初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法英語(yǔ)從句總結(jié)

初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)（從句）從句分為定語(yǔ)從句，狀語(yǔ)從句和名詞從句三大類。定語(yǔ)從句又分為限定性和非限定性從句兩種，由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)，修飾主句的某個(gè)成分。狀語(yǔ)從句分為時(shí)間、結(jié)果、讓步、原因、條件及行為方式狀語(yǔ)從句。名詞從句包括主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)從句及therebe句型。主系表結(jié)構(gòu)、主謂（賓）結(jié)構(gòu)、therebe結(jié)構(gòu)是英語(yǔ)的三大基本句式，無(wú)論一個(gè)句子有多長(zhǎng)、多復(fù)雜，它總是屬于這三大句式中的一種。學(xué)習(xí)基本句式，句子成分是一個(gè)關(guān)鍵的概念，它是指句子的組成單位，不同的句式由不同的句子成分組成。如：主系表結(jié)構(gòu)的成分有主語(yǔ)、系動(dòng)詞、表語(yǔ)；主謂（賓）結(jié)構(gòu)的成分有主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)；therebe結(jié)構(gòu)的主要成分是主語(yǔ)。英語(yǔ)中的句子成分主要有：主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)，等等。這些句子成分可以由單詞、詞組或句子充當(dāng)，當(dāng)這些成分由句子充當(dāng)時(shí)，我們就有了相應(yīng)的從句，女口：充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)成分的句子為主語(yǔ)從句，充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)成分的句子為賓語(yǔ)從句，英語(yǔ)從句三大類型按一般說(shuō)法，可分為三大類14種從句。一，名詞性從句主語(yǔ)從句Whetherit'srightornotremainstobeseen.賓語(yǔ)從句Iwonderwhetherit'srightornot.同位語(yǔ)從句Thisisaquestionwhetherit'srightornot.表語(yǔ)從句Thequestioniswhetherit'srightornot.二,定語(yǔ)從句限定性定語(yǔ)從句SheisthestudentwhocanspeakEnglishwell.非限定性定語(yǔ)從句Sheisthestudent,whocanspeakEnglishwell.三，狀語(yǔ)從句1時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句Thefactwillcomeoutwhenhecomeshere.

2地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句Youcangowhereveryoulike.3原因狀語(yǔ)從句4方式狀語(yǔ)從句5目的狀語(yǔ)從句63原因狀語(yǔ)從句4方式狀語(yǔ)從句5目的狀語(yǔ)從句6結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句7條件狀語(yǔ)從句8讓步狀語(yǔ)從句student.Hewalksasifhewereaking.ShewenttoJapansothatshecouldlearnJapanesewell.ShewenttoJapansothatshelearnedJapanesewell.Iwillunderstanditifhetellsme.Heknowsalotthoughheislittle.1.定語(yǔ)從句Therearesomeoldbooksinthebox.TheboydressedinblueisfromAmerica.?分清幾個(gè)概念：先行詞與關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞。先行詞是指定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的中心詞；關(guān)系代詞主要有who,whom,whose,which,that;關(guān)系副詞主要有when,where,why。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞有兩個(gè)作用，一是連接主句和從句的作用，二是在定語(yǔ)從句中做成分。定語(yǔ)從句分為：限定性定語(yǔ)從句和非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，限定性定語(yǔ)從句如果去掉會(huì)影響句子意義的完整性，非限定性定語(yǔ)從句即使去掉也不會(huì)影響句子意義的完整性，女口:Julyisthemonthwhenwehavealotofrain.Therearemanyplays(that)I'dliketosee.Themeetingwasputoff,whichsurprisedusalot.ThisnoteisleftbyMary,whowashereamomentago.非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，其作用為：對(duì)所修飾的成分作進(jìn)一步的說(shuō)明，它與主句用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。此類從句省略后其余部分仍可成立。在非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中，which可代表前面的整個(gè)句子；代表人時(shí)只能用who,whom而不能用that；as也可用作關(guān)系代詞。例如：I.Thetelephone，asweknow，wastheinventionofAlexanderGrahamBell.2.FranklinD.Roosevelt，whodiedthereonApril12，1945.3.Livinginadamp(潮濕的)houseforalongtimeisharmfultoone'shealth，whichisknowntoeveryone限定性定語(yǔ)從句中that可代表人和事，而which只代表事；二者在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。