(完整word版)專四語法總結(jié)

專四必備語法一■、時態(tài)、語態(tài)時態(tài)、語態(tài)需要掌握的要點：.表達(dá)將來時的形式：(1)在時間、條件、讓步從句中，一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時，但要注意區(qū)別從句的類型，如：I'lltellhimwhenyouwillringagain.我告訴他你什么時候再來電話。 (賓語從句)比較：I'lltellhimwhenyouringagain^再打電話時我告訴他。 (狀語從句)(2)在makesure,makecertain,see(toit)后的that從句中，謂語動詞用一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時，如：Seetoitthatyouincludeinthepaperwhateverquestionstheydidn 'tknowtheanswertolasttime.(include不能用willinclude或其他形式).完成時是時態(tài)測試的重點，注意與完成時連用的句型和時間狀語：(1)by/between/upto/till+過去時間、since、bythetime/when+表示過去發(fā)生情況的從句， 主句用過去完成時。如:Wehadjusthadourbreakfastwhenanoldmancametothedoor.Between1897and1919atleast29motionpicturesinwhichartificialbeingswereportrayedhadbeenproduced.(表示1919年時已發(fā)生的情況)(2)by+將來時間、bythetime/when+謂語動詞是一般現(xiàn)在時的從句，主句用將來完成時。如：BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,wewillhavestayedinEuropefortwoweeks.Ihopeherhealthwillhaveimprovedgreatlybythetimewecomebacknextyear.(3)bynow、since+過去時間、in/during/for/over/thepast/lastfew(或具體數(shù)字)years/days/months,主句用現(xiàn)在完成時，如:Thechangesthathadtakenplaceinairtravelduringthelastsixtyyearswouldhaveseemedcompletelyimpossibletoeventhemostbrilliantscientistsattheturnofthe19thcentury.但在itis+具體時間since/before這一句型中，主句更多的時候不用完成時。ItisfouryearssinceJohnleftschool.(4)在Itisthe+序數(shù)詞/形容詞最高級+that的定語從句中，謂語動詞常用現(xiàn)在完成時。如：Itisn'tthefirsttimethatIhavefoundmyselfinanembarrassingsituation.⑸在nosooner…than…，hardly/scarcely 句when?主句常用過去完成時。.完成進(jìn)行時指動作在完成時的基礎(chǔ)上還要繼續(xù)下去。如：Thecompanyhasbeenpromisingariseinsalaryforages,butnothinghashappened.時態(tài)、語態(tài)答題思路：(1)先根據(jù)選項的區(qū)別點確定考題要點為時態(tài)， 然后回到題句中尋找給出的或暗示的時間狀語， 縮小選擇范圍，進(jìn)而選出正確答案；(2)根據(jù)謂語動詞與句子主語或非謂語動詞與其邏輯主語的關(guān)系，確定句子是主動語態(tài)還是被動語態(tài)。二、不定式.不定式做主語(1)引導(dǎo)邏輯主語的介詞：不定式的邏輯主語一般由介詞 for引導(dǎo),但下列表示人的性格行為特征的形容詞做1表語時,不定式的邏輯主語則由of引導(dǎo)：absurd,bold,brave,courageous,careful,careless,clever,wise,foolish,silly,stupid,good,nice,kind,thoughtful,considerate,greedy,generous,honest,modest,polite,rude,cruel,selfish,lazy,wicked,wrong。如：Expertssaywalkingisoneofthebestwaysforapersontostayhealthy.It’sclevoefryoutohaveinventedsuchadevice.(2)不定式做主語補足語：掌握常用不定式做主語補足語的句型。注意不定式表示的動作發(fā)生的時間，并采用相應(yīng)形式。如：besaid/reported/thought/believed/known/supposed+todosth..不定式做賓語掌握要求接不定式做賓語的動詞：afford,arrange,attempt,claim,desire,determine,expect,fail,guarantee,endeavor,intend,pledge,pretend,resolve,request,swear,tend,venture。如：Eventhoughthechildrenpretendedtobeasleep,thenurseswerenotdeceivedwhentheycameintotheroom.3.不定式做定語(1)被修飾的名詞前有序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級或 next,last,only,nota,the,very等限定詞時，該名詞用不定式做定語。如：thefirstwomantosetfootonthemoon第一個登上月球的女性(2)如果其動詞要求不定式做賓語，相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定語。如：tendencytodoftendtodo,decisiontodo fdecidetodoThisbookisanattempttohelpyouuseEnglishandrecognizehowitisused.3)如果其形容詞形式要求接不定式做補語，相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定語。如：ambitiontodo干的雄心”-beambitioustodo有雄心干”curiositytodo對的好奇心”fbecurioustodo寸好奇”abilitytodo做?…，?的能力”-abletodoW"能方做”AccordingtoDarwin,randomchangesthatenhanceaspeciesabilitytosurvive’arenaturallyselectedandpassedontosucceedinggeneration.(4)表示方式、原因、時間、機會、權(quán)利等名詞用不定式做定語，這些名詞包括：way,method,reason,time,place,chance,occasion,opportunity,evidence,power,right,movement,drive(運動)，effort等。如：IworkedsolateintheofficelastnightthatIhardlyhadtimetocatchthelastbus.Weappreciateyoureffortstobringaboutacomprehensivesolutiontotheexistingproblem.