同主體的第一段也可以加上引述語并陳述其是真實準(zhǔn)確的，如果這樣做了，合同雙方將來就不會爭執(zhí)：引述語作為合同的一部分是否具有法律效力？

13.Outlinethecontractbywritingoutandunderliningparagraphheadingsintheirlogicalorder.Theparagraphsshouldflowinlogical,organizedfashion.Itisnotnecessarytowritethemallatonce;youcanwritethemasyouthinkofthem.Trytogrouprelatedconceptsinthesameparagraphsorinadjacentparagraphs.Forexample,writeanemploymentcontract’sinitialparagraphheadingslikethis:

Recitals.

Employment.

Duties.

Term.

Compensation.

13.按邏輯順序列出合同段落的標(biāo)題詞.合同的段落是按一定的邏輯順序組織起來的，當(dāng)然，你并不需要一下子列出所有段落的標(biāo)題詞，想到多少就寫多少，不過，這些標(biāo)題詞要力求總結(jié)出每個段落或相關(guān)段落的內(nèi)容。比如：撰寫勞動合同時列出的標(biāo)題詞就像下面這些：

引述語

聘用

職責(zé)

期限

賠償

14.Completeeachparagraphbywritingthecontracttermsthatapplytothatparagraph.Thisissimple.Youlearnedthisinelementaryschool.Justexplaininwordswhatthepartiesagreetodoornotdoparagraphbyparagraph.

14.在撰寫每一段時要注意內(nèi)容集中，不要東拉西扯，是的，這很簡單，你可能上小學(xué)時就學(xué)過，但我還是要提醒你，要集中火力，一段一段地分別說明合同雙方同意做什么，不同意做什么。

15.Keepapadathandtorememberclausestoadd.Itisnormaltothinkofadditionalclauses,wordingandissueswhilewritingacontract.Jotthesedownonapadasyouwrite;theyareeasilyforgotten.Alsokeepyourclient’soutlineandotherformsinfrontofyouasyouwrite,andcheckoffitemsasyouwritethem.

15.放一個便箋簿在手邊，以便記下需要添加的條款。在書寫合同的同時，你可能隨時會想到一些需要添加條款、措詞和問題，要盡快記在便箋簿上，因為他們太容易忘了。另外，你最好將客戶列出的要點和一些類似的合同范本也放在眼前，以便在書寫過程中隨時查對。

16.Repeatyourselfonlywhenrepetitionisnecessarytoimproveclarity.Ambiguityiscreatedbysayingthesamethingmorethanonce;itisalmostimpossibletosayittwicewithoutcreatingambiguity.Onlyiftheconceptisadifficultoneshouldyouwriteitinmorethanoneway.Inaddition,ifyouuseanexampletoclarifyadifficultconceptorformula,besurethatallpossiblemeaningsareconsideredandthattheexampleisaccurateandconsistentwiththeconceptasworded.

16.除非是為了更清晰地說明問題，否則不要在合同中重復(fù)陳述某個內(nèi)容。將一個事實來回地說很容易讓人模棱兩可。如果你將一個概念重復(fù)地解釋，那理解起來就更有困難。另外，如果你想通過一個例子來闡明一個難以理解的概念或規(guī)則時，一定要考慮到其所有的含義、這個例子的準(zhǔn)確性以及它和概念的相符性。

WhattoWatchOutforWhenWriting

第三部分：撰寫時的注意事項

17.Titleit"Contract."Donotleavethisonetochance.Ifyourclientwantsacontract,callitacontract.Ajudgenowsittingonthefederalbenchonceruledthatadocumententitled"Proposal"wasnotacontracteventhoughsignedbybothparties.Thelessonlearnedis,"Saywhatyoumean."Ifyouintendthedocumenttobealegallybindingcontract,usetheword"Contract"inthetitle.

17.標(biāo)題上注明"合同"兩字。不要為碰運氣而忽略這個。如果你的客戶需要合同，就要注明是合同。一個仍在聯(lián)邦法院里任職的法官就曾經(jīng)裁定：有雙方簽字，但標(biāo)有"建議書"的文件并非合同。這給我們的教訓(xùn)就是，你怎么想，就應(yīng)該怎么說。如果你想讓你的文件成為具有法律效力的合同，就要在標(biāo)題中注明"合同"字樣。

18.Writeinshortsentences.Shortsentencesareeasiertounderstandthanlongones.

