精品解析：2022屆北京市豐臺區(qū)高三下學(xué)期模擬考試（一）英語試題（解析版）

北京市豐臺區(qū)2021—2022學(xué)年度第二學(xué)期綜合練習(xí)高三英語本試卷共12頁，100分?？荚嚂r長90分鐘.考生務(wù)必格答案答在答題卡上，在試卷上作答無效.。考試結(jié)束后，將本試卷和答題卡一并交回。筆試（共三部分100分）第一部分知識運(yùn)用（共兩節(jié)，30分）第一節(jié)（共10小題：每小題1.5分，共15分）閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。Thoughnewtermhadbegunforweeks,thenewgirlMollystillremained___1___aroundherclassmates.Nowshewassittingatthepicnictablealone.Sheseemedunsureofwhattodoorsay,yetIcouldseehereyeslongingfor___2___.Brianna,theclassclown,wasstandingneartheplaygroundmakingtheotherstudentslaugh,asusual.“Brianna,Mollylooksawfully___3___.Wouldyouinvitehertojoinus?”Isaid.Briannasighed.Icouldtellthatshewas___4___todowhatIwasaskingofher,butIalsoknewshewassosweetandkind.Ihadspecifically___5___herforthistask.Shelookedatherfriends,thenatMolly.Knowingthischoicewas___6___her,IreachedintomypocketandpulledoutaD-buck,ourclasscurrency(貨幣).Ineededto___7___hercooperation.“Here,I’ll___8___youforyourtime.”Sheofferedaninsinceresmile,graspedthegreenpaper,andheadedoff.Iwatchedcloselyasthegirlstalked.Whentheyfinallywalkedbacktogether,Isighedwith___9___.Aminutelater,BriannacamebackandhandedmetheD-buck.“Ishouldn’tkeepthis.”Hereyesfelltoherfeet,_____10_____radiatingfromherquietvoice.“Idon’twantMollytothinkIonlywenttogethersoIcouldearnaD-buck.She’smyfriend.”ThenBriannaskippedbacktoamuseherclassmatesagain,andwholaughedforthefirsttimethatweek?Molly.1.A.satisfied B.surprised C.awkward D.ashamed2.A.trust B.acceptance C.understanding D.respect3.A.angry B.puzzled C.serious D.lonely4.A.unwilling B.eager C.determined D.disappointed5.A.studied B.selected C.supported D.examined6.A.comforting B.warming C.paining D.protecting7.A.consider B.permit C.check D.ensure8.A.help B.pay C.prepare D.forgive9.A.relief B.concern C.sorrow D.regret10.A.excitement B.courage C.guilt D.impatience【1~10題答案】【答案】1.C2.B3.D4.A5.B6.C7.D8.B9.A10.C【解析】【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇記敘文。文章主要講述作者請Brianna幫助新來的女孩Molly融入新的集體，并答應(yīng)給Brianna班級的貨幣。Brianna與Molly聊天之后，成為了朋友，并內(nèi)疚地把班級貨幣還給了作者?！?題詳解】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：雖然新學(xué)期已經(jīng)開始了幾個星期，但新來的女孩Molly在同學(xué)面前仍然感到很尷尬。A.satisfied感到滿意的；B.surprised感到驚奇的；C.awkward尷尬的；D.ashamed慚愧的。根據(jù)下文““Brianna,Mollylooksawfully___3___.”可知，新來的Molly感到很尷尬，故選C。【2題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：她似乎不知道該做什么或說什么，但我卻看到她渴望被接納的眼睛。A.trust信任；B.acceptance接受、接納；C.understanding理解；D.respect尊敬。根據(jù)“Nowshewassittingatthepicnictablealone.Sheseemedunsureofwhattodoorsay”可知，Molly剛到新的班級，認(rèn)識新的同學(xué)，她不知道做什么和說什么，無法融入新的集體，故推知Molly渴望獲得新同學(xué)的接納和認(rèn)可，故選B?！?題詳解】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：Brianna，Molly一個人看起來很孤獨(dú)。A.angry生氣；B.puzzled困惑的；C.serious嚴(yán)肅的；D.lonely孤獨(dú)的。根據(jù)上文“Nowshewassittingatthepicnictablealone.”可知，Molly獨(dú)自坐著，所以她應(yīng)該是看起來孤獨(dú)的，故選D?！?題詳解】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：Brianna嘆了一口氣。我看得出來，她不愿意做我要她做的事，但我也知道她是如此的善良。A.unwilling不愿意的；B.eager渴望的；C.determined決心的；D.disappointed感到失望的。根據(jù)上文“Briannasighed.”可知，Brianna嘆了一口氣，說明Brianna不愿意做我要她做的事，故選A。【5題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：我特意選擇了她來執(zhí)行這項任務(wù)。A.studied學(xué)習(xí)；B.selected選擇；C.supported支持；D.examined仔細(xì)檢查。根據(jù)上文“Icouldtellthatshewas___4___todowhatIwasaskingofher,butIalsoknewshewassosweetandkind.”可知，Brianna很善良，所以我選擇Brianna去邀請Molly，故選B?！?