01 說明類語篇的特征及攻略-備戰(zhàn)2023年中考英語一輪復習語法知識+語篇能力雙清(通用版)

備戰(zhàn)2023年中考英語一輪復習語法知識十語篇能力雙清（通用版）

說明類語篇的特征及解答攻略說明文是對事物或事理進行客觀說明的一種文體，它以說明為主要表達方式，通過解說事物或闡明事理，達到教人以知識的目的，在結構上往往采用總分、遞進等方式按一定的順序（如時間、空間、從現象到本質）進行說明。說明文的特點是客觀、簡練、語言準確、明了，文章很少表達作者的感情傾向。閱讀說明文的重點在于讀懂它說明的事物或事理，了解事物的性質、構造、成因、功能等，了解事理的含意、特點等。最近五年，說明文的出現變化不大，一直很穩(wěn)定，選材通常是各學科的前沿問題：高科技領域的科研成果；人們比較關心的社會問題；人文方面的經典。由于閱讀理解題的設置采用漸進式，即由簡到難的方式，因此說明文是中考試卷中閱讀理解題中相對比較難的，通常后置。閱讀理解試題的中要考點之一是考查學生對詞匯和句式的掌握。說明文的詞匯和句式的運用較別的體裁的文章難度更大。詞匯運用靈活，同?詞的不同詞性的用法交替出現，未列入考綱的生詞較多，通常達到了4-5%。不過考生可以通過說明文的語言特點來幫助理解語篇,例如，下定義、解釋、舉例、同義詞、反義詞、上下義詞以及標點符號（如破折號、冒號都有表示解釋和說明）等。一、說明文的行文特征寫說明文可以按時間、空間、結構、邏輯順序來寫，也可以采取舉例、比較、對比、分類、分析、說明、敘述等方法。1.比較對照比較對照有兩種，一是逐點比較，二是整塊比較，即AB交錯或先A后B：（I）逐點比較多數人認為這種AB交錯的方式可以避免行文的單調沉悶，對比的效果更鮮明突出。如：Therearcbasicdifferencesbetweenlargeandsmallenterprises.Inasmallenterprise,youoperatedmainlythroughpersonalcontacts.Inalargeenterprise,youhaveestablished“policies","channels“oforganization,andfairlystrictprocedure.Inthesmallenterpriseyouhaveimmediateeffectivenessinaverysmallarea.Youcansee義。這時，就需要運用生活經驗和普通常識確定詞義。例如：Thesnakeslithcrcdthroughthegrass.根據有關蛇的生活習性的知識，我們可以推斷出slither詞義為,,爬行"o（三）構詞法在閱讀文章時，我們總會遇上一些新詞匯，有時很難根據上下文來推斷其詞意，而它們對文章的理解乂有著舉足輕重的作用，此時，如掌握了一些常用的詞根，前綴，后綴，合成等構詞法知識，這些問題便不難解決了。.根據前綴猜測詞義例如:Hefellintoaditchandlaythere,semi-conscious,forafewminules.根據詞根conscious（清醒的,有意識的），結合前綴semi（半，部分的，不完全的），我們便可猜出semiconscious詞義"半清醒的，半昏迷的。"Fmilliterateaboutsuchthings.詞根lit-erate意為"有文化修養(yǎng)的，通曉的"，前綴il表示否定，因jttilliterate指"一竅不通，不知道的"。.根據后綴猜測詞義例如：Insecticideisappliedwhereitisneeded.后綴cide表示"殺者,殺滅劑"，結合大家熟悉的詞根insect（昆蟲）,不難猜出insecticide意為"殺蟲劑"°Thenthevapormaychangeintodroplels.后綴lei表示"小的"，詞根drop指"滴，滴狀物”。將兩個意思結合起來，便可推斷出droplet詞義”小滴，微滴3.根據復合詞的各部分猜測詞義例如:Growingeconomicproblemswerehigh-lightedbyaslowdowninoiloutput.Hightlight或許是一個生詞，但是分析該詞結構后，就能推測出其含義。它是由high（高的，強的）和light（光線）兩部分組成，合在一起便是"以強光照射，使突出"的意思。BullfightisverypopularinSpain.Bull（公牛）和fight（打，搏斗）結合在一起，指一種在西班牙頗為流行的體育運動一斗牛。二、主旨大意類題型主旨大意類題型主要測試學生對文章全面理解和概括的能力，提問的內容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案。怎樣把握主旨大意題呢？通常有以下幾種方法：（一）閱讀文章的標題或副標題文章的標題是一篇文章的題眼，通過閱讀標題或副標題可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。（二）尋找文章的主題句分析篇章結構，找出文章主題。在許多情況下，尤其在閱讀說明文和議論文時，根據其篇章特點我們可以通過仔細閱讀短文的第一句或第二句，即文章的主題句來歸納出文章的主題.若短文由若干段組成，除仔細閱讀第一段的首句外，還須仔細閱讀每一段的第一句，即段落中心。通常文章的中心思想包含在文章的首句，有時也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用來說明和闡述主題句。因此，在確定文章的中心思想時，要求學生重視閱讀文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常貫穿在全文中，因此要求學生綜觀全文，對段落的內容要融會貫通，對文章透徹理解后歸納總結。主題句的特點是：1.相對于其他句子，它表達的意思比較概括；2.主題句一般結構簡單；3.段落中其他句子必定是用來解釋，支撐或發(fā)展主題句所表達的思想的?？傊?，為提高閱讀理解能力，在閱讀時應抓中心思想，作者意圖及關鍵詞語，運用聯想、比較、歸納、推測等方法，得出最佳結論，選擇最佳答案，不能主觀臆測，把自己的觀點強加進去，與文章的觀點混為一談。經過長時間有計劃，有目的的系統(tǒng)訓練，使學生加快閱讀速度，提高閱讀的正確性，使兩者有機地統(tǒng)一起來，以提高學生閱讀英語和運用英語進行交際的能力，為繼續(xù)學習和運用英語切實打好基礎.閱讀是一種綜合性很強的語言實際活動。我們只有進行大量的課內外閱讀，掌握一定的閱讀技巧，正確運用閱讀方法，才能有效地提高閱讀理解能力。力強化一、完形填空閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，然后從所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選擇最佳選項。