2023年英語真題及答案

1995年全國碩士碩士入學統(tǒng)一考試英語試題SectionI StructureandVocabularyPartADirections:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(5points)1. Between1897and1919atleast29motionpicturesinwhichartificialbeingswereportrayed________.[A]hadproduced[B]havebeenproduced[C]wouldhaveproduced[D]hadbeenproduced2. Thereoughttobelessanxietyovertheperceivedriskofgettingcancerthan________inthepublicmindtoday.[A]exists[B]exist[C]existing[D]existed3. Theprofessorcanhardlyfindsufficientgrounds________hisargumentinfavorofthenewtheory.[A]whichtobaseon[B]onwhichtobase[C]tobaseonwhich[D]whichtobebasedon4. ________canhelpbutbefascinatedbytheworldintowhichheistakenbythesciencefiction.[A]Everybody[B]Anybody[C]Somebody[D]Nobody5. Howmanyofus________,say,ameetingthatisirrelevanttouswouldbeinterestedinthediscussion?[A]attended[B]attending[C]toattend[D]haveattended6. Hydrogenisthefundamentalelementoftheuniverse________itprovidesthebuildingblocksfromwhichtheotherelementsareproduced.[A]sothat[B]butthat[C]inthat[D]providedthat7. Wearetaughtthatabusinesslettershouldbewritteninaformalstyle________inapersonalone.[A]ratherthan[B]otherthan[C]betterthan[D]lessthan8. ________isgenerallyaccepted,economicalgrowthisdeterminedbythesmoothdevelopmentofproduction.[A]What[B]That[C]It[D]As9. Itisbelievedthattoday’spopmusiccanserveasacreativeforce________stimulatingthethinkingofitslisteners.[A]by[B]with[C]at[D]on10. Justasthesoilisapartoftheearth,________theatmosphere.[A]asitis[B]thesameas[C]sois[D]andsoisPartBDirections:Eachofthefollowingsentenceshasfourunderlinedpartsmarked[A],[B],[C],and[D].IdentifythepartofthesentencethatisincorrectandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(5points)11. TheconveniencesthatAmericansdesireeq\o(reflecting,\s\do14(A))notsomuchaeq\o(leisurely,\s\do14(B))lifestyleasabusylifestyleinwhichevenminutesoftimeeq\o(are,\s\do14(C))toovaluableeq\o(tobewasted,\s\do14(D)).12. Indebating,onemustcorrecttheeq\o(opponent’s,\s\do14(A))facts,denytherelevanceofhisproof,ordenyeq\o(that,\s\do14(B))eq\o(what,\s\do14(C))hepresentsasproof,eq\o(unless,\s\do14(D))relevant,issufficient.13. Wearenoteq\o(consciousof,\s\do14(A))theextenteq\o(ofwhich,\s\do14(B))workprovidesthepsychologicalsatisfactioneq\o(that,\s\do14(C))canmaketheeq\o(difference,\s\do14(D))betweenafullandanemptylife.14. ThePortugueseeq\o(give,\s\do14(A))agreatdealofcredittoeq\o(oneman,\s\do14(B))foreq\o(havingpromoted,\s\do14(C))seatravel,thatmaneq\o(was,\s\do14(D))PrinceHenrythenavigator,wholivedinthe15thcentury.15. eq\o(Accountsof,\s\do14(A))scientificexperimentsaregenerallycorrecteq\o(for,\s\do14(B))thoseeq\o(writeabout,\s\do14(C))sciencearecarefulineq\o(checking,\s\do14(D))theaccuracyoftheirreports.16. wheneverweeq\o(hearof,\s\do14(A))anaturaldisaster,eq\o(even,\s\do14(B))inadistantpartoftheworld,wefeeleq\o(sympathy,\s\do14(C))forthepeopleeq\o(tohaveaffected,\s\do14(D)).17. Itisperhapsnotanexaggerationeq\o(tosay,\s\do14(A))thatweshallsoonbeeq\o(trusting,\s\do14(B))ourhealth,wealthandhappinesstoelementswitheq\o(whom,\s\do14(C))verynamesthegeneralpubliceq\o(are,\s\do14(D))unfamiliar.18. Thespeakerclaimedthateq\o(noother,\s\do14(A))modernnationdevoteseq\o(sosmall,\s\do14(B))aportionofitswealthtopublicassistanceandhealtheq\o(than,\s\do14(C))theUnitedStateseq\o(does,\s\do14(D)).19. Therearethosewhoconsideritquestionablethattheseeq\o(defence-linked,\s\do14(A))researchprojectswilleq\o(accountfor,\s\do14(B))animprovementinthestandardoflivingor,alternately,eq\o(todomuch,\s\do14(C))toprotectoureq\o(diminishing,\s\do14(D))resources.20. Ifindividualseq\o(areawakened,\s\do14(A))eq\o(eachtimeas,\s\do14(B))theybeginadreamphaseofsleep,theyarelikelytobecomeirritableeq\o(eventhough,\s\do14(C))theirtotalamountofsleepeq\o(hasbeen,\s\do14(D))sufficient.PartCDirections:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)21. Inthatcountry,gueststendtofeeltheyarenothighly________iftheinvitationtoadinnerpartyisextendedonlythreeorfourdaysbeforethepartydate.