題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：知道這個選擇讓她很痛苦，我把手伸進(jìn)口袋，掏出一個D-buck——我們班的貨幣。A.comforting安慰；B.warming使溫暖；C.paining使苦惱；D.protecting保護(hù)。根據(jù)上文“Briannasighed.”可知，Brianna不愿意做我要她做的事，故推知我的請求使她感到苦惱，故選C?！?題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：我需要確保她的合作。A.consider考慮；B.permit允許；C.check檢查；D.ensure確保。根據(jù)“IreachedintomypocketandpulledoutaD-buck,ourclasscurrency.”可知，我為了讓Brianna去邀請Molly，給Brianna班級貨幣。故推知我想確保Brianna能答應(yīng)我的請求，與我合作。故選D。【8題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：給你，我會為你的時間付D-buck的。A.help幫助；B.pay支付；C.prepare準(zhǔn)備；D.forgive原諒。根據(jù)“IreachedintomypocketandpulledoutaD-buck,ourclasscurrency.”可知，我為了讓Brianna去邀請Molly，給Brianna班級貨幣，花班級貨幣買她的時間。故選B?！?題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：當(dāng)她們最后一起走回去時，我松了一口氣。A.relief寬慰、解脫；B.concern關(guān)心；C.sorrow悲傷；D.regret后悔。根據(jù)“Iwatchedcloselyasthegirlstalked.”及“Whentheyfinallywalkedbacktogether”可知，Brianna答應(yīng)了我的請求，陪Molly一起聊天然后一起走，一切都很順利。故推知我不再擔(dān)心Molly孤單一人，所以松了口氣，故選A。【10題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：“我不應(yīng)該保留這個。”她的目光落在腳上，內(nèi)疚從她平靜的聲音中散發(fā)出來。A.excitement興奮；B.courage勇氣；C.guilt內(nèi)疚；D.impatience不耐煩。根據(jù)“Ishouldn’tkeepthis.”及“Hereyesfelltoherfeet”可知，Brianna認(rèn)為自己不該為了要D-buck，才和Molly聊天，低下了頭。通過動作描寫可知，Brianna為自己的行為感到很內(nèi)疚，故選C。第二節(jié)（共10小題；每小題15分，共15分）A閱讀短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填空。在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫1個恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~，在給出提示詞的空白處用括號內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。Spaceexplorationbeganin1957,whenthefirstartificialsatellitewaslaunchedbytheSovietUnion.YuriGagarin____11____(become)thefirstpersontoorbit(環(huán)繞)theearthin1961.In1969,NeilArmstrongwasthefirstpersontowalk____12____themoon.Sincethen,spaceexplorationhasadvancedvery____13____(rapid).Ithasproduced,much____14____(amaze)technologythatbringschangestotheworld.【11~14題答案】【答案】11.became12.on13.rapidly14.amazing【解析】【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章介紹了太空探索及其它的的變化?！?1題詳解】考查時態(tài)。句意：在1961年，YuriGagarin成為第一位環(huán)繞地球軌道的人。根據(jù)時間狀語in1961可知，時態(tài)應(yīng)是一般過去時，故謂語動詞變過去式，故填became。【12題詳解】考查介詞。句意：1969年，NeilArmstrong是第一個在月球上行走的人。根據(jù)句意可知，此處考查短語onthemoon，表示“在月球上”。介詞on表示“在……上”，故填on?！?3題詳解】考查副詞。句意：從那時起，太空探索取得了非常快速的進(jìn)展。根據(jù)句意及句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處用副詞rapidly，作狀語，修飾advanced，表示“訊速地”，故填rapidly?！?4題詳解】考查形容詞。句意：它產(chǎn)生了許多令人驚嘆的技術(shù)，為世界帶來了改變。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處用形容詞amazing，作定語，修飾名詞technology，表示“令人驚嘆的”，故填amazing。B閱讀短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填空。在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫1個恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~，在給出提示詞的空白處用括號內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。Leaf-cutterantsareinteresting.____15____(look)forleaves,thelargerantsusuallygooutingroups.Theybiteofbitsofleavesandcarrythemback.Watchingtheseantsmarchinsinglefile,carryingleaves,isquiteasight.Theseantscancarryaleafthat____16____(weigh)20timesmorethantheydo.Theleaves____17____(collect)bytheantsarenotforeating.Theyarebroughtbacksofungus(真菌)cangrowonthem.Thofungusisthefoodfortheants.【15~17題答案】【答案】15.Tolook16.weighs17.collected【解析】【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了一種螞蟻的生活習(xí)性?！?5題詳解】考查非謂語動詞。句意：為了尋找樹葉，較大的螞蟻通常成群外出。