(5)不定代詞something,nothing,little,much,alot習(xí)慣上用不定式做定語。如：Thoughwehavemadegreatprogress,thereisstillmuchtobeimproved..不定式做狀語不定式做狀語主要表示目的、程度、結(jié)果、方式。(1)inorderto(do),soasto(do)結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)目的狀語，soasto不能置于句首。如：(2)so…asto,such…asto,enough …to3oo故程Wo語。如：Thesolutionworksonlyforcoupleswhoareself-employed,don’thavesmallchildrenandgetalongwellenoughtospendmostoftheirtimetogether.ThevocabularyandgrammaticaldifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericanEnglisharesotrivialandfewas2hardlytobenoticed.(3)不定式做結(jié)果狀語只能出現(xiàn)在句子的末尾，表示不愉快的結(jié)果，有時用only加強語氣。常見的不定式動詞有 find,hear,see,betold,form,give,make,produce等。如：Greatlyagitated,Irushedtotheapartmentandtriedthedoor,onlytofinditlocked.(4)not/nevertoo???to,too…notto,but/onlytoo eagetOaWOnreOmMto表示肯定意義。如：Iamonlytoopleasedtohearfromyoufurther.能再聽到你的消息，我太高興了。三、動名詞.必須接動名詞做賓語的動詞牢記下列要求接動名詞做賓語的動詞：acknowledge,advocate,anticipate,appreciate,avoid,admit,confess,consider,delay,deny,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,favor,finish,forgive,imagine,involve,justify,mention,pardon,practice,postpone,recall，recollect，risk,resist,suggest,tolerate。如：Iappreciatehavingbeengiventheopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago..動名詞做介詞短語考生尤其要識別下列短語中的to是介詞，不是不定式符號：objectto,resortto,reactto,contributeto,lookforwardto,beaccustomedto,becommittedto,beexposedto,besubjectedto,bedevotedto,bededicatedto,beopposedto,bereconciledto,becontraryto,be(get)usedto,comecloseto,getdownto,giveoneselfupto,prefer …to,seeto,setto,taketo,inadditionto,withregardto,withaviewto,onthewayto。如：四、分詞分詞起形容詞和副詞的作用，在句中做定語或狀語。在概念上應(yīng)清楚：現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動，表示動作在進(jìn)行。過去分詞表示被動，表示動作結(jié)束了的狀態(tài)或結(jié)果。1.分詞做定語，弄清現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別分詞短語做定語相當(dāng)于省略了的定語從句，考生應(yīng)掌握：1)現(xiàn)在分詞與被修飾詞之間具有主動意義。如：It’seasytoblamethedeclineofconversationonthepaceofmodernlifeandonthevaguechangestakingplaceinourever-increasingworld.(相當(dāng)于thechangeswhichtakeplace...)TherewasaveryinterestingremarkinabookbyanEnglishmanthatIreadrecentlygivingwhathethoughtwasareasonforthisAmericancharacteristic.(相當(dāng)于whichgave...)Howmanyofusattending,say,ameetingthatisirrelevanttouswouldbeinterestedinthediscussion?(相當(dāng)于Howmanyofuswhowillattend...)(2)過去分詞與被修飾詞之間具有被動意義。如：Goodnewswassometimesreleasedprematurely,withtheBritishrecaptureoftheportannouncedhalfaday3beforethedefendersactuallysurrendered.（相當(dāng)于…recaptureoftheportwhichhadbeenannounced …）Justasthevalueofatelephonenetworkincreaseswitheachnewphoneaddedtothesystem,sodoesthevalueofacomputersystemincreasewitheachprogramthatturnsout.（相當(dāng)于…eachnewphonewhichisaddedtoTheauthorgaveadetaileddescriptionbasedonhispersonalobservationofnature.（相當(dāng)于,,descriptionwhichwasbasedon…）（3）下列不及物動詞也以過去分詞形式做定語或表語，但不具有被動意義：deceased,departed,elapsed,faded,fallen,gone,grown-up,retired,returned,risen,set,vanished,much-travelled,newlyarrived,recentlycome。如：anescapedprisoner一個逃犯 aretiredworker一位退休工人afadedcurtain一個褪了色的窗簾 anewlyarrivedstudent一個新來的學(xué)生.分詞做狀語，注意區(qū)分分詞的一般式與完成式（1）表示時間，多置于句首，注意如果分詞表示的動作的時間先于謂語動詞，要用完成式。如：Havingcompletedonetask,westartedonanotherone.（complete先于start之前發(fā)生）（2）表示原因，置于句首句尾均可，根據(jù)情況有時要用完成式，有時用一般式。如：Hewasn’atskedtotakeonthechairmanshipofthesociety,beingconsideredinsufficientlypopularwithallmembers.Thereseemedlittlehopethattheexplorer,havingbeendesertedinthetropicalforest,wouldfindhiswaythroughit.