初中英語語法英語從句總結(jié)

初中英語語法總結(jié)（從句）從句分為定語從句，狀語從句和名詞從句三大類。定語從句又分為限定性和非限定性從句兩種，由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導，修飾主句的某個成分。狀語從句分為時間、結(jié)果、讓步、原因、條件及行為方式狀語從句。名詞從句包括主語、賓語、表語和同位語從句及therebe句型。主系表結(jié)構(gòu)、主謂（賓）結(jié)構(gòu)、therebe結(jié)構(gòu)是英語的三大基本句式，無論一個句子有多長、多復雜，它總是屬于這三大句式中的一種。學習基本句式，句子成分是一個關(guān)鍵的概念，它是指句子的組成單位，不同的句式由不同的句子成分組成。如：主系表結(jié)構(gòu)的成分有主語、系動詞、表語；主謂（賓）結(jié)構(gòu)的成分有主語、謂語、賓語；therebe結(jié)構(gòu)的主要成分是主語。英語中的句子成分主要有：主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語、補語、同位語，等等。這些句子成分可以由單詞、詞組或句子充當，當這些成分由句子充當時，我們就有了相應(yīng)的從句，女口：充當主語成分的句子為主語從句，充當賓語成分的句子為賓語從句，英語從句三大類型按一般說法，可分為三大類14種從句。一，名詞性從句主語從句Whetherit'srightornotremainstobeseen.賓語從句Iwonderwhetherit'srightornot.同位語從句Thisisaquestionwhetherit'srightornot.表語從句Thequestioniswhetherit'srightornot.二,定語從句限定性定語從句SheisthestudentwhocanspeakEnglishwell.非限定性定語從句Sheisthestudent,whocanspeakEnglishwell.三，狀語從句1時間狀語從句Thefactwillcomeoutwhenhecomeshere.

2地點狀語從句Youcangowhereveryoulike.3原因狀語從句4方式狀語從句5目的狀語從句63原因狀語從句4方式狀語從句5目的狀語從句6結(jié)果狀語從句7條件狀語從句8讓步狀語從句student.Hewalksasifhewereaking.ShewenttoJapansothatshecouldlearnJapanesewell.ShewenttoJapansothatshelearnedJapanesewell.Iwillunderstanditifhetellsme.Heknowsalotthoughheislittle.1.定語從句Therearesomeoldbooksinthebox.TheboydressedinblueisfromAmerica.?分清幾個概念：先行詞與關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞。先行詞是指定語從句所修飾的中心詞；關(guān)系代詞主要有who,whom,whose,which,that;關(guān)系副詞主要有when,where,why。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞有兩個作用，一是連接主句和從句的作用，二是在定語從句中做成分。定語從句分為：限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句，限定性定語從句如果去掉會影響句子意義的完整性，非限定性定語從句即使去掉也不會影響句子意義的完整性，女口:Julyisthemonthwhenwehavealotofrain.Therearemanyplays(that)I'dliketosee.Themeetingwasputoff,whichsurprisedusalot.ThisnoteisleftbyMary,whowashereamomentago.非限定性定語從句，其作用為：對所修飾的成分作進一步的說明，它與主句用逗號隔開。此類從句省略后其余部分仍可成立。在非限定性定語從句中，which可代表前面的整個句子；代表人時只能用who,whom而不能用that；as也可用作關(guān)系代詞。例如：I.Thetelephone，asweknow，wastheinventionofAlexanderGrahamBell.2.FranklinD.Roosevelt，whodiedthereonApril12，1945.3.Livinginadamp(潮濕的)houseforalongtimeisharmfultoone'shealth，whichisknowntoeveryone限定性定語從句中that可代表人和事，而which只代表事；二者在從句中作主語或賓語。that作賓語時?？墒÷?，which則不能，而且其后的“不及物動詞+介詞’’中的介詞不能省略。which作賓語時，先行詞與which之間的介詞不能省。例如：1.Thefirstdollthatcouldsay“mam”wasinventedin1830.2.Thesecondhalfofhisvoyagewasbyfarthemoredangerouspart，duringwhichhesailedroundtheCapeHorn合恩角.?代表all，anything，something，nothing，much等詞時，用that而不用which，that作賓語可省略。例如：1.IcareanythingthathassomethingtodowithitYou'dbetterdosomethinghepreferstodotopleasehimThatisthelasttimewemeteachother.?4」cameacrossthewomanyoutoldmeaboutyesterday.?who和whom引導的從句用來修飾人，分別作從句的主語和賓語。where是關(guān)系副詞，用于表示地點的定語從句，而when用來表示時間。whose是關(guān)系代詞，修飾名詞作定語。例如：?1.HenryFordisthepersonwhoismostresponsiblefordevelopingtheideaofmassproduction?2.Thekneeisthejointwherethethighbonemeetsthelargeboneofthelowerleg.?3.Thenextmorning,whenshecamedowntobreakfast,Marywasbeamingwiththepleasureofanew,greatdiscovery.?4.Thevisitingprofessorisafamousscientistwhosesonstudiesinmydepartment.?