分析句式結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處用非謂語中的動詞不定式作目的狀語，表示“為了”尋找樹葉，又因為位于句首，所以首字母要大寫。故填Tolook?！?6題詳解】考查主謂一致。句意：這些螞蟻能搬動比自己重20倍的樹葉。結(jié)合句意，分析句子可知，提示詞weigh表示“重……；有……重”，是that引導(dǎo)的定語從句中謂語動詞，先行詞aleaf是單數(shù)名詞，是從句中作主語，所以從句謂語動詞也用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。故填weighs?！?7題詳解】考查非謂語動詞。句意：螞蟻采集的葉子不是用來吃的。分析句式結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處用非謂語作后置定語，因為所給提示詞collect與其邏輯主語Theleaves之間是被動關(guān)系，所以應(yīng)該用過去分詞作后置定語。故填collected。C閱讀短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填空。在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫1個恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~，在給出提示詞的空白處用括號內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。Storyboardsareasetofdrawingstotellastoryandapowerfulwaytovisuallypresentinformation.Theoriginalstoryboards,____18____wereusedinmovie-making,showedstoriesbrokenupintopieces.Eachpieceofthestory____19____(draw)outonacardandstucktoaboardinorder.Peoplewerethenabletotalkaboutandrevisethestorybycheckingonepartatatime.Thatis____20____Iknowaboutstoryboards.【18~20題答案】【答案】18.which19.wasdrawn20.what【解析】【導(dǎo)語】本文是一片說明文。文章主要介紹了作者對情節(jié)串連圖板的了解?！?8題詳解】考查定語從句。句意：最初的情節(jié)串連圖板，用于電影制作，顯示的故事被分解成碎片。句中先行詞為storyboards，在非限定性定語從句中作主語，所以用關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)。故填which?！?9題詳解】考查時態(tài)和語態(tài)。句意：故事的每一部分都畫在一張卡片上，并按順序粘在一塊木板上。陳述過去事情，用一般過去時。主語Eachpieceofthestory與draw之間為被動關(guān)系，所以用被動語態(tài)。故填wasdrawn?！?0題詳解】考查名詞性從句。句意：這就是我對情節(jié)串連圖板了解。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，本句為表語從句，從句缺少賓語，指物，所以用連接代詞what引導(dǎo)。故填what。第二部分閱讀理解（共兩節(jié)，38分）第一節(jié)（共14小題；每小題2分，共28分）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。ADearJimO’Connor,MynameisAnnieLeandIamwritingtoyouonbehalfoftheNativeHealthCommunityGarden,agroupofpeopleworkingonstartingacommunitygardenintheMesaNeighborhood.Whilesearchingforpotentialgardenlocations,wecameacrossyourhouselocatedatWestSouthernAvenue.Weareaskingaboutthepossibilityofusingyourlandasthesiteofourgarden.Ingeneral,acommunitygardenisaspacewhereplantsaregrownandtakencareofbyagroupofpeopleinthecommunity.Communitygardensimprovethequalityoflife,offermorechancestotalktoeachotherandbeautifyneighborhoodswhileprovidinggreenfoodandthereforereducingthehouseholdcostoffood.Toensurethesmoothrunningoftheproject,electedvolunteerswouldbeincharge.Youwouldhaveaccesstoallthesevolunteersandtheywouldliketoansweranyquestionsyoumayhave.Ihaveincludedsomegeneralinformationaboutcommunitygardensandwhattheycanbringtoacommunity.Wewouldlovetospeakwithyouinpersonoroverthephonetodiscusswhathostingcommunitygardenonyourlandwouldinvolve.Issuesmayincludediscussinganagreementrentalcharges,gardenrules,andwateraccess.Allthecostsfortheprojectwillbecoveredbyus.Wewouldalsoliketopresenttoyouourvisionofthisspace.Wewouldverymuchliketohaveyoursupport.Thankyouforyourconsiderationandpleasefeelfreetocontactme.Thankyouagain.Respectfully,AnnieLe21.WhydidAnnieLewritetoJimO’Connor.ATorenthisland.B.Toofferhimajob.C.Toinvitehimtojoinhergroup.D.Toinformhimofthecommunitygarden.22.Accordingtothepassage,whatwillthegardenbringtothecommunity?A.Moregreenprojects. B.Lesswaterpollution.C.Morecommunication. D.Highercostofliving23.AnnieLewouldliketofurtherdiscuss______.A.servicecost B.cooperationdetailsC.gardeningskills D.communitydevelopment【21~23題答案】【答案】21.A22.C23.B【解析】【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇應(yīng)用文。