[A]admired[B]regarded[C]expected[D]worshipped22. A________ofthelongreportbythebudgetcommitteewassubmittedtothemayorforapproval.[A]shorthand[B]scheme[C]schedule[D]sketch23. Amanhastomake________forhisoldagebyputtingasideenoughmoneytoliveonwhenold.[A]supply[B]assurance[C]provision[D]adjustment24. Thenewly-builtScienceBuildingseems________enoughtolastahundredyears.[A]spacious[B]sophisticated[C]substantial[D]steady25. Itiswell-knownthattheretiredworkersinourcountryare________freemedicalcare.[A]entitledto[B]involvedin[C]associatedwith[D]assignedto26. Thefarmersweremoreanxiousforrainthanthepeopleinthecitybecausetheyhadmoreat________.[A]danger[B]stake[C]loss[D]threat27. Ifelt________todeathbecauseIcouldmakenothingofthechairman’sspeech.[A]fatigued[B]tired[C]exhausted[D]bored28. Whentheenginewouldnotstart,themechanicinspectedallthepartstofindwhatwasat________.[A]wrong[B]trouble[C]fault[D]difficulty29. Youradvicewouldbe________valuabletohim,whoisatpresentathiswit’send.[A]exceedingly[B]excessively[C]extensively[D]exclusively30. Hefailedtocarryoutsomeoftheprovisionsofthecontract,andnowhehasto________theconsequences.[A]answerfor[B]runinto[C]abideby[D]stepinto31. Theriverisalready________itsbanksbecauseofexcessiverainfall;andthecityisthreatenedwithalikelyflood.[A]parallelto[B]levelin[C]flaton[D]flushwith32. People________thatverticalflighttransportswouldcarrymillionsofpassengersasdotheairlinersoftoday.[A]convinced[B]anticipated[C]resolved[D]assured33. Inspiteofthewiderangeofreadingmaterialspeciallywrittenor________forlanguagelearningpurposes,thereisyetnocomprehensivesystematicprogrammeforthereadingskills.[A]adapted[B]acknowledged[C]assembled[D]appointed34. Themothersaidshewould________hersonwashingthedishesifhecouldfinishhisassignmentbeforesupper.[A]letdown[B]letalone[C]letoff[D]letout35. Weshouldalwayskeepinmindthat________decisionsoftenleadtobitterregrets.[A]urgent[B]hasty[C]instant[D]prompt36. Johncomplainedtothebooksellerthattherewereseveralpages________inthedictionary.[A]missing[B]losing[C]dropping[D]leaking37. Inthepast,mostforestershavebeenmen,buttoday,thenumberofwomen________thisfieldisclimbing.[A]engaging[B]devoting[C]registering[D]pursuing38. Thesupervisordidn’thavetimesofartogointoit________,buthegaveusanideaabouthisplan.[A]athand[B]inturn[C]inconclusion[D]atlength39. Theirdemandforapayraisehasnottheslightest________ofbeingmet.[A]prospect[B]prediction[C]prosperity[D]permission40. It’susuallythecasethatpeopleseldombehaveina________waywheninafuriousstate.[A]stable[B]rational[C]legal[D]credibleSectionII ClozeTestDirections:Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)Sleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleep,characterizedbyrapideyemovementsanddreaming,andlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep.EQ\X\BO(大41家)kindofsleepisatallwell-understood,butREMsleepisEQ\X\BO(大42家)toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepisevenmoreEQ\X\BO(大43家).Thenewexperiments,suchasthoseEQ\X\BO(大44家)forthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietyforSleepResearchinMinneapolis,suggestfascinatingexplanationsEQ\X\BO(大45家)ofnon-REMsleep.Forexample,ithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleepEQ\X\BO(大46家)is100percentfataltorats,yet,EQ\X\BO(大47家)examinationofthedeadbodies,theanimalslookcompletelynormal.AresearcherhasnowEQ\X\BO(大48家)themysteryofwhytheanimalsdie.TheratsEQ\X\BO(大49家)bacterialinfectionsoftheblood,EQ\X\BO(大50