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中國傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日TraditionalChineseFestivalsTheSpringFestival春節(jié)TheChineseSpringFestivalfallsontheveryfirstdayoftheChineseLunaryearThecelebrationoftheSpringFestival,otherwiseknownastheChineseNewYear,startsfromthefirstdayofthefirstlunarmonthandendsontheLanternFestival,thatis,thefifteenthofthemonth.TheSpringFestivaltotheChineseiswhatChristmastotheWesterners(中國人過春節(jié)相當(dāng)于西方人過圣誕節(jié)).TheSpringFestivalEve除夕TheSpringFestivalEveortheChineseNewYar’sEve,iscalltheDanianSanshi(大年三十)inChinese.Itisatimeofjubilance,witheyefulofSpringFestivalcouplets,earfulofloudfirecrackers,andthekitchenfullofyummystuffcookingonthestove.Wherevertheyare,peoplewillhurrybackhomefortheirfamilyreunionontheeve.TheSpringFestivalEveDinner年夜飯TheSpringFestivalEveDinnerisknownastheDinnerofReunionOntheEve,childrenawayfromhomewillallcomebacktoenjoyatablefulofdelicaciestogetherwiththeirparentsPeopleinthenorthpreferjiaozi,thesouthernersliketangyuan,sweetrounddumplingstoindicatefamilyreunionandniangao,whichmeans“goinghigherandhigherinthecomingyear.SpringFestivalCouples貼春聯(lián)IthasbeenatraditionfortheChinesetopasteSpringFestivalcouplesonthedoorsduringtheFestivalWordsofauspiciousnessarewritteninthecouples,whicharecalledduilian對(duì)聯(lián),orthePairCouplets,becausethewordsonbothcoupletsshouldbeequalinnumber,parallelinform,andattunedinmeaningSometimespeoplealsopasteahengpi橫批,ahorizontalscrollbearinganinscription,abovethecouples.GiftMoney壓歲錢Onthefestiveoccasion,youngchildrenwillpayNewYearcallsonandexpresstheirbestwishestotheirelderswho,inreturn,willofferthemyasuiqian壓歲錢,moneygiventochildrenasSpringFestivalgift.Themoneyisusuallywrappedupinredpaper-asymbolofgoodfortune.Settingofffirecrackers放鞭炮PartoftheSpringFestivalcelebrationistosetofffirecrackerwhichismeanttoaddjoytothefestivityPeoplewishthat,bysettingofffirecrackers,goodluckwouldcometotheminthecomingyear.PayingNewYearCalls拜年TheSpringFestivalisalsoatimetopayfestivevisitsandsaygoodwishestooneanotheramongrelatives,friendsandneighbours.VisingTempleFairs趕廟會(huì)DuringtheFestival,peoplevisittemplefairs,whereanassortmentofentertainingperformancestakesplace,includingYandW^(arirualfolkdancepopularinnorthChina),acrobatic(雜技)andfolkartshows.Varietiesofsnacksandcommodityexchanges(商品交易)arealsotheintegralpartsofthefair.TheLanternFestival元宵節(jié)The15thdayofthefirstlunarmonthistheChineseLanternFestival,whichcoincideswiththefirstfull-moonnightoftheyear(這一天正好是新年的第一個(gè)月圓之夜).Themajoractivitiesofthedayincludewatchingpaintedlanternssolvingriddlessettingofffireworksandeatingyuanxiao元宵(sweetdumplings)madeofglutinous□glu:tinas](粘的,膠裝的)riceflour(糯米面,糯米粉).EatingYuanxiao吃元宵Eatingyuanxiao元宵onthedayoftheLanternFestivalsymbolizesfamilyreunionandhappinessYuanxiaoaremadewithglutinousriceflourdough,stuffedwithavarietyoffoodsuchasredbeanpaste,sesame,mixednutletswithsugar.Mincedmeatisanotherfavoredflavo