文章主要介紹AnnieLe寫信給JimO’Connor，想要租JimO’Connor的地，與JimO’Connor談合作的細(xì)節(jié)?！?1題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Weareaskingaboutthepossibilityofusingyourlandasthesiteofourgarden.(我們想向您詢問將您的土地用作我們花園場地的可能性。)”及第五段“Issuesmayincludediscussinganagreementrentalcharges,gardenrules,andwateraccess.Allthecostsfortheprojectwillbecoveredbyus.(問題可能包括討論協(xié)議租金，花園規(guī)則和用水。所有項目的費(fèi)用都是我們出。)”可知，AnnieLe給JimO’Connor寫信的目的是想租JimO’Connor的地。故選A?！?2題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“Communitygardensimprovethequalityoflife,offermorechancestotalktoeachotherandbeautifyneighborhoodswhileprovidinggreenfoodandthereforereducingthehouseholdcostoffood.(社區(qū)花園可以改善生活質(zhì)量，提供了更多相互交談的機(jī)會，美化了社區(qū)，同時提供了綠色食物，從而降低了家庭食物成本。)”可知，花園將為社區(qū)提供更多交流的機(jī)會。故選C?！?3題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段“Wewouldlovetospeakwithyouinpersonoroverthephonetodiscusswhathostingcommunitygardenonyourlandwouldinvolve.Issuesmayincludediscussinganagreementrentalcharges,gardenrules,andwateraccess.(我們很樂意面對面或通過電話與您交流，討論在您的土地上托管社區(qū)花園將涉及什么。問題可能包括討論協(xié)議租金，花園規(guī)則和用水。)”及“Wewouldalsoliketopresenttoyouourvisionofthisspace.(我們還想向您介紹我們對這塊空間的看法。)”可知，AnnieLe想和JimO’Connor討論更多的合作細(xì)節(jié)，故選B。BLocalbarber(理發(fā)師)goesaboveandbeyondforalittleboy“Thatdaystartedallwrong,”LaQuistaErinnasaid.“Andweforgothisheadphones.Wewererunninglate,trafficwashorrible,soIknewitwasgoingtobedifficultthatday.”WhenErinnaandhersonfinallyarrivedattheirappointment,itseemedliketherewasnoway6-year-oldJackson,aboywithautism(自閉癥),wouldbegettinghishaircut.“Hejustimmediatelygotanxious,”Erinnaexplained.“UsuallyIhavetodosomecoachingtogethiminthechair.Hewillputonhisheadphones,andwepowerthrough.”ErinnasaidJacksonisatypicallittleboywholovestoplayandlovesart.Butsometaskscanbesensoryoverload,andhaircutsareoneofthem.ThestresswassointenseformomandsonthatalmosttwoyearswentbybeforeJacksongotanotherhaircut.Butthistime,hewasinthehandsofRee,thebarber,andthingsweregettingeasier.ReenoticedhisSuperMarioBrosshirtandtoldhimthatheneededtosaveMariobymakingsurenohairgotonhim.Shecuthishairwhilehemovedandranaroundtheshop.Shetalkedtohimthroughouttheentireprocess,encouraginghimandremindinghimaboutprotectingMariotokeephimengaged.“Itjusttouchedmesomuch,”Erinnasaid:“Shenurturedthatrelationship.Shegainedhistrust.”“IfeelgoodIcangoaboveandbeyondforachild,”Reesaid.“Iknowchildrenwanttobefree.TheywanttoexpressthemselvessoItrytofindadifferentstrategytomakethemfeelcomfortable”Jackson’ssmiletoldtherestofthestory.Erinnawasverymovedbyherson’shaircut.Shesharedavideoonline,whichhasgottenmillionsofviews.Giventhehugeresponse,ErinnaalsosetupaspecialGoFundMetosupportReetomakesureshe’sabletocontinuetoworkandreplaceanylostincomefromtheimpactofthepandemic(流行病).24.WhatusuallyhelpedtocalmJacksonduringhaircuts?A.Hismother’strust. B.Hisartbooks.C.Hisbarber’sencouragement. D.Hisheadphones25.HowdidReesucceedincuttingJackson’shair?A.ByinspringhimtobebraveB.Bycooperatingwithhismother.C.Byturningthehaircutintoagame.D.BytellingstoriesaboutSuperMario.26.ToexpressthankstoRee,Erinna______.A.raisedmoneytosupportherB.advertisedherhaircuttingskillsC.gothaircutsathershopregularlyD.postedphotosofJackson’shaircutonline27.WhichofthefollowingwordscanbestdescribeRee?A.Kindandhonest. B.Caringandgenerous.C.Patientandcreative. D.Confidentandfriendly.【24~27題答案】【答案】24.D25.C26.A27.C【解析】【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇記敘文。