家)theirimmunesystems--theself-protectingmechanismagainstdisease--hadcrashed.41. [A]Either[B]Neither[C]Each[D]Any42. [A]intended[B]required[C]assumed[D]inferred43. [A]subtle[B]obvious[C]mysterious[D]doubtful44. [A]maintained[B]described[C]settled[D]afforded45. [A]inthelight[B]byvirtue[C]withtheexception[D]forthepurpose46. [A]reduction[B]destruction[C]deprivation[D]restriction47. [A]upon[B]by[C]through[D]with48. [A]paidattentionto[B]caughtsightof[C]laidemphasison[D]castlighton49. [A]develop[B]produce[C]stimulate[D]induce50. [A]if[B]asif[C]onlyif[D]ifonlySectionIII ReadingComprehensionDirections:Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)Text1MoneyspentonadvertisingismoneyspentaswellasanyIknowof.Itservesdirectlytoassistarapiddistributionofgoodsatreasonableprices,therebyestablishingafirmhomemarketandsomakingitpossibletoprovideforexportatcompetitiveprices.Bydrawingattentiontonewideasithelpsenormouslytoraisestandardsofliving.Byhelpingtoincreasedemanditensuresanincreasedneedforlabour,andisthereforeaneffectivewaytofightunemployment.Itlowersthecostsofmanyservices:withoutadvertisementsyourdailynewspaperwouldcostfourtimesasmuch,thepriceofyourtelevisionlicensewouldneedtobedoubledandtravelbybusortubewouldcost20percentmore.Andperhapsmostimportantofall,advertisingprovidesaguaranteeofreasonablevalueintheproductsandservicesyoubuy.Apartfromthefactthattwenty-sevenActsofParliamentgovernthetermsofadvertising,noregularadvertiserdarepromoteaproductthatfailstoliveuptothepromiseofhisadvertisements.Hemightfoolsomepeopleforalittlewhilethroughmisleadingadvertising.Hewillnotdosoforlong,formercifullythepublichasthegoodsensenottobuytheinferiorarticlemorethanonce.Ifyouseeanarticleconsistentlyadvertised,itisthesurestproofIknowthatthearticledoeswhatisclaimedforit,andthatitrepresentsgoodvalue.AdvertisingdoesmoreforthematerialbenefitofthecommunitythananyotherforceIcanthinkof.ThereisonepointIfeelIoughttotouchon.RecentlyIheardawell-knowntelevisionpersonalitydeclarethathewasagainstadvertisingbecauseitpersuadesratherthaninforms.Hewasdrawingexcessivelyfinedistinctions.Ofcourseadvertisingseekstopersuade.Ifitsmessagewereconfinedmerelytoinformation--andthatinitselfwouldbedifficultifnotimpossibletoachieve,forevenadetailsuchasthechoiceofthecolourofashirtissubtlypersuasive--advertisingwouldbesoboringthatnoonewouldpayanyattention.Butperhapsthatiswhatthewell-knowntelevisionpersonalitywants.51. Bythefirstsentenceofthepassagetheauthormeansthat________.[A]heisfairlyfamiliarwiththecostofadvertising[B]everybodyknowswellthatadvertisingismoneyconsuming[C]advertisingcostsmoneylikeeverythingelse[D]itisworthwhiletospendmoneyonadvertising52. Inthepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTincludedintheadvantagesofadvertising?[A]Securinggreaterfame.[B]Providingmorejobs.[C]Enhancinglivingstandards.[D]Reducingnewspapercost.53. Theauthordeemsthatthewell-knownTVpersonalityis________.[A]verypreciseinpassinghisjudgmentonadvertising[B]interestedinnothingbutthebuyers’attention[C]correctintellingthedifferencebetweenpersuasionandinformation[D]obviouslypartialinhisviewsonadvertising54. Intheauthor’sopinion,________.[A]advertisingcanseldombringmaterialbenefittomanbyprovidinginformation[B]advertisinginformspeopleofnewideasratherthanwinsthemover[C]thereisnothingwrongwithadvertisinginpersuadingthebuyer[D]thebuyerisnotinterestedingettinginformationfromanadvertisementText2Therearetwobasicwaystoseegrowth:oneasaproduct,theotherasaprocess.Peoplehavegenerallyviewedpersonalgrowthasanexternalresultorproductthatcaneasilybeidentifiedandmeasured.Theworkerwhogetsapromotion,thestudentwhosegradesimprove,theforeignerwholearnsanewlanguage--alltheseareexamplesofpeoplewhohavemeasurableresultstoshowfortheirefforts.Bycontrast,theprocessofpersonalgrowthismuchmoredifficulttodetermine,sincebydefinitionitisajourneyandnotthespecificsignpostsorlandmarksalongtheway.Theprocessisnottheroaditself,butrathertheattitudesandfeelingspeoplehave,theircautionorcourage,astheyencounternewexperiencesandunexpectedobstacles.Inthisprocess,thejourneyneverreallyends;therearealwaysnewwaystoexperiencetheworld,newideastotry,newchallengestoaccept.Inordertogrow,totravelnewroads,peopleneedtohaveawillingnesstotakerisks,toconfronttheunknown,andtoacceptthepossibilitythattheymay“fail”atfirst.Howweseeourselvesaswetryanewwayofbeingisessentialtoourabilitytogrow.Doweperceiveourselvesasquickandcurious?Ifso,thenwetendtotakemorechancesandtobemoreopentounfamiliarexperiences.Dowethinkwe’reshyandindecisive?Thenoursenseoftimiditycancauseustohesitate,tomoveslowly,andnottotakeastepuntilweknowthegroundissafe.Dowethinkwe’reslowtoadapttochangeorthatwe’renotsmartenoughtocopewithanewchallenge?Thenwearelikelytotakeamorepassiveroleornottryatall.Thesefeelingsofinsecurityandself-doubtarebothunavoidableandnecessaryifwearetochangeandgrow.Ifwedonotconfrontandovercometheseinternalfearsanddoubts,ifweprotectourselvestoomuch,thenweceasetogrow.Webecometrappedinsideashellofourownmaking.55. Apersonisgenerallybelievedtoachievepersonalgrowthwhen________.[A]hehasgivenuphissmokinghabit[B]hehasmadegreateffortsinhiswork[C]heiskeenonleaninganythingnew[D]hehastriedtodeterminewhereheisonhisjourney56. Intheauthor’seyes,onewhoviewspersonalgrowthasaprocesswould________.[A]succeedinclimbingupthesocialladder[B]judgehisabilitytogrowfromhisownachievements[C]facedifficultiesandtakeupchallenges[D]aimhighandreachhisgoaleachtime57. Whentheauthorsays“anewwayofbeing”(Line2~3,Para.3)heisreferringto________.[A]anewapproachtoexperiencingtheworld[B]anewwayoftakingrisks[C]anewmethodofperceivingourselves[D]anewsystemofadaptationtochange58. Forpersonalgrowth,theauthoradvocatesallofthefollowingEXCEPT________.[A]curiosityaboutmorechances[B]promptnessinself-adaptation[C]open-mindednesstonewexperiences[D]avoidanceofinternalfearsanddoubtsText3Insuchachanging,complexsocietyformerlysimplesolutionstoinformationalneedsbecomecomplicated.Manyoflife’sproblemswhichweresolvedbyaskingfamilymembers,friendsorcolleaguesarebeyondthecapabilityoftheextendedfamilytoresolve.Wheretoturnforexpertinformationandhowtodeterminewhichexpertadvicetoacceptarequestionsfacingmanypeopletoday.Inadditiontothis,thereisthegrowingmobilityofpeoplesinceWorldWarII.Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextendedfamilyrelationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.Thealmostunconsciousflowofinformationaboutthesimplestaspectsoflivingcanbecutoff.Thus,thingsoncelearnedsubconsciouslythroughthecasualcommunicationsoftheextendedfamilymustbeconsciouslylearned.Addingtosocietalchangestodayisanenormousstockpileofinformation.Theindividualnowhasmoreinformationavailablethananygeneration,andthetaskoffindingthatonepieceofinformationrelevanttohisorherspecificproblemiscomplicated,time-consumingandsometimesevenoverwhelming.Coupledwiththegrowingquantityofinformationisthedevelopmentoftechnologieswhichenablethestorageanddeliveryofmoreinformationwithgreaterspeedtomorelocationsthanhaseverbeenpossiblebefore.Computertechnologymakesitpossibletostorevastamountsofdatainmachine-readablefiles,andtoprogramcomputerstolocatespecificinformation.Telecommunicationsdevelopmentsenablethesendingofmessagesviatelevision,radio,andveryshortly,electronicmailtobombardpeoplewithmultitudesofmessages.Satelliteshaveextendedthepowerofcommunicationstoreporteventsattheinstantofoccurrence.Expertisecanbesharedworldwidethroughteleconferencing,andproblemsindisputecanbesettledwithouttheparticipantsleavingtheirhomesand/orjobstotraveltoadistantconferencesite.Technologyhasfacilitatedthesharingofinformationandthestorageanddeliveryofinformation,thusmakingmoreinformationavailabletomorepeople.Inthisworldofchangeandcomplexity,theneedforinformationisofgreatestimportance.Thosepeoplewhohaveaccurate,reliableup-to-dateinformationtosolvetheday-to-dayproblems,thecriticalproblemsoftheirbusiness,socialandfamilylife,willsurviveandsucceed.