(元宵用糯米粉包餡制成,餡兒有豆沙、芝麻、各類果仁加白糖,還有肉糜餡等).InsouthernChina,peoplealsoeattangyuan湯圓(likeyuanxiao元宵).WatchingPaintedLanterns賞花燈OnthenightoftheLanternFestival,linesofpaintedlanternsarehungaroundthecourtyardandalongbothsidesofthstreet.Thecolorfullightsagainstthefullmooncreatequiteavisualfeastforpeopletoenjo人們觀燈賞月,其樂融融).SolvingLanternRiddles猜燈謎Solvingriddleswrittenorprintedonlanternsisanotherwayofentertainingvisitorsonthenight.TheDragonBoatFestival端午節(jié)TheChineseDragonBoatFestivalfallsonthefifthdayofthefifthmonthontheChineseLunarCalendarThestorygoesthatthedayiskeptinmemoryofthepatrioticpoetQuYuan屈原whodiedmorethan2000yearsago.It'salsoadaytoprayforagriculturalharvestsaswellastodrivepestilences[estilans]away(同時(shí)也是人們祈求農(nóng)業(yè)豐收,驅(qū)除瘟疫的節(jié)日).QuYuan(339BC??278BC?)屈原QuYuan屈原,apatrioticpoetoftheChuState楚國inancientChina,isgreatlyrespectedbypeopleofalltimes,forbothisfinepoetryandnoblecharactertwasonthefifthdayofthefifthlunarmonthintheyear278afterthefallingoftheChuState(楚國)thatQuYuan(屈原)gavehislifetohisbelovedmotherlandbydrowninghimselfinthe1n0(因楚國國都失陷,屈原悲憤地投江而死).DragonBoatRacing賽龍舟Thedragonboatismadeofwood,withmythicaldragonheadanddragontaildecorationsonit.Dragonboatracingoriginallyshowedpeople'swishtorescueQuYuan(屈原)fromdrowning,andgraduallybecameapopularcompetitivemassspoU龍舟最初是表達(dá)屈原投江后,人們尋救他的迫切心情,后來逐漸成為端午節(jié)流行的一項(xiàng)民間體育競(jìng)技活動(dòng)).EatingZongzi吃粽子LegendhasitthatinordertokeepthefishawayfromeatingQuYuan'sbody,peoplewouldthrowricewrappedinbambooorreed[r(:蘆葦)leavesintothewatertofeedthefish.That'showthetraditionofeatingzongzi粽子(ricedumplingswrappedinleaves)aroundtheDragonBoatFestivalstarted.Azongzi(粽子)isusuallymadeintheshapeofatriangularorsquarelump粽子外形為三角形或四角形),wrappedinlargebambooleaves.Theingredientsaremostlyglutinousrice,beans,Chinesedates,orporkHangingMoxa掛艾蒿MoxaleavesarehunginfrontofeveryhouseholdduringtheDragonBoatFestivalinordertoexpel「ik'spsl](驅(qū)逐)evilspiritsandtorelievepeople'sinternalheatorfever(驅(qū)邪解毒).Thesweetscentoftheherb,however,canalsorepelfliesandmosquitoes,andpurifytheairaroundthehouse.TheMoonFestival中秋節(jié)TheMoonFestivalortheMid-autumnFestivalfallsonthhof5theeighthmonthoftheChineseLunaryearItisalsocalledtheFestivalofFamilyReunion團(tuán)圓節(jié),asthefullmoonaroundthattimeverywellsymbolizesharvestsandreunionItisatimeforfamilymemberstogettogetherandsavour['seivs[盡情享受mooncakesastheyadmirethefullmoonTheMoonCake月餅TheCakeofReunion團(tuán)圓餅isanothernameforthemooncakes.Madebywheatflourdoughandstuffedwithawidevariety,sweetorsalty,mooncakesareboththemust-eatfoodandmajorgiftitemsaroundtheMoonFestival!