文章講述了對于患有自閉癥的6歲男孩杰克遜來說，理發(fā)是一件很困難的事情。理發(fā)師里把艱難的一天變成了一場特殊的比賽。【24題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段“Andweforgothisheadphones.Wewererunninglate,trafficwashorrible,soIknewitwasgoingtobedifficultthatday.(我們忘了他的耳機(jī)。我們要遲到了，交通也很糟糕，所以我知道那天會很難熬。)”和第三段“UsuallyIhavetodosomecoachingtogethiminthechair.Hewillputonhisheadphones,andwepowerthrough.(通常我需要做一些指導(dǎo)才能讓他坐到椅子上。他會戴上耳機(jī)，然后我們就接通了。)”可知，通常耳機(jī)能幫助杰克遜在理發(fā)時冷靜下來。故選D?！?5題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第六段“ReenoticedhisSuperMarioBrosshirtandtoldhimthatheneededtosaveMariobymakingsurenohairgotonhim.Shecuthishairwhilehemovedandranaroundtheshop.Shetalkedtohimthroughouttheentireprocess,encouraginghimandremindinghimaboutprotectingMariotokeephimengaged.(麗注意到他的超級馬里奧兄弟襯衫，并告訴他，他需要確保他身上沒有頭發(fā)，以拯救馬里奧。他在店里跑來跑去的時候，她給他剪了頭發(fā)。在整個過程中，她都在和他說話，鼓勵他，提醒他要保護(hù)馬里奧，讓他沉浸其中。)”可知，麗把理發(fā)變成保護(hù)馬里奧的游戲，成功剪掉杰克遜的頭發(fā)。故選C。【26題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“Giventhehugeresponse,ErinnaalsosetupaspecialGoFundMetosupportReetomakesureshe’sabletocontinuetoworkandreplaceanylostincomefromtheimpactofthepandemic(流行病).(厄琳娜對兒子的發(fā)型非常感動。她在網(wǎng)上分享了一段視頻，獲得了數(shù)百萬的瀏覽量。鑒于巨大的反響，厄琳娜還設(shè)立了一個GoFundMe特別基金來支持麗，以確保她能夠繼續(xù)工作，并彌補(bǔ)因疫情影響而失去的收入。)”可知，為了表達(dá)對里的感謝，歐琳娜籌集了資金來支持她。故選A?！?7題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第六段“ReenoticedhisSuperMarioBrosshirtandtoldhimthatheneededtosaveMariobymakingsurenohairgotonhim.ShecuthishairwhilehemovedandranaroundtheshopScess,encouraginghimandremindinghimaboutprotectingMariotokeephimengaged.(麗注意到他的超級馬里奧兄弟襯衫，并告訴他，他需要確保他身上沒有頭發(fā)，以拯救馬里奧。他在店里跑來跑去的時候，她給他剪了頭發(fā)，整個過程中她都在跟他說話。鼓勵他，提醒他要保護(hù)馬里奧，讓他沉浸其中。)”和第八段“‘IfeelgoodIcangoaboveandbeyondforachild,’Reesaid.‘Iknowchildrenwanttobefree.TheywanttoexpressthemselvessoItrytofindadifferentstrategytomakethemfeelcomfortable’(“我覺得很好，我可以為一個孩子做得更好，”麗說?！拔抑篮⒆觽兿胍杂?。他們想要表達(dá)自己，所以我試圖找到一種不同的策略，讓他們感到舒服?！?”可推斷，麗為跑來跑去并患有自閉癥的孩子理發(fā)，說明她很有耐心；麗用游戲的方式并嘗試用不同的策略為孩子理發(fā)，說明她具有創(chuàng)造性。故選C。CThepeoplewhohappentobeinacitycenteratanygivenmomentmayseemlikearandomcollectionofindividuals.Butnewresearchfeaturingasimplemathematicallawshowsthaturbantravelpatternsworldwideare,infact,predictabledespitelocation.Researchersdiscoveredwhatisknownasaninversesquarerelation(平方反比關(guān)系)betweenthenumberofpeopleinagivenurbanlocationandthedistancetheytraveledtogetthere,aswellashowfrequentlytheymadethetrip.Itmayseemintuitive(直覺的)thatpeoplevisitnearbylocationsfrequentlyanddistantoneslessso,butthenewlydiscoveredrelationaccuratelypredicts,forinstance,thatthenumberofpeoplecomingfromtwokilometersawayfivetimesperweekwillbethesameasthenumbercomingfromfivekilometerstwiceaweek.Theresearchersanalyzeddatafromabouteightmillionpeoplebetween2006and2013insixurbanlocations.Thisstudyfocusedonlocationsandexaminedhowmanypeoplewerevisiting,fromhowfarandhowrequently.Theresearchersfoundthatalltheuniquechoicespeoplemake—fromdroppingkidsatschooltoshopping-obeythisinversesquarelaw.Oneexplanationforthisstrongstatisticalpatteristhattravelingrequirestimeandenergy,andpeoplehavelimitedresourcesforit.Atthecoreistheeffortthatpeoplearewillingtoinvestcollectivelytotraveltocertainlocations,tryingtooptimizetheirdays.Understandingthesepatternsisimportantnotonlyforplanningtheplacementofnewshoppingcentersorpublictransportationbutalsoformodelingdiseasetransmissionwithincities,saysKathleenStewart,ageographerandmobilityresearcher.Manyresearchersestimatetravelwith“gravitymodels”,whichassumethatmovementbetweencitiesisproportional(成比例的)totheirpopulationsizes.Butthesemodelsdonotaccountfortravelpatterswithincites—informationthatisparticularlycriticalindealingwithdiseasetransmissionEpidemiologist(流行病學(xué)家)SamScarpinosaysmodelsbasedonthisnewfindingmightbettertrackthatflow.