“Knowledgeispower”maywellbethetruestsayingandaccesstoinformationmaybethemostcriticalrequirementofallpeople.59. Theword“it”(Line3,Para.2)mostprobablyrefersto________.[A]thelackofstablecommunities[B]thebreakdownofinformalinformationchannels[C]theincreasedmobilityoffamilies[D]thegrowingnumberofpeoplemovingfromplacetoplace60. Themainproblempeoplemayencountertodayarisesfromthefactthat________.[A]theyhavetolearnnewthingsconsciously[B]theylacktheconfidenceofsecuringreliableandtrustworthyinformation[C]theyhavedifficultyobtainingtheneededinformationreadily[D]theycanhardlycarryoutcasualcommunicationswithanextendedfamily61. Fromthepassagewecaninferthat________.[A]electronicmailwillsoonplayadominantroleintransmittingmessages[B]itwillbecomemoredifficultforpeopletokeepsecretsinaninformationera[C]peoplewillspendlesstimeholdingmeetingsorconferences[D]eventswillbereportedonthespotmainlythroughsatellites62. Wecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthat________.[A]itisnecessarytoobtainasmuchknowledgeaspossible[B]peopleshouldmakethebestuseoftheinformationaccessible[C]weshouldrealizetheimportanceofaccumulatinginformation[D]itisofvitalimportancetoacquireneededinformationefficientlyText4Personalityistoalargeextentinherent--A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoffspring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohaveaprofoundeffect,sinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparents,itislikelytobecomeamajorfactorinthelivesoftheirchildren.OneplacewherechildrensoakupA-characteristicsisschool,whichis,byitsverynature,ahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe“winatallcosts”moralstandardandmeasuretheirsuccessbysportingachievements.Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersystem,inwhichcompetitiveA-typesseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtookeentowincanhavedangerousconsequences:rememberthatPheidippides,thefirstmarathonrunner,droppeddeadsecondsaftersaying:“Rejoice,weconquer!”Byfartheworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisarareschoolthatallowspupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhatquestionable,butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful.Obviously,itisneitherpracticalnordesirablethatallAyoungsterschangeintoB’s.TheworldneedsAtypes,andschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’spersonalitytohispossiblefutureemployment.Itistopmanagement.Ifthepreoccupationofschoolswithacademicworkwaslessened,moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthecaringprofessions,especiallymedicine,couldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuchconsiderationsassensitivityandsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbeencouraged.63. Accordingtothepassage,A-typeindividualsareusually________.[A]impatient[B]considerate[C]aggressive[D]agreeable64. Theauthorisstronglyopposedtothepracticeofexaminationsatschoolsbecause________.[A]thepressureistoogreatonthestudents[B]somestudentsareboundtofail[C]failureratesaretoohigh[D]theresultsofexanimationsaredoubtful65. Theselectionofmedicalprofessionalsiscurrentlybasedon________.[A]candidates’sensitivity[B]academicachievements[C]competitivespirit[D]surervalues66. Fromthepassagewecandrawtheconclusionthat________.