餅是中秋節(jié)人們互贈(zèng)的主要禮品,也是節(jié)日的重要食品).TheDoubleNinthFestival重陽節(jié)Chongyang重陽一theDoubleNinthFestival,alsoknownastheSeniorCitizens'Day老人節(jié),isontheninthoftheninthlunarmonth.As“nine”isregardedasanumberoftheYang(positiveormasculinebynaturChinesephilosophy),two“nines”togethermakesaChongyang,orDouble丫@n中國古人把九稱為陽數(shù),陽在中國哲學(xué)中屬陽性,代表男性陽剛特質(zhì),所以九月九叫做重陽.Onthisday,peoplewillgoclimbingmountains,drinking,andadmiringchrysanthemum[kri'snOamsm]菊花flowers.Moreimportantly,it’saimeforchildrentoshowsometenderlovingcaretotheseniorsortoshowfilial「'fi11al]piety['paia11]fortheirparents(filialpeity孝順,孝心)ClimbingtheHeightstoKeepAwayTroubles登高避災(zāi)TheDoubleNinthFestivalisinautumn,whenmarriedwomenaresupposedtoobservetheritualofvisitingtheirparentstakingthemtodosomemountain-climbing,sothattheycouldenjoytheseasonalbeautytogether.AppreciatingtheChrysanthemums賞菊Thechrysanthemumsareinfullblossomatthistimeoftheyear,andthegreatvarietyoftheflowerhas10ngbeentheobjectofadmirationfortheChines種繁多的菊花在秋日盛開,觀賞菊花是流傳已久的節(jié)日風(fēng)俗).OfferingSacrificestotheGoddessoftheSea祭海神TheninthoftheninthlunarmonthhappenstobethedaywhenMazu媽祖,theGoddessoftheSea,ascendedtotheheav.enGrandceremoniesareheldforheronthedayinChina'scoastalcitiesincludingtheTaiwanRegion.TheGodofLongevity[lon'dsevati]壽星老theguardianoflong-life長(zhǎng)壽的保護(hù)神ChineseTea中國茶InChina,tea-drinkingispartoftheChineseculture:TeaCulture.Todrinkteaisnotonlyawayoflife,itisalsoacusto(喝茶不僅是人們生活中的一種習(xí)慣.也是待客的一種習(xí)俗).Teahouseswheretea-drinkerscouldalsosocializeandentertainthemselvesarealloverthecountry.Tea-sauteing(炒茶),theimportantpartofteaprocessing,determinesthequalityoftheproduct.TheHomeofTea茶葉的故鄉(xiāng)Processedtealeavespickedfromteatreesbecometheteawepreparewithwaterandthendrink(茶是一種植物,稱茶樹,它的芽葉經(jīng)過加工就成了可供沖泡的茶葉 ).OriginallyaproductofChina,teawasexportedtopartsofAsiaasearlyassome1500yearsago,anditarrivedinEuropeabout400yearsago.VarietiesofTea茶葉的品種Withdifferentwaysofprocessing,teacanbeclassifiedintosuchvarietiesasgreentea綠茶,blacktea紅茶,oolongtea['uId ]烏龍茶,andscentedtea花茶,etc.andundereachcategory,there'redifferentbrandnamessuchastheXihuLongjing西湖龍井(WestLakeLongjingTea,greenteaproducedinHangzhou,2卜6上1@98浙江杭州),Biluochun碧螺春(greentea,producedinJiangsuProv.江蘇).TeaCeremony茶藝IntheChineseteaculture,therearecertainritualsandrulestofollow,eitheratthestageofpreparing,drinkingortreatingaguest(沏茶,敬茶,飲茶).There'salsoasetofcriteriaforthequalityofwater,tea,andtea-makingutensils.中國書法繪畫ChinesecalligraphyandpaintingTheFourTreasuresoftheStudy文房四寶Wenfang文房referstothestudyforamanofletters,andthetoolsandmaterialsforcalligraphyandpaintingincludethewritingbrush,inkstick,inkslabandpaper(筆、墨、紙、硯),sotheyarejointlycalled“thefourtreasuresofthestudy”.Inadditiontothese,theremayalsobeotheraccessoriesforcalligraphyandpaintinginthestudy,suchasbrushpots,brushracks,inkboxes,brushrinsingdishes,sealsandsealboxes,et(還有筆筒、筆架、墨盒、筆洗、印章、印盒等多種書法和繪畫用品).TheWritingBrush毛筆WritingbrushesarethetraditionalwritingtoolsinChina,datingfrom1600BCto1066BC.Thepointofthebrushisusuallymadewithhairfromanimaltailsandtheshaftofbamboosticks.Thesizesofwritingbrushesfallintothreetypes,namelylarge,mediumandsmallforwritingcharactersofdifferentsizesrespectively(根據(jù)書寫字體大小不同,毛筆有大、中、小號(hào)).TherearealsolargeronescalledDoubrush斗筆orTibrush提筆,andthelargestoneiscalledZhabrush揸筆