注意幾點：that可替代who,whom（指人），也可替代which（指物）whose既可指人又可指物引導定語從句的關(guān)系代詞緊跟介詞做從句的賓語時，不用that,只用which//不能用which,只能用that的情況….幾個例子：Isshethegirlthat/whosellsflowers?Thetrainthat/whichhasjustleftisforXi'an.Thepeople（who/that/whom）youweretalkingtowereRussians.ThegirltowhomIspokeismycousin.Ihavenevermettheboywhosemotherisafamousactress.Mybookisonthetablewhoselegsarebroken.HewenttoChinain1945,whentheWarWorldIIwasover.Look,thisisthehousewherethewriterwasborn.Thetoolwithwhichheisworkingiscalledawrench（扳手）.2.狀語從句Heswimsfast.Nervous,heopenedtheletter.Legsbroken,thesoldiercrawledbackhome.Sheusedtostayupuntilmidnight.Withabookinhishand,theteachercamein.?狀語從句可分為：時間狀語從句（主要由when,whenever,after，before，a5，since，once,until,while等連詞引導），結(jié)果狀語從句（由so…that和such…that連接）,讓步狀語從句（由though,although,nomatter,evenif,however,whatever等詞引導），原因狀語從句（由as,because,since和for引導），條件狀語從句（由if,whether,aslongas,providedthat等詞引導），地點狀語從句（由where引導）,行為方式狀語從句（由as引導）。有時條件狀語從句中，主句不可以用將來時，而用一般時代替。?狀語從句中的“主語+be”可以省略，前提是：從句主語和主句主語一致，且從句謂語“be”省略后的結(jié)構(gòu)為“連詞+現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞介詞短語/形容詞/名詞短語”。）例如：?1.lfnecessary,Iwouldliketoseeyouinyouroffice.?2.Althoughseriouslywounded,henevercomplained條件狀語從句：1）Let'sgooutforawalkuniessyouaretootired.（除非,若不；相當于TOC\o"1-5"\h\zif---not）即：Ifyouaretootired,we'llnotgooutforawalk.2）Youmayborrowmybookaslongasyoukeepitclean.（只要，表示條件的唯一性）3）Takeyourumbrellaincaseitrains.（以防---，以免---）4）Icantellyouthetruthonconditionthatyoupromisetokeepasecret.（條件是---）5）Supposingitrains,shallwecontinuethesportsmeeting?（女口果,假女口）6）Hewon'tbeagainstusinthemeetingprovided/providingthatweaskforhisadviceinadvance.（假女口,除非以為條件）7）Youwillbesuccessfulintheinterviewonceyouhaveconfidence.（—旦—就--）方式狀語從句方式狀語從句通常由as,（just）as…so…,asif,asthough弓丨導。1）as,（just）as…so…引導的方式狀語從句通常位于主句后，但在（just）as…so…結(jié)構(gòu)中位于句首，這時as從句帶有比喻的含義，意思是"正如…"，"就像"，多用于正式文體，例如：Alwaysdototheothersasyouwouldbedoneby.你希望人家怎樣待你,你就要怎樣待人。Aswateristofish,soairistoman.我們離不幵空氣，猶如魚兒離不幵水。asif,asthough兩者的意義和用法相同，引出的狀語從句謂語多用虛擬語氣，表示與事實相反，有時也用陳述語氣，表示所說情況是事實或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的可能性較大。漢譯常作"仿佛?…似的","好像……似的"，例如：Theycompletelyignorethesefactsasif（asthough）theyneverexisted.他們完全忽略了這些事實，就仿佛它不存在似的。（與事實相反，謂語用虛擬語氣。）Helooksasif（asthough）hehadbeenhitbylighting.他那樣子就像被雷擊了似的。（與事實相反，謂語用虛擬語氣。）Itlooksasiftheweathermaypickupverysoon.看來天氣很快就會好起來。（實現(xiàn)的可能性較大，謂語用陳述語氣。）說明：asif/asthough也可以引導一個分詞短語、不定式短語或無動詞短語，例如：Hestaredatmeasifseeingmeforfirsttime.他目不轉(zhuǎn)睛地看著我，就像第一次看見我似的。Heclearedhisthroatasiftosaysomething.他清了清嗓子，像要說什么似的。比較狀語從句1）Youseemtoknowmusicaswellasyouknowastronomy（天文學）.（as---as結(jié)構(gòu)）2）Therewasnogardensolovelyashisinthiscity.（noso---as結(jié)構(gòu)）3）Finallyhehasmadeasmuchmoneyashewanted.（as+adj+n.+as結(jié)構(gòu)）4）Yourwatchisnotthesameashis.（thesameas結(jié)構(gòu)）5）Inevermetsuchamanasyouryoungerbrother.（such---as結(jié)構(gòu)）6）Shestudiesmorediligentlythanherclassmates.（morethan結(jié)構(gòu)）7）Nootherbookhashadagreaterinflueneeonmylife.（否定詞和比較級連用表示最高級含義。）8）Thisteacherexplainedtheproblemmoreclearlythananyotherteacher.（比較級與“anyotherone”連用表示最高級含義。）9）Themoreyouread,thebetterwillyouwrite.（themore-——themore結(jié)構(gòu)）11）Heearnednomorethan800dollarsamonth.