[A]thepersonalityofachildiswellestablishedatbirth[B]familyinfluencedominatestheshapingofone’scharacteristics[C]thedevelopmentofone’spersonalityisduetomultiplefactors[D]B-typecharacteristicscanfindnoplaceincompetitivesocietyText5Thatexperiencesinfluencesubsequentbehaviourisevidenceofanobviousbutneverthelessremarkableactivitycalledremembering.Learningcouldnotoccurwithoutthefunctionpopularlynamedmemory.Constantpracticehassuchaneffectonmemoryastoleadtoskillfulperformanceonthepiano,torecitationofapoem,andeventoreadingandunderstandingthesewords.So-calledintelligentbehaviourdemandsmemory,rememberingbeingaprimaryrequirementforreasoning.Theabilitytosolveanyproblemoreventorecognizethataproblemexistsdependsonmemory.Typically,thedecisiontocrossastreetisbasedonrememberingmanyearlierexperiences.Practice(orreview)tendstobuildandmaintainmemoryforataskorforanylearnedmaterial.Overaperiodofnopracticewhathasbeenlearnedtendstobeforgotten;andtheadaptiveconsequencesmaynotseemobvious.Yet,dramaticinstancesofsuddenforgettingcanbeseentobeadaptive.Inthissense,theabilitytoforgetcanbeinterpretedtohavesurvivedthroughaprocessofnaturalselectioninanimals.Indeed,whenone’smemoryofanemotionallypainfulexperienceleadtoseriousanxiety,forgettingmayproducerelief.Nevertheless,anevolutionaryinterpretationmightmakeitdifficulttounderstandhowthecommonlygradualprocessofforgettingsurvivednaturalselection.Inthinkingabouttheevolutionofmemorytogetherwithallitspossibleaspects,itishelpfultoconsiderwhatwouldhappenifmemoriesfailedtofade.Forgettingclearlyaidsorientationintime,sinceoldmemoriesweakenandthenewtendtostandout,providingcluesforinferringduration.Withoutforgetting,adaptiveabilitywouldsuffer,forexample,learnedbehaviourthatmighthavebeencorrectadecadeagomaynolongerbe.Casesarerecordedofpeoplewho(byordinarystandards)forgotsolittlethattheireverydayactivitieswerefullofconfusion.Thusforgettingseemstoservethatsurvivaloftheindividualandthespecies.Anotherlineofthoughtassumesamemorystoragesystemoflimitedcapacitythatprovidesadaptiveflexibilityspecificallythroughforgetting.Inthisview,continualadjustmentsaremadebetweenlearningormemorystorage(input)andforgetting(output).Indeed,thereisevidencethattherateatwhichindividualsforgetisdirectlyrelatedtohowmuchtheyhavelearned.Suchdataoffergrosssupportofcontemporarymodelsofmemorythatassumeaninput-outputbalance.67. Fromtheevolutionarypointofview,________.[A]forgettingforlackofpracticetendstobeobviouslyinadaptive[B]ifapersongetsveryforgetfulallofasuddenhemustbeveryadaptive[C]thegradualprocessofforgettingisanindicationofanindividual’sadaptability[D]suddenforgettingmaybringaboutadaptiveconsequences68. Accordingtothepassage,ifapersonneverforgot,________.[A]hewouldsurvivebest[B]hewouldhavealotoftrouble[C]hisabilitytolearnwouldbeenhanced[D]theevolutionofmemorywouldstop69. Fromthelastparagraphweknowthat________.[A]forgetfulnessisaresponsetolearning[B]thememorystoragesystemisanexactlybalancedinput-outputsystem[C]memoryisacompensationforforgetting[D]thecapacityofamemorystoragesystemislimitedbecauseforgettingoccurs70. Inthisarticle,theauthortriestointerpretthefunctionof________.[A]remembering[B]forgetting[C]adapting[D]experiencingSectionIV English-ChineseTranslationDirections:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Thestandardizededucationalorpsychologicalteststhatarewidelyusedtoaidinselecting,classifying,assigning,orpromotingstudents,employees,andmilitarypersonnelhavebeenthetargetofrecentattacksinbooks,magazines,thedailypress,andeveninCongress.71)Thetargetiswrong,forinattackingthetests,criticsdivertattentionfromthefaultthatlieswithill-informedorincompetentusers.Theteststhemselvesaremerelytools,withcharacteristicsthatcanbemeasuredwithreasonable