.TheInkStick墨(塊)InancientChina,peoplehadtogrind([grai94]磨碎,碾碎)theinkstickintoinkliquidandthendipthewritingbrushintoittowriteandpaint.Forgrindingtheinkstick,somefreshwatershouldbepouredintotheinkslabfirst,then,grindtheinkstickroundinonedirection(用墨塊在硯臺(tái)上順著一個(gè)方向研磨),andgradually,thefreshwaterturnintoinkliquid.TheInkSlab硯Theinkslab,asatoolforgrindinginksticksandusuallymadeofstone,isveryimportanttoanancientmanoflettersinhisstudy.ThemostfamousistheDuanInkSlab端硯producedinZhaoqing,GuangdongProvince廣東肇慶,whichiscalledDuanzhou端州inancienttimes.Thiskindofinkslabshasafine,softandsmoothtextureandtheinkliquidgroundinthemiswellmixedanddurab(端硯質(zhì)地細(xì)密柔潤(rùn),研出的墨汁均勻耐用).Inkslabscanalsobeengravedwithexquisitedesignsastreasuresofart(硯臺(tái)上還能雕出精美的花紋,成為藝術(shù)珍品).TraditionalChinesePaintings中國畫AsatraditionalartinChina,traditionalChinesepaintingsarecreatedthroughspecialmannersofpresentationandartisticprinciples,withwritingbrushes,ink,andpigment(色素顏料)whicharealluniquetotheChinese國畫是中國傳統(tǒng)的繪畫藝術(shù),它用中國所獨(dú)有的毛筆、水墨、顏料,以特有的表現(xiàn)形式和藝術(shù)法則創(chuàng)作而成).Theycanbeclassified,accordingtosubjectmatter,intolandscape,flower-and-birdandfigurepaintings.LandscapePaintings山水畫Landscapepaintingsmainlydepictnaturalsceneryofmountainsandrivers,whichfirstcameintobeinginQinDynasty*KandreachedahighlevelinSongDynasty宋代.Chineselandscapepaintingsattachgreatimportancetopouringouttheemotionoftheartistandstriveforanartisticacmeofemotionbeinginharmonywithscenery(中國山水畫重在抒發(fā)畫家個(gè)人情感,達(dá)到情景交融的藝術(shù)境界).Flower-and-birdPaintings花鳥畫Flower-and—birdpaintingsdonotonlydepictflowersandbirdsonly,butalsobamboos,rocks,beasts,insectsandfish(竹石、走獸、蟲魚)aswell.Whattheartistadvocatesisthatthedepictionofthesethingscouldmouldthepersonaltemperamentwhileembodyingtheinternalmoralcharacterandthepersonalpursuitoftheafitist家主張通過對(duì)花鳥蟲魚的描繪,陶冶人的情操,體現(xiàn)作者內(nèi)在的思想和追求).FigurePaintings人物畫Figurepaintingsfocusparticularlyontheportrayalofthecharacter'sactivities,andthetaskoftheartististodrawouttheposeandattireinlinesforthepurposeofconveyingtheromanticcharmofthefigureinthepaintin畫家用線條勾畫出人物的形態(tài)和服飾,讓人感受到畫中人物的神韻).AncientChinahasproducedmanygreatartistsoffigurepaintingssuchasGuKaizhiinJinDynasty晉代的顧愷之,WuDaoziinTangDynasty唐代的吳道子,TangBohuinMingDynasty明代的唐伯虎,andsoon.NewYear'sPainting年畫NewYear'spaintingisakindoftraditionalChinesepaintingsproducedbymeansofwoodcutprocessprinting.Asan01dformoffolkartinChina,thiskindofpaintingsallhasfestivalthemesandasharpcontrastincol(年s畫是中國畫的一種,它采用木刻套印的方法作畫,內(nèi)容喜慶、色彩對(duì)比強(qiáng)烈,是中國古老的民間美術(shù)形式).Theyarespeciallycreatedfordecorationofhomes,wardingoffevilspiritsandominousoccurrencesinthecelebrationoftheChineseNewYe它是專門為過農(nóng)歷新年時(shí)裝飾環(huán)境、除兇辟邪而創(chuàng)作的).ThatiswhytheyarecalledNewYear'spaintings.中國文物TheTerra-cottaWarriors秦始皇陵兵馬俑QinShihuang秦始皇,thefirstemperorofthefeudalChinesesociety,broughtwithhimmassivefunerarijelongingswhenhedie-amovetoshowofftheauthoritandsplendorhe’denjoyedduringhislifetim秦始皇是中國封建社會(huì)的第一個(gè)皇帝。