Focusonthetrees（專注森林）Doyouuseasmartphoneeveryday?Whatdoyouusuallydowithyourphone?Phonesarcvery]inourdailylives.However,theycancausesome2.Itcanbe3tokeepfocused（專注）thesedays.Whenworkingonyourhomework,youmightsometimesfindthatyoursmartphoneisdistracting（分心）you..yoursmartphonecandistractyouwhenyouaredoingotherthings,suchashavingdinner,stayingwithfriends,readingbooks...A（n）5calledForestcanhelpyoukeepfocused.Youcandownloadtheappifyouwanttogetoffyourandfocusonmoreimportantthings.Whenyouset（設置）anewtask（任務）intheappandsettimetofinishit,atreeseed（種子）willbe“planted“intheapp.Ifyoukeepdoingyour7.theseedwillgrowintoatree.Butifyouclosetheappandplaywithyourphone8.thetreewillwither（樸i萎）anddie.Onceyouthework,yourtreewillbe“planted"intheapp.Ifyoukeeptrying,youwillhavea1（）oneday!Youcanshareyourachievements（成就）withyourfriendsandtryto"plant"differentkindsoftrees.Don,tyouthinkitisinterestingandmeaningfill?D.boringA.terribleB.importantC.relaxing二、閱讀理解D.boring2.A.problemsB.dangerC.discussionD.questions3.A.difficultB.necessaryC.simpleD.educational4.A.HoweverB.AlsoC.ThoughD.Luckily5.A.bookB.appC.magazineD.film6.A.homeworkB.gameC.phoneD.schoolwork7.A.workB.planC.taskD.activity8.A.instead（相反的）B.finallyC.soonD.happily9.A.stopB.finishC.startD.choose10.A.treeB.studyC.successD.forest1Chinahasnamedthenation'sfirstMarsrover（火星車）ZhuRong.Forallofus,ZhuRongisthebestname.InanancientChinesestory,ZhuRonghadthefaceofamanandthebodyofananimal.Herodeontwodragons.WhenhehadabigfightwithGongGong,thegodofwater,ZhuRongwon.Butafter（hefight,thehumanworldcameintocompletedarkness.Thenhebroughtfirefromheaven（天國）totheworld.“ZhuRongisregardedastheearliestgodoffireintraditionalChineseculture,aspaceofficialsaid."ThefirstMarsroverwasnamedZhuRong.Thenamesymbolizes（象征）lightandhopeforspaceexploration（探索）inourcountry,andmeanstoguidehumanstocontinueexploration.''Afterleavingtheearthlastsummer,ZhuRongmovedaroundMarsforseveralmonthsandlandedonitinMay.Inrecentyears,ourcountryhassentuptheworld'sfirstquantumsatellite（量子衛(wèi)星），andChang'e-4hasmadeasoftlandingonthemoon.Wehavemadegreatprogressinspacetechnologyandwillsoonstartbuildingourownspacestation.WhatZhuRongbroughtfromheaventheworldwas.A.fireB.warsC.waterD.animalsForChina'sspaceexploration,thenameZhuRongsymbolizes.A.abigfightB.completedarknessC.lightandhopeD.ChinesecultureTheunderlinedword“it"inthelastparagraphrefersto"A.theearthB.MarsC.themoonD.thesunAccordingtothepassage,wecaninferthat.ZhuRongisabadpersoninanancientChinesestoryChinahasmadelittleprogressinspacetechnologythewriterisproudofChina'sspacetechnologytheofficialdoesn'tlikethenameZhuRong2TheuseofpapermoneybeganintheTangdynasty,about1200yearsago.Atthattime,itwascalled“flyingcash''becausethewindcouldtakeiteasily.TheuseofpaperbecamepopularinSongdynasty.Everypieceofpaperhadpicturesofhouses,trees,andpeopleonit.Everybillwasinredandblack.Likethemoneywcusetoday,italsohadsomespecialmarksonit.Byhavingthesemarks,itwouldbehelpfultotellwhetherthemoneywasafake.Thenitwouldn'tbesoeasytocounterfeitit.Thepapermoneywasverybeautiful.Thereasonitbecamepopularsoquicklywasthatitwasconvenienttotakeanduse.Peopledidn'thavetotakeheavycoinstoshops.Peoplecoulduseittobuythethingsthattheyneed.Theuseofoldpapermoneyendedin1897.Inthesameyear,Chinastarted(ousemodempapermoney.ButEuropestartedusingitinthe1600s.Whatdidn'tpeopledrawonthepapermoney?A.Trees.B.Building.C.People.D.Birds.Whatwasnotthereasonthatpapermoneybecamepopular?A.Itwaseasytouse.B.Itwasbeautifultosee.C.Itwasconvenienttobuythings.D.Itwaslighttotake.WhichoneisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?ChinesePeopleusedmodempapermoneyearlierthanEuropeanPeople.Modempapermoneyhasbeenusedforover100years.Peoplestoppedusingpapermoneyin1897.Thereweremorethantwocolorsontheoldpapermoney.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?A.TheSecretofPaperB.FlyingCashC.TheHistoryofPaperMoneyD.TheImportanceofMoney3Nowadays,traditionalChineseMedicine(TCM)isbecomingmoreandmorepopulararoundtheworld.Agovernmentreportsaysthatpeoplein183countriesandareasarenowusingit.ThefamousAmericanswimmerMichaelPhelps,anOlympicchampion,hasevervisitedadoctoroftraditionalChinesemedicineandhad“cupping”（拔罐）.Massage（按摩）andacupuncture（針灸）aretwootherimportantkindsofTCM.Chinesemassagecanmakeyourelaxedandfresh.Inacupuncture,doctorsputlongneedles（針）intothepatients*heads,arms...Ittakesawaypain,though（helookisfunny.TCMisanimportantpartofChineseculture.TheearliestmedicalclassicinChina,HuangdisClassiconMedicine,cameoutmorethan2,000yearsago.Thehookisabouttherelationshipbetweenmanandnature.InChineseculture,yinandyangaretwopartsofnature.Naturekeepsbalancedifyinandyangworkwelltogether.Thehumanbodyneedssuchbalance,too.TCMhelpstodothat.Especially,forsomehealthproblems,adoctorofTCMwillnotgiveyoumedicine.Instead,hemaygiveyoujustafoodplanandrightwaystoeat.TCMthinksthecorrectwaysofeating:Sitdowntoeat.Whileeating,turnofftheTVandgetawayfromtheworkdesk.Eatseasonalfoods.Donotmissanyof（hethreemeals.Also,getyourbodymovingoften,justasthesayinggoes,“Runningwaterisneversiale.”WhydidthewritermentionMichaelPhelpsinthefirstparagraph?A.lbintroduceadoctorofTCM.B.Togiveanexampleofusingcupping.C.TointroducetheOlympicchampion.D.Togiveanexampleofagoodswimmer.AboutHuangdifsClassiconMedicine,whichofthefollowingisNOTTRUE?A.ItisanimportantbookonTCM.B.Itcameoutover2,000yearsago.C.Itismainlyabouthowtotakemedicine.D.ItistheearliestmedicalclassicinChina.TheunderlinedsentenceinParagraph4means.A.水到渠成B.柔情似水C.綠水長流D.流水不腐Thispassagemaycomefrom.A.aguidebookB.anewsreportC.amagazineD.aposter三、閱讀補全句子閱讀下面短文，根據短文內容，在每小題句子空白處填入適當單詞，使其意思與短文內容一致（每空詞數不限）Sometimespeoplecomeintoyourlifeandyouknowthattheyaretheretoteachyoualesson,ortohelpyouunderstandwhoyouareorwhoyouwanttobecome.Youneverknowthesepeoplewhomaybeaclassmate,aneighbourorafriend—butwhenyoulockyoureyesonthem,youknowatthatverymomenttheywillinfluenceyourlifeinsomeways.Sometimesthingsthathappentoyoumayseemunpleasant,painful,orfrustratingatfirst.Butinanotherway,youfindthatwithoutgettingoverthosedifficultiesyouwouldhaveneverrealizedyourability,strengthorwillpower（意志力）.Thepeopleyoumeetandthesuccessyougethelptocreatewhoyouareandwhoyoubecome.Eventhebadexperiencecanbelearnedfrom.Infact,theyaresometimesthemostimportantones.Ifsomeonelovesyou,givelovebacktotheminthewayyoucan,notonlybecausetheyloveyou,butbecauseinaway,theyareteachingyoutoloveandhowtoopenyourheartandeyestothings.Ifsomeonehurtsyou.orbreaksyourheart,forgive（原諒）（hem,fortheyhavehelpedyoulearnabouttruthandtheimportanceofbeingcarefulofpeoplearound.Self-confidenceisnecessarytoaperson.Ifyou'renotconfident,itwillbehardfbrotherstobelieveinyou.Learnalessoninlifeeachdayyoulive!Aclassmate,aorafriendcaninfluenceourlifeinsomeways.Accordingtothepassage,unpleasantthingsareforyouinanotherway.Sometimesbadexperiencesareveryimportanttousbecausewecanthem.Wcshouldhimorherifsomebodydosomethingbadtous.Thewriterthinksthatthelifeweliveeverydaycanteachus.四、短文填空閱讀下面短文，然后根據括號內所給漢語意思寫出單詞的正確形式。每空限填;回。Finland,asmallcountrylocatedinNorthernEuropealongtheBalticSea,theGulfofBothniaandtheGulfofFinland,isabeautifulplaceto28（參觀）.WinteristhemostpopularseasoninFinland.The29（太陽）,disappearsfbrmonthsinthenorthernmostpailofthecountry.Peoplehavetowearveryheavy30（夕卜套）tokeepwarm.Thewhitesnow,brightmoonandstars,and—ifyouare31（幸運的）enough-thecolorfulNorthernLightscreatethe32（著名的）andsurprisinglightandmagicalscene.Oneof（hebestwaystoexperiencethesceneistosleepina33（玻璃）hut,surroundedbynature.Youcanjuststay34（在里面）,warmandcomfortable,lookingatthenightskyandwaiting.TheairqualityinFinlandisthebestintheworldaccordingtothedatafromWHO.As75%ofthecountryiscoveredbyforests,peoplecanconnectwithnature35（容易地）.Finnishpeopleoftenenjoythesmallthingsin36（口常的）lives,likejustsittingquietlybyalake.SoifyouhavethechancetoFinland,just（akeadeepbreath,hikein（heforestorsimply37（休息）onasmoothrockbythesea.五、書面表達38.某語言學習網站針對人們學外語時遇到的困難做了一項調查，共有6400名網友參與，下圖是這次調查的投票結果。其中，沒有足夠的時間的人數占35%,不能一直保持積極性的人數占25%。請你用兩段文字寫一篇短文，第一段簡要說明圖表內容，第二段闡述你學外語遇到的困難以及你的解決辦2.開頭已給出，不計入總詞數3.文中不得出現真實的人名、校名。Recently,Ireadaresultofasurveymadeamong6,400peopleabouttheirdifficultiesinlearningaforeignlanguage.參考答案【答案與解析】本文介紹了一款可以讓人放下手機，幫助保持專注力的應用程序——專注森林。.句意：手機在我們的日常生活中非常重要。terrible糟糕的；imporiant重要的：relaxing放松的;boring無聊的。根據“Doyouuseasmarlphoneeveryday?Whatdoyouusuallydowithyourphone?Phonesarevery...inourdailylives”以及常識可知手機在日常生活中很重要。故選B。.句意：然而，手機還是會產生一些問題。problems問題；danger危險：discussion討論；questions問題，疑問。根據"Whenworkingonyourhomework,youmightsometimesfindthatyoursmartphoneisdistracting（分心）you”可知這是手機產生的需要解決的問題,用problemo故選A°.句意：它讓我們很難保持專注。difficult困難的,費力的;necessary必要的；simple簡單的；educational有教育意義的。根據“Whenworkingonyourhomework,youmightsometimesfindthatyoursmartphoneisdistracting（分心）you”可知手機會讓人分心，很難保持專注。故選A。.句意：而且，當你做其他事情時，我們的智能手機也會分散你的注意力。However然而；Also而且；Though雖然；Luckily幸運地。根據"Whenworkingonyourhomework,youmightsometimesfindthatyoursmartphoneisdistracting（分心）you...yoursmartphonecandistractyouwhenyouaredoingotherthings'訶知前后兩個句子是遞進關系，用also。故選B。.句意：一個叫做“森林”的手機軟件可以幫助你保持專注。book書；app手機軟件；magazine雜志；film電影。根據“Youcandownloadtheapp”可知這是——個手機軟件。故選B。.句意：如果你想擺脫手機并專注于更重要的事情，可以下載該應用程序。homework家庭作業(yè)；game游戲；phone手機；schoolwork學校作業(yè)。