“Thoseorganizationalpatternshavereallyprofound(深遠(yuǎn)的)implicationsonhowCOVIDwillspread,”Scarpinosays.Inasmallerrurallocation,wheremanypeopleregularlygotothesamegrocerystore,theentiretownwillexperiencesharppeaksofinfectionsasthevirussweepsthroughthecommunity.Butinabiggercity,thespreadtakeslongerheexplains,becauseminiepidemicscanoccurineachneighborhoodsomewhatseparately.28.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“optimize”inParagraph4probablymean?A.Slowdown. B.Keeparecordof.C.Thinkbackon. D.Makethemostof.29.Whydoestheauthormention“gravitymodels”inParagraph6?A.Tointroducethetravelpatternswithincities.B.Tostresstheimportanceoftrackingdiseases.C.Tocomparetheurbanandruralinfectionrates.D.Toshowtheadvantageoftheinversesquarelaw.30.Whichofthefollowingcanbesupportedbythenewlydiscoveredlaw?A.Diseasesspreadfasterinruralareasthanbigcities.B.Tripdistanceseldominfluencespeople’stravelchoices.C.Epidemicsarehardertodiscoverinbigcitiesthaninruralareas,D.Cityresidentsarelikelytomakefrequenttripstoadistantplace.【28~30題答案】【答案】28.D29.D30.A【解析】【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要講述一項新研究，利用簡單數(shù)學(xué)定律預(yù)測全球城市旅行模式，并介紹該定律的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。【28題詳解】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第四段“Oneexplanationforthisstrongstatisticalpatteristhattravelingrequirestimeandenergy,andpeoplehavelimitedresourcesforit.(這種深刻的統(tǒng)計模式的一種解釋是，行走需要時間和精力，而人們的資源有限。)”可知，人們的資源、時間和精力有限，所以人們要使他們的一天達(dá)到最優(yōu)化的效果。故推知optimize的意思是“使最優(yōu)化”與makethemostof意義一致，故選D?！?9題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第六段“Manyresearchersestimatetravelwith“gravitymodels”,whichassumethatmovementbetweencitiesisproportional(成比例的)totheirpopulationsizes.Butthesemodelsdonotaccountfortravelpatterswithincites—informationthatisparticularlycriticalindealingwithdiseasetransmissionEpidemiologist(流行病學(xué)家)SamScarpinosaysmodelsbasedonthisnewfindingmightbettertrackthatflow.(許多研究人員使用“重力模型”來估計旅行，該模型假設(shè)城市之間的移動與其人口規(guī)模成比例的。但這些模型沒有考慮到城市內(nèi)部的旅行。這些信息在處理疾病傳播時尤其重要。流行病學(xué)家SamScarpino表示，基于這一新發(fā)現(xiàn)，可能會更好地跟蹤這種流動。)”可知，本段主要說明“重力模型”的缺點(diǎn)，它沒有考慮到城市內(nèi)部的旅行，會對處理疾病傳播有影響。第五段“Understandingthesepatternsisimportantnotonlyforplanningtheplacementofnewshoppingcentersorpublictransportationbutalsoformodelingdiseasetransmissionwithincities,saysKathleenStewart,ageographerandmobilityresearcher.(地理學(xué)家和移動性研究員KathleenStewart說：“了解這些模式不僅對于規(guī)劃新購物中心或公共交通的布局很重要，而且對于模擬城市內(nèi)的疾病傳播也很重要?！?”說明了平方反比原理的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。故推知，作者在第六段中提到gravitymodels是為了展現(xiàn)重力模型的缺點(diǎn)及平方反比原理的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，故選D。【30題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Inasmallerrurallocation,wheremanypeopleregularlygotothesamegrocerystore,theentiretownwillexperiencesharppeaksofinfectionsasthevirussweepsthroughthecommunity.Butinabiggercity,thespreadtakeslongerheexplains,becauseminiepidemicscanoccurineachneighborhoodsomewhatseparately.