他一個月只掙800美元。（no+比較級+than結(jié)構(gòu)）..名詞從句名詞從句包括主語從句、賓語從句，其中有介詞與形容詞的賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。1）主語從句Heisateacher.LearningEnglishwellcouldtakeyoualotoftime.由what、wh-ever等代詞引導的主語從句,一般放在句首，不能用it做形式主語:WhatIwanttoknowishisaddress.Whateverwassaidheremustbekeptsecret.Whatevershedidwasright.Whoevercomeswillbewelcome.由連詞that引導的主語從句，在大多數(shù)情況下，這個從句都放在句子后部，而用代詞it作形式上的主語：ThatImaynotbeabletocomeispossible.=ItispossiblethatImaynotbeabletocome.Thatweneedmoreequipmentisquiteobvious.=Itisobviousthatweneedmoreequipment.Thathewillrefusetheofferisunlikely.=Itisunlikelythathewill三個固定句型（屬于此類）：It+名稱+that:Itisapitythatwecan'tgo.It+形容詞+that:ItisclearthatTomhasreturned.It+過去分詞+that:Itissaid/believed/reported/knownthat…refusetheoffer.由連接代詞或連接副詞（或whether）引導的主語從句，這個從句可以直接放在句首作主語，也可放到句子后部去，前面用it作形式主語：Whichisthebetterchoiceisobvious.=Itisobviouswhichisthebetterchoice.Whowillgoforthemeetinghasnotbeendecided.=Ithasnotbeendecidedwhowillgoforthemeeting.Wherehelosthisgoldwatchremainedamystery.=Itremainedamysterywherehelosthisgoldwatch..Whenweshallhaveoursportsmeetisstillaquestion.=Itisstillaquestionwhenweshallhaveoursportsmeet.Whetherhewilljoinuswon'tmakemuchdifferenee.=Itwon'tmakemuchdiffereneewhetherhewilljoinus.Whytheoldmanwenttothecastleisstillunknown.=Itisstillunknownwhytheoldmanwenttothecastle.Howhehadmanagedtoachievesomuchatsuchayoungagefascinatedmanypeople.=Itfascinatedmanypeoplehowhehadmanagedtoachievesomuchatsuchayoungage.2）賓語從句HelikesChineseverymuch.I'msurprisedathisyoungage.由that引導的賓語從句，一般做動詞的賓語，that可以省略

thThelettersays(that)theyareleavingonthe13thIdon'tdoubt(that)theywillbeabletoovercomethedifficulties.SheremindedmethatIhadameetingtoattendthatevening.由what,who,which,how,where,when,whether(if)等引導的賓語從句，既可以做動詞的賓語，又可以做介詞的賓語Idon'tknowwhetherthesefiguresareaccurate.I'llreadwhicheverbookyourecommend.I'llshowyouwhatIhaveputdowninmynote-bookHassheinformedyouwhentheyaretoholdthemeeting.Shewasneversatisfiedwithwhatshehadachieved.Whetherthatisagoodsolutiondependsonhowyoulookatit.在某些句型中，特別是帶符合賓語的句子中，that引導的從句常常移到后部去，前面用it做形式賓語Weallthoughtitapityjhattheconferenceshouldhavebeencancelled.Itookitforgrantedthattheywerenotcoming.在“be乜容詞”這類結(jié)構(gòu)后，that引導的從句，有些在概念上接近賓語，而在結(jié)構(gòu)上卻接近狀語I'mafraidthatIhavemadeamistake.Wearesurethatweshallsuccess.Wearefullyconfidentthatwecanovercomethedifficulties.I'mnotsurewhethershewouldliketheidea.一些表語性的形容詞，女口：alarmed，amazecjannoyed,astonished，certain，confident，disappointed，glad，pleased，proud，sad，shocked，sure，surprised，worried，ect.做表語時，后面可跟由that，how等引導的賓語從句。例如：1.Iwasamazedhowhecouldpasstheexamwithoutattendingthelectures2.HeisconfidentthathewillpasstheBand6examination3.Shewassurprisedhowsimplehisproblemis.Weareallpleasedthathewillbeabletopassthefinalexamination.3)表語從句Heiskind./Heisateacher.TheSmithsarefromAustralia.Thisiswhereourbasicinterestlies.Myideaisthatweshouldsticktoouroriginalplan.WhatIreallywhattoknowishowyouhavemanagedtoremember1000wordswithinanhour.表語從句對主語的內(nèi)容起解釋和闡述的作用；若表語從句用that引起，that起連接作用，不能省略。表語從句也可用連接詞how,when,where，why,what引起。由because引起