18.寫短句子，因為短句子比長句子讓人更容易理解。

19.Writeinactivetense,ratherthanpassive.Activetensesentencesareshorterandusewordsmoreefficiently,andtheirmeaningismoreapparent.Exampleofactive:"SellersshallsellthePropertytoBuyer."Exampleofpassive:"ThePropertyshallbesoldtoBuyerbySeller."

19.用主動語態(tài)而不用被動語態(tài)。相對而言，主動語態(tài)的句子更簡短，措詞更精練，表達(dá)更明白。還是讓我們來來看一個例子吧，主動語態(tài)的句子：賣方將把此物賣給買方;被動語態(tài)的句子：此物將被賣方賣給買方。

20.Don’tusetheword"biweekly."Ithastwomeanings:twiceaweekandeveryotherweek.Thesameappliesto"bimonthly."Instead,write"everyotherweek"or"twiceaweek."

20.不要用“雙周”之類的詞，因為這有可能產(chǎn)生歧義是兩周還是每隔一周？類似的詞還有"雙月",所以最好這樣寫:"兩周"或"每隔一周"。

21.Don’tsaythingslike"activetermitesandorganisms".Avoidambiguitybywritingeither"activetermitesandactiveorganisms"or"organismsandactivetermites."Whenaddingamodifierlike"active"beforeacompoundofnounslike"termitesandorganisms",besuretoclarifywhetheryouintendthemodifiertoapplytobothnounsorjustthefirstone.Ifyouintendittoapplytoboth,useparallelconstructionandwritethemodifierinfrontofeachnoun.Ifyouintendittoapplytojustonenoun,placethatonenounattheendofthelistandthemodifierdirectlyinfrontofit.

21.不要說"活動著的白蟻和有機體"之類的話，為了避免模棱兩可，最好這樣寫：“活動著的白蟻和活動著的有機體”或是“白蟻和活動著的有機體”。當(dāng)一組名詞（如"白蟻和有機體"）前有一個修飾語（如"活動著的"）時，你一定要弄清楚這個修飾語是修飾兩個名詞還是僅僅修飾第一個名詞。如果是修飾兩個詞，可以用排比的手法分別在這兩個詞之前加上修飾語，如果你只想修飾一個名詞，那么你就應(yīng)該把這個詞放在這組詞的最后，然后在它的前面加上修飾語。

22.Don’tsay"Lessor"and"Lessee."Thesearebadnicknamesforaleasebecausetheyareeasilyreversedormistyped.Use"Landlord"and"Tenant"instead.Thesameappliestolienorandlienee,mortgagorandmortgagee,grantorandgrantee,licensorandlicensee,partyAandpartyB.Thisiswhereyoucanuseyourcreativitytocomeupwithadifferentnicknameforaparty,aslongasyouuseitconsistentlythroughoutthecontract.

22.不要說“出租人”和“承租人”。這對一個租賃合同來說是些不好的別稱，因為他們?nèi)菀妆活嵉够蛘叱霈F(xiàn)打印錯誤?？梢杂谩胺繓|”和“房客”來代替他們。同樣，在合同中也不要說留置權(quán)人和留置人，抵押權(quán)人和抵押人，保證人和被保證人，許可人和被許可人，當(dāng)事人A和當(dāng)事人B到底怎么說，這就要看你駕馭語言的能力了，不過，要把握的一條原則，即在整個合同中，對合同一方只能用一個別稱。

23.Watchoutwhenusing"herein."Does"whereverusedherein"meananywhereinthecontractoranywhereintheparagraph?Clarifythisambiguityifitmatters.

23.使用術(shù)語“本文（herein，也可譯為”“在這里”）時要當(dāng)心。為了避免含糊不清，使用“本文”時最好特別申明一下“本文”是指整個合同，還是指其所在的某一段落。

24.Writenumbersasbothwordsandnumerals:ten(10).Thiswillreduce