(在一個較小的農(nóng)村地區(qū)，許多人經(jīng)常去同一家雜貨店，隨著病毒席卷整個社區(qū)，整個城鎮(zhèn)將經(jīng)歷急劇的感染高峰。他解釋說：“但在一個更大的城市，傳播需要更長的時間，因為小型流行病可以輕微地、單獨(dú)地發(fā)生在每個社區(qū)?！?”可知，病毒在農(nóng)村地區(qū)的傳播速度比在大城市傳播的速度快，故選A。DEarlierthisweektheonlineUKsupermarketOcadotolditscustomersthatithad“l(fā)imitedability”todelivericeream.Why?Becausethepriceofnaturalgashasincreasedgreatly,whichhashitthesupplyofCO2intheUK.Andthathasledtoacutinthesupplyofdryicethatsupermarketsusetokeepfoodcoolintheirdeliveryvans(小型貨車).Sonoicecream.Thisminicrisishasbeenfairlyquicklyresolve,fornowatleast.However,thatdoesn’tmeanyoushouldn’tworry.Thisincidentservesasatimelyreminderofjusthowreliantweareonfossilfuels.Despiteouroptimisticenthusiasmforwindandsolarpower,onewayoranotheroilandgasuseisshotthrougheverypartofoureconomicandsociallives.Thatwillbethecaseformanydecadestocome.InhisrecentlyupdatedbookThereisNoPlanetB.MikeBerners-LeelaysoutthechallengeWhenwetalkaboutshiftingfromfossilfuelstocleanenergyofonekindoranother,wearen’tdiscussingtakingtheamountofenergyweusenowandproducingthatamountinadifferentway.Instead,ourtargetisalwaysonthemove.Themoreenergywecangetourhandson,themoreweuse—evenifouruseofitbecomesmoreefficient.Energyusageisgoingtokeeprising,whileenergytransitions(轉(zhuǎn)變)tendtobothtakeaverylongtimeandneveractuallyend.Wejustpilenewsourcesontopofold.Theworldstillusesmuchthesameamountoftraditionalbiomass(woodetc)asitdid100yearsago.Wearerunningtostandstill.Thiswillchange.Butnotasfastasyoumightliketothink.In2019,33percentofournewpowergenerationneedsweremetbyrenewableenergy.That’sastart.But40percentweremetbynaturalgas.There’surgencyhereofcourse—whichmightspeedthingsup.Butthereissomethingelsethatmightslowusdown.Itdidn’ttakemuchtomovepeopletofossilfuels—theyarerelativelyeasytoextract,relativelyeasytotransport,hugelyenergydenseandefficientand,ofcourse,cheap.Untiltheirexternalitieswereunderstood,whocouldpossiblyhaveobjected?Ourcurrenttransitionisdifferent:peopleandcompanieswillswitchnotbecausethenewsourcesareeasiertoaccess,cheaperormoreenergydensebutbecauseregulationmandatesthattheymust.Eitherway,thetruthisthatwhetherwelikeitornotourenergytransitioninvolveslongtermrelianceonfossilfuels.Thatmeansweshouldstopdemolisingthem.Instead,weshouldfocusonmakingtheirextractioncleanerandmoreefficientwhilewewaitfortheengineeringchallengesaroundarenewables-ledfuturetobesolved.Ifwedon’tdothis—ifweallowourselvestobebeguiledbytheideathatsolarissoadvancedthatwenolongerneedfilthyfuelstohaveicecream,we,willfindthefutureheldbackbyneedlesslyexpensiveenergy—andalmostcertainlyice-creamfree.31.Whatdothefirsttwoparagraphsmainlyshow?A.Thenecessityfortraditionalfuels.B.Ourenthusiasmforcleanenergy.C.Theseriousnessofenergycrisis.D.UK’sdependenceondryice.32.AccordingtoMikeBerners-Lee,______.A.wehavemoretypesofenergyonhandB.theuseofenergybecomesmoreefficientC.energytransitionisfarfrombeingrealizedD.weareclosertotheaimofreplacingfossilfuels33.Theunderlinedword“demolising”inParagraph6canbereplacedby______.A.wasting B.devaluingC.distributing D.justifying34.Whatisthewriter’sattitudetowardthetransitiontotherenewableenergy?A.Indifferent. B.Defensive.C.Disapproving. D.Cautious.【31~34題答案】【答案】31.A32.C33.A34.D【解析】【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要講述我們對化石燃料的依賴及能源轉(zhuǎn)移的前景和缺點(diǎn)?！?1題詳解】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段“Thisincidentservesasatimelyreminderofjusthowreliantweareonfossilfuels.Despiteouroptimisticenthusiasmforwindandsolarpower,onewayoranotheroilandgasuseisshotthrougheverypartofoureconomicandsociallives.Thatwillbethecaseformanydecadestocome.