that作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)?？墒÷?，which則不能，而且其后的“不及物動(dòng)詞+介詞’’中的介詞不能省略。which作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，先行詞與which之間的介詞不能省。例如：1.Thefirstdollthatcouldsay“mam”wasinventedin1830.2.Thesecondhalfofhisvoyagewasbyfarthemoredangerouspart，duringwhichhesailedroundtheCapeHorn合恩角.?代表all，anything，something，nothing，much等詞時(shí)，用that而不用which，that作賓語(yǔ)可省略。例如：1.IcareanythingthathassomethingtodowithitYou'dbetterdosomethinghepreferstodotopleasehimThatisthelasttimewemeteachother.?4」cameacrossthewomanyoutoldmeaboutyesterday.?who和whom引導(dǎo)的從句用來(lái)修飾人，分別作從句的主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)。where是關(guān)系副詞，用于表示地點(diǎn)的定語(yǔ)從句，而when用來(lái)表示時(shí)間。whose是關(guān)系代詞，修飾名詞作定語(yǔ)。例如：?1.HenryFordisthepersonwhoismostresponsiblefordevelopingtheideaofmassproduction?2.Thekneeisthejointwherethethighbonemeetsthelargeboneofthelowerleg.?3.Thenextmorning,whenshecamedowntobreakfast,Marywasbeamingwiththepleasureofanew,greatdiscovery.?4.Thevisitingprofessorisafamousscientistwhosesonstudiesinmydepartment.?注意幾點(diǎn)：that可替代who,whom（指人），也可替代which（指物）whose既可指人又可指物引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞緊跟介詞做從句的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，不用that,只用which//不能用which,只能用that的情況….幾個(gè)例子：Isshethegirlthat/whosellsflowers?Thetrainthat/whichhasjustleftisforXi'an.Thepeople（who/that/whom）youweretalkingtowereRussians.ThegirltowhomIspokeismycousin.Ihavenevermettheboywhosemotherisafamousactress.Mybookisonthetablewhoselegsarebroken.HewenttoChinain1945,whentheWarWorldIIwasover.Look,thisisthehousewherethewriterwasborn.Thetoolwithwhichheisworkingiscalledawrench（扳手）.2.狀語(yǔ)從句Heswimsfast.Nervous,heopenedtheletter.Legsbroken,thesoldiercrawledbackhome.Sheusedtostayupuntilmidnight.Withabookinhishand,theteachercamein.?狀語(yǔ)從句可分為：時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句（主要由when,whenever,after，before，a5，since，once,until,while等連詞引導(dǎo)），結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句（由so…that和such…that連接）,讓步狀語(yǔ)從句（由though,although,nomatter,evenif,however,whatever等詞引導(dǎo)），原因狀語(yǔ)從句（由as,because,since和for引導(dǎo)），條件狀語(yǔ)從句（由if,whether,aslongas,providedthat等詞引導(dǎo)），地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句（由where引導(dǎo)）,行為方式狀語(yǔ)從句（由as引導(dǎo)）。有時(shí)條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，主句不可以用將來(lái)時(shí)，而用一般時(shí)代替。?狀語(yǔ)從句中的“主語(yǔ)+be”可以省略，前提是：從句主語(yǔ)和主句主語(yǔ)一致，且從句謂語(yǔ)“be”省略后的結(jié)構(gòu)為“連詞+現(xiàn)在分詞/過(guò)去分詞介詞短語(yǔ)/形容詞/名詞短語(yǔ)”。）例如：?1.lfnecessary,Iwouldliketoseeyouinyouroffice.?2.Althoughseriouslywounded,henevercomplained條件狀語(yǔ)從句：1）Let'sgooutforawalkuniessyouaretootired.（除非,若不；相當(dāng)于TOC\o"1-5"\h\zif---not）即：Ifyouaretootired,we'llnotgooutforawalk.2）Youmayborrowmybookaslongasyoukeepitclean.（只要，表示條件的唯一性）3）Takeyourumbrellaincaseitrains.