根據"Butifyouclosetheappandplaywithyourphone…”以及文章的描述可知這款軟件是讓人放下手機，專注做事。故選C。.句意：如果你繼續(xù)做你的任務，種子就會長成一棵樹。work工作;plan計劃；task任務;activity活動。根據“Whenyouset（設置）anewtask（任務）intheappM可知只有繼續(xù)做任務，種子才會長大。故選C。.句意：但是相反如果你關閉應用程序并玩手機，樹會枯萎并死亡。instead相反;finally終于；soon很快;happily快樂地。由語境可知,此處指“玩手機”代替“做任務”,樹就會枯菱。故選A。.句意：一旦你完成工作，你的樹將被“種植”在應用程序中。stop停止;finish完成;start開始；choose選擇。根據“Onceyou...thework,yourtreewillbe"planted"intheapp',可知只有完成了工作，樹才會被“種植”到app上。故選B。.句意：如果你繼續(xù)努力，總有一天你會擁有一片森林。tree樹：study學習；success成功；forest森林。根據“[fyoukeeptrying,youwillhavea...oneday”可知堅持下來，會有越來越多的樹，就會形成一個森林。故選D。1【答案與解析】本文是一篇說明文。文章通過介紹我國的第一個火星車被命名為“祝融”的淵源介紹了我國宇航事業(yè)的巨大發(fā)展。.細節(jié)理解題。根據“Thenhebroughtfirefromheaventotheworld.”可知祝融從天國帶到人類|比界的是火。故選A。.細節(jié)理解題。根據“Thenamesymbolizeslightandhopefbrspaceexplorationinourcountry.”可知這個名字象征著我國太空探索的光明與希望。故選C。.詞義猜測題。根據"Afterleavingtheearthlastsummer,ZhuRongmovedaroundMarsforseveralmonthsandlandedonitinMay."可知去年夏天離開地球后，祝融號繞火星飛行了幾個月，并于今年5月在它上面登陸,所以推測it代指火星，故選B。.推理判斷題。根據"Wehavemadegreatprogressinspacetechnologyandwillsoonstartbuildingourownspacestation”可知我們在宇航技術方面取得了巨大的進步，不久將開始建設我們自己的空間站，所以推測作者為中國的宇航技術感到驕傲。故選C。2【答案與解析】本文主要介紹了紙幣的歷史。.細節(jié)理解題。根據“Everypieceofp叩erhadpicturesofhouses,trees,andpeopleonit.”可知紙幣上有房子、樹木和人物圖，而沒有鳥。故選D。.細節(jié)理解題。根據“Thereasonitbecamepopularsoquicklywasthatitwasconvenienttolakeanduse.Peopledidn'thavetotakeheavycoinstoshops.”可知紙幣受歡迎是因為攜帶方便、買東西方便且很輕，它看起來漂亮不是受歡迎的原因。故選B。.細節(jié)理解題。根據"Theuseofoldpapermoneyendedin1897.Inthesameyear,Chinastartedtousemodernpapermoney.”可知中國與1897年開始使用現代紙幣，已經用了超過一百年了。故選B。.標題歸納題。通讀全文可知，本文主要介紹了紙幣的歷史，用“TheHistoryofPaperMoney”做標題最合適。故選C。3【答案與解析】本文是一篇說明文。介紹了中醫(yī)三種典型的治療方法：拔火罐、按摩和針灸，并介紹了中醫(yī)最著名的醫(yī)學專著《黃帝內經》，以及中醫(yī)在世界上的發(fā)展趨勢。.推理判斷題。根據"ThefamousAmericanswimmerMichaelPhelps,anOlympicchampion,hasevervisitedadoctoroftraditionalChinesemedicineandhad'cupping"訶知，MichaelPhelps是作者列舉使用中醫(yī)拔火罐療法的一個例子,故選B。.推理判斷題。由第三段內容可知，《黃帝內經》是中國最早的醫(yī)學典籍，它成書在兩千多年前，是一部重要的中醫(yī)書籍，C選項”它主要是關于如何服藥的”沒有提及，故選C。.詞義猜測題。根據“Also,getyourbodymovingoften,justasthesayinggoes”可知，講的是有關身體運動的，“流水不腐”符合語境，故選D。.推理判斷題。介紹了中醫(yī)三種典型的治療方法：拔火罐、按摩和針灸，并介紹了中醫(yī)最著名的醫(yī)學專著《黃帝內經》，以及中醫(yī)在世界上的發(fā)展趨勢，最有可能來自雜志，故選C。三、.neighbour.good/helpful.learnfrom.forgive.alesson【解析】本文主要講述了你的同學，鄰居或朋友會走進你的生活，影響你和改變你，這些影響不論好壞都會成為你寶貴的經驗。.根據“Youneverknowthesepeoplewhomaybeaclassmate,aneighbourorafriend—butwhenyoulockyoureyeson(hem,youknowatthatverymomenttheywillinfluenceyourlifeinsomeways”可知,同學、鄰居或朋友可以在某些方面影響我們的生活。a修飾名詞的單數形式，故填neighbor。.根據“Sometimesthingsthathappentoyoumayseeinunpleasant,painfi.il,orfrustratingatfirst.Butinanotherway,youfind(hatwithoutgettingoverthosedifficultiesyouwouldhaveneverrealizedyourability,strengthorwillpower”可知，不愉快的事情對你有好處/有幫助,begoodfb產對有好處“；behelpfulfor"對有幫助”。故填good/helpfulo.根據“Eventhebadexperiencecanbelearnedfrom”可知，有時糟糕的經歷對我們來說非常重要，因為我們可以從中吸取教訓。can后接動詞原形，故填learnfrom。.根據"Ifsomeonehurtsyou,orbreaksyourheart,fbrgive(原諒)them,fortheyhavehelpedyoulearnabouttruthandtheimportanceofbeingcarefulofpeoplearound”可知,如果有人對我們做了壞事,我們應該原諒他或她。