(這一事件及時地提醒我們，我們是多么依賴化石燃料。盡管我們對風(fēng)能和太陽能發(fā)電充滿熱情、抱有樂觀的看法，但石油和天然氣的使用以這種或那種方式貫穿于我們經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會生活的方方面面，今后幾十年的情況也將如此。)”可知，石油和天然氣這樣的傳統(tǒng)燃料對我們生活非常重要。故前兩段主要講傳統(tǒng)燃料的重要性，故選A。【32題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段“Energyusageisgoingtokeeprising,whileenergytransitions(轉(zhuǎn)變)tendtobothtakeaverylongtimeandneveractuallyend.Wejustpilenewsourcesontopofold.Theworldstillusesmuchthesameamountoftraditionalbiomass(woodetc)asitdid100yearsago.Wearerunningtostandstill.(能源使用量將繼續(xù)上升，而能源轉(zhuǎn)變往往需要很長時間，而且永遠(yuǎn)不會真正結(jié)束。我們只是在舊的資源之上堆積新的來源。世界仍然使用與100年前相同數(shù)量的傳統(tǒng)生物量（木材等）。我們?nèi)匀灰粍硬粍?，沒有改變。)”可知，能源轉(zhuǎn)變耗時長，不會真正結(jié)束，故推知能源轉(zhuǎn)變很難實現(xiàn)，故選C?！?3題詳解】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第六段“Eitherway,thetruthisthatwhetherwelikeitornotourenergytransitioninvolveslongtermrelianceonfossilfuels.(不管怎樣，事實是，無論我們喜歡與否，我們的能源轉(zhuǎn)型都需要長期依賴化石燃料。)”根據(jù)下文“Instead,weshouldfocusonmakingtheirextractioncleanerandmoreefficientwhilewewaitfortheengineeringchallengesaroundarenewables-ledfuturetobesolved.”（相反，在我們等待由可再生能源主導(dǎo)的未來的工程挑戰(zhàn)被解決的同時，我們應(yīng)該專注于使它們的開采更加清潔和高效。）可知，我們不能浪費(fèi)化石燃料，故demolishing的意思是“浪費(fèi)”，與wasting意義一致，故選A?！?4題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第六段“Eitherway,thetruthisthatwhetherwelikeitornotourenergytransitioninvolveslongtermrelianceonfossilfuels.(無論哪種方式，事實是，無論我們喜歡與否，我們的能源轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)變都涉及對化石燃料的長期依賴。)”及最后一段“Ifwedon’tdothis—ifweallowourselvestobebeguiledbytheideathatsolarissoadvancedthatwenolongerneedfilthyfuelstohaveicecream,we,willfindthefutureheldbackbyneedlesslyexpensiveenergy—andalmostcertainlyice-creamfree.(如果我們不這樣做——如果我們允許自己被太陽能的先進(jìn)所欺騙，以至于我們認(rèn)為不再需要骯臟的燃料來生產(chǎn)淇淋，我們就會發(fā)現(xiàn)未來被不必要的昂貴能源所阻礙——幾乎可以肯定的是，沒有冰淇淋。)”可知，我們?nèi)匀婚L期依賴化石燃料。如果只是依賴可再生能源的轉(zhuǎn)移，我們將被這些能源所阻礙，故推知，作者認(rèn)為不能只是依賴可再生能源，對轉(zhuǎn)變成可再生能源持小心謹(jǐn)慎的態(tài)度。故選D。第二節(jié)（共5小題：每小題2分，共10分）根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后的七個選項中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。選項中有兩項為多余選項。RethinkingObesity(肥胖癥)Inprinciple,itsoundssimple:eatlessandmovemore.Thisdietaryadvicefordealingwithobesityhasbeenaroundfordecades.____35____Sowhyhasn’tthisapproachtoweightcontrolworked?Onepossibilityisthatwehaven’ttriedhardenough.Perhapswehavelackedthedisciplineandwillpowertomaintainhealthydietaryandexercisehabits—achallengemademoredifficulttodayforthosesurroundedbyinexpensive,tastyhighlyprocessedfoods.____36____Inarecentpaper,mycolleaguesandIquestionthebasicassumptionofwhethertakinginmorecaloriesthanyouburnreallyistheprimarycauseofobesity.Wearguethatwearedriventoovereatbecausewearegettingfatter.Thekeytohowthisworksinobesityisinsulin(胰島素)processed,rapidlydigestiblecarbohydrates(碳水化合物食品)raiseourinsulinleveltoohigh.____37____Afewhoursaftereatingahigh-carbmeal,thenumberofcaloriesinthebloodstreamfallssuddenly,sowegethungriersooneraftereating.Thetwoopposingviewsofcauseandeffectinobesityhaveverydifferentimplicationsforhowtopreventandtreatweightproblems.Theusualapproachfocusesonhowmuchtoeat,withprescriptions(處方)fordailycalorieintake.____38____Higher-fatfoodsmayhelpget