（以防---，以免---）4）Icantellyouthetruthonconditionthatyoupromisetokeepasecret.（條件是---）5）Supposingitrains,shallwecontinuethesportsmeeting?（女口果,假女口）6）Hewon'tbeagainstusinthemeetingprovided/providingthatweaskforhisadviceinadvance.（假女口,除非以為條件）7）Youwillbesuccessfulintheinterviewonceyouhaveconfidence.（—旦—就--）方式狀語(yǔ)從句方式狀語(yǔ)從句通常由as,（just）as…so…,asif,asthough弓丨導(dǎo)。1）as,（just）as…so…引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句通常位于主句后，但在（just）as…so…結(jié)構(gòu)中位于句首，這時(shí)as從句帶有比喻的含義，意思是"正如…"，"就像"，多用于正式文體，例如：Alwaysdototheothersasyouwouldbedoneby.你希望人家怎樣待你,你就要怎樣待人。Aswateristofish,soairistoman.我們離不幵空氣，猶如魚(yú)兒離不幵水。asif,asthough兩者的意義和用法相同，引出的狀語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)多用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，表示與事實(shí)相反，有時(shí)也用陳述語(yǔ)氣，表示所說(shuō)情況是事實(shí)或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的可能性較大。漢譯常作"仿佛?…似的","好像……似的"，例如：Theycompletelyignorethesefactsasif（asthough）theyneverexisted.他們完全忽略了這些事實(shí)，就仿佛它不存在似的。（與事實(shí)相反，謂語(yǔ)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。）Helooksasif（asthough）hehadbeenhitbylighting.他那樣子就像被雷擊了似的。（與事實(shí)相反，謂語(yǔ)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。）Itlooksasiftheweathermaypickupverysoon.看來(lái)天氣很快就會(huì)好起來(lái)。（實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性較大，謂語(yǔ)用陳述語(yǔ)氣。）說(shuō)明：asif/asthough也可以引導(dǎo)一個(gè)分詞短語(yǔ)、不定式短語(yǔ)或無(wú)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，例如：Hestaredatmeasifseeingmeforfirsttime.他目不轉(zhuǎn)睛地看著我，就像第一次看見(jiàn)我似的。Heclearedhisthroatasiftosaysomething.他清了清嗓子，像要說(shuō)什么似的。比較狀語(yǔ)從句1）Youseemtoknowmusicaswellasyouknowastronomy（天文學(xué)）.（as---as結(jié)構(gòu)）2）Therewasnogardensolovelyashisinthiscity.（noso---as結(jié)構(gòu)）3）Finallyhehasmadeasmuchmoneyashewanted.（as+adj+n.+as結(jié)構(gòu)）4）Yourwatchisnotthesameashis.（thesameas結(jié)構(gòu)）5）Inevermetsuchamanasyouryoungerbrother.（such---as結(jié)構(gòu)）6）Shestudiesmorediligentlythanherclassmates.（morethan結(jié)構(gòu)）7）Nootherbookhashadagreaterinflueneeonmylife.（否定詞和比較級(jí)連用表示最高級(jí)含義。）8）Thisteacherexplainedtheproblemmoreclearlythananyotherteacher.（比較級(jí)與“anyotherone”連用表示最高級(jí)含義。）9）Themoreyouread,thebetterwillyouwrite.（themore-——themore結(jié)構(gòu)）11）Heearnednomorethan800dollarsamonth.他一個(gè)月只掙800美元。（no+比較級(jí)+than結(jié)構(gòu)）..名詞從句名詞從句包括主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句，其中有介詞與形容詞的賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。1）主語(yǔ)從句Heisateacher.LearningEnglishwellcouldtakeyoualotoftime.由what、wh-ever等代詞引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句,一般放在句首，不能用it做形式主語(yǔ):WhatIwanttoknowishisaddress.Whateverwassaidheremustbekeptsecret.Whatevershedidwasright.Whoevercomeswillbewelcome.由連詞that引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句，在大多數(shù)情況下，這個(gè)從句都放在句子后部，而用代詞it作形式上的主語(yǔ)：ThatImaynotbeabletocomeispossible.=ItispossiblethatImaynotbeabletocome.Thatweneedmoreequipmentisquiteobvious.