（3）表示伴隨、方式，置于句尾，用分詞的一般式。如：Helenborrowedmydictionarytheotherdaysayingthatshewouldreturnitsoon.Annawasreadingapieceofsciencefiction,completelylosttotheoutsideworld.（4）表示結(jié)果，置于句尾，用分詞的一般式。如：Thecityfounditselfinacrisissituationlastsummerwhentheairconditioningondozensofthenewbusesbrokedown,themunusable.（5）表示補充說明 （同位），置于句尾，用分詞的一般式。如：Thearticleopensandcloseswithdescriptionsoftwonewsreports,eachmakingonemajorpointincontrastwiththeother.Fordtrieddividingthelabor,eachworkerassignedaseparatetask..分詞的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)分詞的邏輯主語一般為句子的主語，否則分詞短語要有自己的邏輯主語，稱為分詞獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。分詞獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)只是句子的一個部分。如：Allflightshavingbeencanceledbecauseofthesnowstorm,wedecidedtotakethetrain.Darknesssettingin,theyoungcouplelingeredonmerrymaking.五、非謂語動詞的其他考點1.接不定式或動名詞做賓語都可以，但在意思上有區(qū)別的動詞的用法TOC\o"1-5"\h\zmeantodo想要（做某事） proposetodo打算 （做某事 ）meandoing意味（做某事 ） proposedoing建議 （做某事 ）forgettodo忘記 （要做的事 ） remembertodo記得 （要做某事 ）4TOC\o"1-5"\h\zIntheeventthatshehasnotbeeninformed,Iwilltellher.(如果 )Youcangoswimmingonconditionthatyoudon 'tgotoofarfromthRWerbank.Supposeitrained,wewouldstillgo.(彳矍如 )Sayitweretrue,whatwouldyoudoaboutit? (彳矍如 )(3)祈使句表示條件。如： Dresswarmly,orelseyou’llcatchcold.Talktoanyoneinthedrugindustry,andyou ’llsoondiscoverthatthescienceofgeneticsisthebiggestthingtohdrugresearchsincepenicillinwasdiscovered..讓步狀語從句的?？贾R點(1)as引導(dǎo)讓步從句，要求用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，把強調(diào)的部分置于句首。如：Muchashelikesher,hedoesgetirritatedwithhersometimes.Humbleasitmaybe,thereisnoplacelikehome.(2)while引導(dǎo)讓步從句。如:Everybodycheatsalittle,somepsychologistssay,whileothersinsistthatmostpeoplearebasicallyhonestandsomewouldn’tcheatunderanycircumstances.(3)復(fù)合連接詞 forallthat和分詞granting/granted(that)引導(dǎo)讓步從句。如:Grantedyouhavemademuchprogress,youshouldnotbeconceited.Forallthatcomputerscanprovideuswithgreathelp,theyshouldn’betseenassubstitutesforfundamentalthinkingandreasoningskills..時間狀語從句的常考知識點(1)before表示漢語的 只有/必須 才能“。如：Newideassometimeshavetowaitforyearsbeforetheyarefullyaccepted.(2)when引導(dǎo)時間從句時，如果出現(xiàn)在后半句，則表示“這/那時突然 ”。如：IhavejuststartedbackforthehousetochangemyclotheswhenIheardthevoices.⑶whenitcomesto是習(xí)慣用法，意為當(dāng)談到 時"。如：Doingyourhomeworkisasurewaytoimproveyourtestscores,andthisisespeciallytruewhenitcomestoclassroomtests.(4)名詞短語、介詞短語 each/everytime,themoment/second/minute,inthetime,bythetime起連詞作用。如:Ihopeherhealthwillhaveimprovedgreatlybythetimewecomebacknextyear.MypainmusthavebeenapparentthemomentIwalkedintotheroom,forthefirstmanImetaskedsympathetically: “Areyoufeelingallright? ”Mercury’svelocityissomuchgreaterthantheEarth ’sthatitcompletesmorethanfourrevolutionsaroundthinthetimeittakestheEarthtocompleteone.(5)副詞directly,immediately,instantly,now弓I導(dǎo)時間從句,相當(dāng)于assoona3如：Thepolicemenwentintoactiondirectlytheyheardthealarm.4.原因狀語從句的?？贾R點(1)inthat引導(dǎo)原因從句時 ,有時翻譯成 “是因為”、“就在于”。如 :Advertisingisdistinguishedfromotherformsofcommunicationinthattheadvertiserpaysforthemessagetobedelivered.Criticismandself-criticismisnecessaryinthatithelpsustofindandcorrectourmistakes.(2)nowthat表示既然"；seeingthat,considerin索示鑒于“、考慮到"。如：Nowthatwehaveallthematerialready,weshouldbeginthenewtaskatonce.Hedidpoorlyintheexaminations,consideringhowhardhehadtriedforthem.Seeingthatsheislawfullyol