should后接動詞原形,故填forgive。theeffectofyourworkandofyourdecisionsground.Inthelargeorganizationyouarenormallytaughtonethingthoroughly.InthesmallonethedangerisofbecomingaJack-of-all-trades-but-master-of-none.Inthelargeitisofbecomingthemanwhoknowsmoreandmoreaboutlessandless.(2)整塊比較Itiseasytobeawinner.Awinnercanshowhisjoypublicly.Hecanlaughandsinganddanceandcelebratehisvictory.Peoplelovetobewithwinners.Winnersareneverlonely.Unlikewinners,losersarethelonelyonesoftheworld.Itisdifficulttofacedefeatwithdignity.Loserscannotshowtheirdisappointmentpublicly.Theycannotcryorgrieveabouttheirdefeat.Theymaysufferprivately,buttheymustbecomposedinpublic.Theyhavenothingtocelebrateandnoonetosharetheirsadness.2.分類分類是人類認識客觀世界的重要手段之一，也是描寫事物、解釋觀點最有效的方式之」通過將一事物分類，可使復雜事物變得清晰明了，便于作者闡述自己的觀點。分類段落的各類排列要條理，可采用從主要到次要，從次要到主要，從多到少或從少到多等方式排列，亦可平行排列。如：[IJAsfaraspoliticalviewsareconcerned,peoplefallintothreecategories.Firstaretheconservativepeople.Conservativesareopposedtosuddenorgreatchanges.Secondare(heliberalpeople.Thesepeopleareinfavorofprogressandreform.Buttheiropinionsoftenseemtoidealistic.Thethirdtypeisthemoderatepeople.Themoderateskeepeverythingwithinreasonablelimits.Theyaremorepracticalinthishardworld.Inmyopinion,mostpeopleseemtobelongtothisgroup.本段采用平行排列的方式，按人的政治觀點分為三類：保守、自由和溫和。[2|TheseareseveralreasonswhyIdecidedtomattendBingstonUniversity.Firstofall,thetuitionisreasonable.Secondly,theuniversityhasadeferredpaymentplan.,whichlessonstheloadofpeasantfamilieslikemine.Anotherreasonis(ha(Bingstonhas(hefinestteachersinitsgraduateprogram.Mychiefreason,however,isBingston\programinagriculture,mychosenfield,whichisrecognizedastheleaderinthisarea.該段采用主次排列的方式，分析了作者決定上Bingston大學的原因。[3]AccordingtoMr.Li,thefifteenstudentsofhiscLASSfallintothreegroups.Sevenofthemworkhardandstudywell.Theyalwaysgetgoodmarksinexaminationsandarcoftenpraisedbytheteachers.Licallsthem”goodstudents”.Themonitor,thesecretaryoftheYouthLeague,andthecaptainofthecLASSvolleyballteam,arequickinfindingoutwhattheirfellowstudentsareinterestedinorwhattheyshoulddoasacollective.Theyalways.根據“Learnalessoninlifeeachdayyoulive”可知，作者認為我們每天的生活可以給我們上一?課。故填alessono四、.visit.suncoatsluckyfamous##wcll-knownglassinsideeasilydailyrest【解析】本文講述芬蘭的地理位置，天氣和良好的空氣質量，人們在芬蘭可以享受的活動。.句意：芬蘭，位于北歐，波羅的海，波的尼亞灣和芬蘭海灣沿岸的一個小國家，是一個美麗的地方，值得人們參觀。名詞“place”后用動詞不定式作后置定語，表示“參觀”用動詞"visit”。故填visit。.句意：太陽在國家的北部大部分地方消失好幾個月。句子缺主語，根據"disappears”可知主語是單數概念，表達“太陽”用名詞“sun”。故填sun。.句意：人們必須穿很厚重的外套來取暖。動詞“wear”后缺賓語，根據"people”可知是更數概念，表達“外套”用復數名詞“coats”。故填coats。.句意：白色的雪，明亮的月亮和星星，還有，如果你足夠幸運，你可以看到多彩的北極光。句子用“形容詞+cnough”的結構，表達“幸運的''用形容詞"lucky”作表語。故填lucky。.句意：創(chuàng)作出著名的讓人驚奇的光和魔幻的場景。根據"andsurprising”可知用形容詞形成并列結構，表達“著名的”用形容詞“famous”或“well-known”。故填famous/well-knowno.句意：經歷這個場景的最好的方式之一是睡在一個玻璃屋里，被大自然包圍著。表達“玻璃屋”，名詞“hut”前用名詞“glass''作定語。故填glass。.句意：你可以只是待在屋里面，溫暖舒適，看著夜空等待著。動詞“stay”用副詞修飾，表達“在……里面”用副詞“inside”。故填inside。.句意：國家四分之三的地方覆蓋著森林，人們很容易親近自然。動詞“connect”用副詞修飾，表達“容易地”用副詞"easily同故填easilyo.句意：芬蘭人經常享受日常生活里的小事物，比如只是靜靜地坐在湖邊。名詞“ives”用形容詞修飾，表達“日常的”用形容詞“daily”作定語。故填dailyo.