=Itisobviousthatweneedmoreequipment.Thathewillrefusetheofferisunlikely.=Itisunlikelythathewill三個(gè)固定句型（屬于此類）：It+名稱+that:Itisapitythatwecan'tgo.It+形容詞+that:ItisclearthatTomhasreturned.It+過(guò)去分詞+that:Itissaid/believed/reported/knownthat…refusetheoffer.由連接代詞或連接副詞（或whether）引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句，這個(gè)從句可以直接放在句首作主語(yǔ)，也可放到句子后部去，前面用it作形式主語(yǔ)：Whichisthebetterchoiceisobvious.=Itisobviouswhichisthebetterchoice.Whowillgoforthemeetinghasnotbeendecided.=Ithasnotbeendecidedwhowillgoforthemeeting.Wherehelosthisgoldwatchremainedamystery.=Itremainedamysterywherehelosthisgoldwatch..Whenweshallhaveoursportsmeetisstillaquestion.=Itisstillaquestionwhenweshallhaveoursportsmeet.Whetherhewilljoinuswon'tmakemuchdifferenee.=Itwon'tmakemuchdiffereneewhetherhewilljoinus.Whytheoldmanwenttothecastleisstillunknown.=Itisstillunknownwhytheoldmanwenttothecastle.Howhehadmanagedtoachievesomuchatsuchayoungagefascinatedmanypeople.=Itfascinatedmanypeoplehowhehadmanagedtoachievesomuchatsuchayoungage.2）賓語(yǔ)從句HelikesChineseverymuch.I'msurprisedathisyoungage.由that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，一般做動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)，that可以省略

thThelettersays(that)theyareleavingonthe13thIdon'tdoubt(that)theywillbeabletoovercomethedifficulties.SheremindedmethatIhadameetingtoattendthatevening.由what,who,which,how,where,when,whether(if)等引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，既可以做動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)，又可以做介詞的賓語(yǔ)Idon'tknowwhetherthesefiguresareaccurate.I'llreadwhicheverbookyourecommend.I'llshowyouwhatIhaveputdowninmynote-bookHassheinformedyouwhentheyaretoholdthemeeting.Shewasneversatisfiedwithwhatshehadachieved.Whetherthatisagoodsolutiondependsonhowyoulookatit.在某些句型中，特別是帶符合賓語(yǔ)的句子中，that引導(dǎo)的從句常常移到后部去，前面用it做形式賓語(yǔ)Weallthoughtitapityjhattheconferenceshouldhavebeencancelled.Itookitforgrantedthattheywerenotcoming.在“be乜容詞”這類結(jié)構(gòu)后，that引導(dǎo)的從句，有些在概念上接近賓語(yǔ)，而在結(jié)構(gòu)上卻接近狀語(yǔ)I'mafraidthatIhavemadeamistake.Wearesurethatweshallsuccess.Wearefullyconfidentthatwecanovercomethedifficulties.I'mnotsurewhethershewouldliketheidea.一些表語(yǔ)性的形容詞，女口：alarmed，amazecjannoyed,astonished，certain，confident，disappointed，glad，pleased，proud，sad，shocked，sure，surprised，worried，ect.做表語(yǔ)時(shí)，后面可跟由that，how等引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。例如：1.Iwasamazedhowhecouldpasstheexamwithoutattendingthelectures2.HeisconfidentthathewillpasstheBand6examination3.Shewassurprisedhowsimplehisproblemis.Weareallpleasedthathewillbeabletopassthefinalexamination.3)表語(yǔ)從句Heiskind./Heisateacher.TheSmithsarefromAustralia.Thisiswhereourbasicinterestlies.Myideaisthatweshouldsticktoouroriginalplan.WhatIreallywhattoknowishowyouhavemanagedtoremember1000wordswithinanhour.表語(yǔ)從句對(duì)主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容起解釋和闡述的作用；若表語(yǔ)從句用that引起，that起連接作用，不能省略。表語(yǔ)從句也可用連接詞how,when,where，why,what引起。由because引起