他死后,為了顯示他生前的輝煌和權(quán)威,在他的墓中陪葬了許多東西.AmongthemwerethethreebarracksofTerra-cottaWarrior(兵馬俑陣),whichhavebeenmarveledatasthe“World’sEighthMiracle”世界第八大奇跡.TheUndergroundArmy地下軍陣Yongiseitherahumanoranimalfiguremadewithclay.TheQinShihuang'sTomb秦始皇陵anditsgreatarmyofTerra-CottaWarriors—7000soldiers,100horsesand100chariotsinall,giveusapictureofthekindofgrandscaleofthearmyandthecompletenessofthearmy’smilitaryservicesmore0ha)ty/arsago(再現(xiàn)了2000多年前氣勢(shì)宏偉,兵種齊全的軍陣隊(duì)形).DunhuangGrottoes敦煌石窟TheDunhuangGrottoes,locatedonaCliffside25kmsoutheastofdowntownDunhuang(位于敦煌縣東南25千米處的斷崖上),arefamousforhisMogaoCaves莫高窟.Nowthereare492grottoesinexistence,whichwereconstructeduringthe4hcenturytothe10thcentury.MogaoCaves莫高窟becameatreasureoftheBuddhistartbecauseofthemultitudeofmuralsandsculpturesinthecaves.CaveReliefMurals石窟壁畫There'sapaceof45000m?ofmuralsinthecaves,thecontentsofwhichrangefromBuddhistfigures,Buddhastories,ancientfairytalesanddecorativedesigns窟內(nèi)現(xiàn)存的壁畫多達(dá)4.5萬平方米,內(nèi)容有佛像人物、佛經(jīng)故事、古代神話及裝飾圖案).Ittookmorethan1000yearstocomplete.TheDunhuangAcademyChina敦煌研究院TheDunhuangrelicshavesufferedtheplunderingandlootingofquiteanumberofadventuressuchastheBritish,theFrench,theRussian,theJapanese,theAmericans,皿(敦煌文物曾遭到英、法、俄、日、美等國冒險(xiǎn)家的盜取和掠奪.Manysuchrelicscannowbeseeninmuseumsandlibrariesthroughouttheworld.AsanefforttoprotectandfurtherstudytheartoftheDunhuangGrottoes,ChinafoundedtheDunhuangArtInstitute敦煌藝術(shù)研究所inthe1940s,whichbecamethepre-existenceofnowadaystheDunhuangAcademyChina敦煌研究院.中國民居ChineseFolkResidenceSiheyuan(BeijingQuadrangles['kwddr史og(a)l])北京四合院Siheyuan,acompoundenclosedbyinward-facinghousesandhighwallsonfoursides,isthefolkresidenceinnorthChina(合院是中國北方的民居,由東、南、西、北四面房屋及墻圍合起來._BeijingQuadrangles['kwndr出0g(s)l](周圍有建筑物的)四方院子aresymmetricalindesignandtheinhabitantsfollowstrictrulesofhierarchy.CaveDwellingsinShaanxi陜西窯洞CavedwellingsareuniquetotheLoess['lsois]PlateauinnorthernShaanxi(陜北的黃土高原.Acavedwellingmeasuresseventoeightmetersdeepandmorethanthreemetersinbreathandheightrespectively.Itiscoolinsummerandwarminwinter,resistanttofire,andsoundproofThecavedwelling,datingbacktothousandsofyearsago,isanage-oldformofresidenceforpeopleontheLoessPlateau.Today,therearestillmanypeoplelivingincavedwellings.BrickCavesandStoneCaves磚窯和石窯Anearthcaveisturnedintoabrickcaveifreinforcedwithbricks,orastonecaveifreinforcedwithstones.Brickcavesandstonecavesareusuallyusadschoolsoroffices.Itisalsopossibletoconstructbuilding-liketerracedbrickcavesthatarebeautifulandimposing還何以建成類似樓房一樣的多層階梯式磚窯,夕卜表看起來既漂亮又壯觀.FujianTulou福建土樓Tulou(earthenbuilding)isaself-defensivefolkresidencebuiltbyheHakka客家人)livinginsuchareasasLongyanandZhangzhou(龍巖、漳州)inFujianProvincetoprotecttheirclans(宗族,部落).Itisusuallyroundorsquare,andbigenoughforanentireclan.TheAncestralTemple祠堂ThecenterofaTulouistheancestraltemple,whichisusedtooffersacrificestoancestorsandforclangatheringsModernPrivateHouses現(xiàn)代民居GreatchangeshavetakenplaceinprivatehousesintownsandcountrysideinChina.Privatehousesintownsandcitiesmainlyconcentrateinresidentialdistricts,wherepeople'slivingenvironmentsandqualityarebeingimproved.Inthecountryside,people’smodernprivatehousesgenerallyappeartohaveavarietyofbuildingstylesandfeature鄉(xiāng)村的現(xiàn)代民居,也在呈現(xiàn)出各地多彩的風(fēng)情面貌Aresidentialdistrictcomposedofapartmentbuildingswithdifferentformsandstructureshasnotonlyanimprovedsystemofpropertymanagementservice1^物業(yè)服務(wù)系統(tǒng),butalsoacompletesetofeducational,medicalandtransportationset-ups(設(shè)施).Peoplecanpursueculturalandsocialactivitiesofallkindsaswellasphysicalexercisesinthecommunityoftheresidentialdistr在以小區(qū)形成的社區(qū),人們可以開展文化、體育及各項(xiàng)社會(huì)活動(dòng)中華武術(shù)TheChineseMartialArtTheShaolinMartialArt少林功夫AllgenresofmartialartsarederivedfromShaoliln,thus,intalkingabouttheShaolinTemple,whatfirstenterourmindsisitsmartialart.ThiskindofShaolinkungfu,accumulatedinthecourseofmorethanathousandyears,andextensivelydrawingontheadvantagesofallothergenresofmartialarts,wasfoundedonthebasisofancientChineseartofhealth-building;tinvolvesvariousmethodsoffightingtechniques,consistingofShaolinboxing,weaponrycombat,artofattackanddefense,freefightingandqigon也要包括拳術(shù)、器械、技擊、散打、氣功TaijiBoxing太極拳IntraditionalChineseboxing,TaijiBoxinghasitsuniqueeffectocultivatingmoralcharacterkeepingphysicalfitnesswdself-defendingagainstviolence身、健身和防身的效果.RegularpracticeofTaijiwillbeofgreatbenefittothecentralnervoussystem中央神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)thebloodcirculationsystem血液循環(huán)系統(tǒng)andtherespiratory[ri'spirat(a)ri]system呼吸系統(tǒng)andnowithasalreadybecomeaverypopularexerciseforkeepingphysicalfitnessallovertheworlTheOriginsofTaijiBoxing太極拳源流AncientChinesecalledtheuniverseTaiji太極,theSupremeUltimate,andtheyexplainedthemechanismofboxingaccordingtotheancientChinesephilosophyofyinandyang,thetwoopposingprinciplesexistinginallthingsunderthe,heavenhencethenameofTaijiBoxing.ThiskindofboxingbegantobetaughtandpracticedinthetransitingyearsfromMingDynastytoQingDynasty明末清初andoriginatedearliestfromChenWangting,inWenCounty,HenanProvince(河南溫縣的陳王廷),whichwasknownasChenStyleTaijiBoxing(陳氏太極拳).Later,asitwaspasseddowntheschoolsofYangstyleandWustyle楊氏、吳氏等流派)weredevelopedandevolved.中國文字TheChineseCharacterTheEvolutionofChineseCharacters漢字的演變ThecharactersofChineseusedbyChinesepeoplcarryafull10adofthousandsofyears’historyofChina(承載了中國幾千的歷jlWithsmallchangesofinwritingmethodssinceancienttimes,theyareusedinalldialectsasthecommonwrittencharacters.Therefore,theChinesecharactershaveplayedanextremelyimportantroleintheinheritanceofChinesecivilization漢字在歷史上對(duì)中華文明的傳承起到了十分重要的作用).TheOriginofChineseCharacters漢字的起源Inlegend,therewasafigureinremoteantiquity上古時(shí)期)namedCangJieanditwashe,asthelegendgoes,whohadcreatedtheChinesecharactersaccordingtotheshapesofallthings.Sohehasthetitleof'SageofCha

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