句意：因此如果你有機會去芬蘭，只要深呼吸，在森林里遠足或者只是在海邊的平滑的巖石上休息。根據“takeadeepbreath,h汰cintheforestor”可知用動詞原形形成并列，表達“休息”用動詞"rest”。故填rest。五、【參考范文】Recently.Ireadaresultofasurveymadeamong6,4(X)peopleabouttheirdifficultiesinlearningaforeignlanguage.35%ofpeoplethinkthereisnoenoughtimeforthem.25%ofthemthinkthatkeepingupthemotivationistheirmaindifficulty.20%saytheyoftenfeelashamedwhenspeakingaforeignlanguage.Andtherestof20%ofpeoplesaytheyhavenoaccesstonativespeakers.Forme,thetwomaindifficultiesare“beingunabletokeepupthemotivation“and**havingnoaccesstonativespeakers”.However,wheretherearedifficulties,therearewaystogetoverthem.SoIwatchEnglishmoviesinmyfreetime.Therearemanyforeignteachersgivinglessonsonline,soIpracticemyEnglishin(hatanizeproperactivitiesatthepropertime.SoLicallsthem“goodorganizers”.FourotherstudentsareverykindtotheircLASSmates,alwaysreadytolendthemahelpinghand.TheyhelptocleanthecLASSroomandthecorridorevenwhentheyarenotonduty.Lisaysthattheyare“goodcomrades”."Whataboutyourself?”someoneaskshim,"I'magroupbymyselfagoodobserver^^.該段不同于以上兩段，不是先分類再解釋，而是先說明其特點，然后定義分類。雖分類并不科學，卻達到了其幽默之目的。3.例證例證指具體說明人或事物特點、本質及其規(guī)律的方法。所用例子需有代表性、典型性。例證型段落的寫作方式多為先提出主題再列舉事例。在事例之前一般有Forexample或Forinstance。例證后面，根據情況還可以加上結論句。如：Inordertopreventnon-smokersfrombeingaffected,measuresmustbetakentoreducethechancesofsmoking.Alotofworkcanbedoneconcerningthis.Forexample,insomepublicplaces,suchasinthetheatresandcinemas,smokingshouldbeforbidden.Evenonthe（rainorplanepeopleshouldnotbeallowedtosmoke.Doctors,teachersandgovernmentleadersshouldtaketheleadnottosmoke.Aboveall,theharmfulnessanddangerscausedbysmokingshouldbemadeknowntoallthroughnewspapers,broadcast,orTVprograms.Alsothegrowingoftobaccoandtheproductionofcigarettesshouldnotbeencouraged.Ifthesemeasurescanbetaken,wecaneffectivelyreducethechancesofsmoking.4因果因果是兩個事物之間的關系。一些說明文，議論文通過分析因果關系說明一個中心思想。如不能把因果關系解釋清楚，文章將無法說明任何主題。因果型段落的擴展模式有兩種，一是分類編法，另一個是連環(huán)編排法。如果只討論成因或只討論結果，細節(jié)比較簡單，只需按其重要性或其邏輯順序進行編排。分類編排法指先討論原因，然后討論結果；或先討論結果，后討論原因。（1）分類編排法Musicismychiefhobby.When1listentomusic,goodthingshappentome.IfIamlonelyorhomesick,Ilistentopopmusic.Thequickrhythm,thestrongbeatsofdrumsliftmyspirits.IfIamfamiliarwithasong,1willsingalonewithitandmydepressiondisappears.WhenIamboredorverytired,IlistentoMozart.Hismusicmakesmefeelalive.Musicalsoremindsmeofhome.BeforeIcametocollege,mysistersandIwouldlistentomusicandsingsongstogetherandcheerus.NowIenjoylisteningtomusicandsingingwithmyroommatesbecausetheirsmilesmakemerememberthehappytimeswithmyfamily.Forme,musicisanexcellentescape,andwithoutit,Iwouldn'tbesohappyo（2）連環(huán)編排法先討論一組因果，再一組因果，再一組因果，形成一個鎖鏈。當因果緊密相連，前一果為后一果之因時，經常使用這種方式。Studentsshouldn'tstayupsolate.Becauseofthepressureofexaminations,manystudentsbumnightcandles.Thenextday,theyhavetogetenoughsleep.Asaresult,manyofthemgetsleepyinClASs.Theycouldn'tcatchwhattheteachersays.Nothavingstudiedtheirlessonswell,theyfinditdifficulttomakegoodperformanceinexaminations.So,itisnotworthwhiletostayuplateifyouwanttostudywell..人物描寫人物描寫包括外部特征、性格特征、思想狀態(tài)、行為語言等，用于表現人物精神面貌、披露人物內心活動、揭示人物性格變化，借以突出作品主題思想。如：Mysisterisaboyishgirl.Shehasshortandstraighthairlikeaboy's.Shelikeswhite,blackandgreycolors,asmostboysdo.Shenevercaresfbrshirts,stockingsbutlovesjacketsandjeans.Sometimesshewearsamen'ssuitandleathershoresasifshewereagentleman.Basketballandfootballareherfavoritesports.Shealsoenjoyswatchingboxing.Shealwaysshoutsandcheersexcitedlywhensheiswatchingafootballmatch.Whensheiswithherfriends,shealwayssaysLadiesf^rst,,toothergirls.Themostinterestingthingisthatshehasbeenmistakenfbraboymanytimes.Andsheispleasedwiththat.Shealwayssaysthatsheshouldbeaboy.第一句作者明確表示他眼中的妹妹是個男孩子氣十足的小姑娘。這樣讀者大都會在心中勾畫出一種從長相、穿著到言談舉止都特男孩化的女孩。下文作者正是通過穿著、外貌和性格等方面向讀者展現一個活生生的人物形象。.地點描寫地點描寫指用生動形象的語言對某一地點、某一環(huán)境進行具體逼真的描繪，使讀者如臨其境、如睹其物。地點描寫的對象可大可小，在可以為城市、國家，小可是一間教室，一個房間。地點描寫自然按空間順序排列，作者應立足于一個出發(fā)點，由遠及近，由近到遠，從里到外，從外到里，由左到右，或由右到左進行描寫，順序不可混亂，否則讀者會迷失方向。如下面一段作者從大門開始,由外向里逐步介紹學校的布置.，讀者如同跟著作者參觀了一所校園。NowIwillshowyouaroundourschool.Itisoneofthelargestmiddleschoolsinthecity.Whenyoustepintothegate,youwillseeabeautifulflowerbedbeforeyou.In(hemiddleoftheflowerbedthereisafountainwithmanycoloredflowersaroundit.Ifyouwalkalongtheschoolroad,youwillcometotheplayground,oneachsideofwhicharerowsoftrees.Weoftenreadbooksunderthetrees.OntherightoftheplaygroundaretwoCIASsroombuildings.Ontheleftisthenewly-builtfour-storyedbuilding.Tmluckytostudyhere.Ilovemyschoolverymuch.7.物體描寫描寫物體時應側重物的形狀、規(guī)格大小、顏色和功能。任何一段文字都應有敘述的中心，對物的描寫也不例外。同樣，主題句也應反映出作者對所要描寫物體的看法、態(tài)度。如：ThefirstthingInoticeinthebride'sroomisthebeautifulcurtain.Thiscurtainispatchworkindesign,andissewnoutofsquaresofmaterialsofdifferentcolorslikewhite,lightgreen,brownandorange.Itismadeofsilk,trimmedwithdelicatebraids.Itisaboutsixfeetlongandhangsfromawoodenrail.Thecurtainmatchesperfectlywiththedarkwoodenrailandfurnitureintheroom.通過主題句可以看出作者想向讀者描寫的是?幅漂亮的窗簾。二、說明威1?羅列法(listing)在文章開始時提出需要說明的東西和觀點，然后常用first,second,…andfinally加以羅列說明。羅列法廣泛地使用于各類指導性的說明文之中。羅列法經常用下列句式展開段落，我們可以注意模仿學習：Thereareseveralgoodreasonswhyweshouldlearnaforeignlanguage.Firstofall,...Secondly,...Andfinally>...WcshouldtryourbesttoplantmoretreesforseveralgoodreasonsFirstofall,...Secondly,...Andfinally,必須指出的是，有時羅列法并不一定有明確的first,second…等詞，但文章還是以羅列論據展開的。.舉例法(examples)舉例法是用具體的例子來說明我們要表達的意思，常用forexample,forinstance,stillanotherexampleis…等詞語引出，舉例法和羅列法有時可以結合使用：即用羅列法來列出例子，用例子充實羅列的說明。.比較法(comparisonandcontrast)比較法是對兩個對象進行比較，從而進行說明的寫作手法。比較法乂可細分為比較相同點(comparison)和比較不同點(contrast)兩種方法。在比較相同點的時候，常用到similarly,also,too,inthesamecase,inspiteofdiedifference等這樣的詞語。however,ontheotherhand,incontrast,but,nevertheless等表示轉折的詞語常用來引導對不同點的比較。.定義法(definition)定義法也是英語說明文中常用的寫作手法，特別是在對具體事物概念進行說明時經常使用。定義法的基本要素是定義句。英語中常見定義句的模式是被定義對象is所屬類別+限制性定語。比如Abatisasmallmouse-likeanimalthatfliesatnightandfeedson(以...為食品)fruitandinsectsbutisnotabird..順序法(sequenceoftime,spaceandprocess)順序法是指按時間、空間或過程的順序進行說明的一種寫作手法。比如按照時間順序介紹一個科學家的生平，用空間順序闡述逐漸開發(fā)西部的重要意義，用過程順序法解釋葡萄酒的生產過程等等。.分類法(classification)分類法是將寫作對象進行分類說明的一種寫作手法Somehooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigestcd,thatis,somebooksaretobereadonlyinparts,othersto