法思營(yíng)銷專注工業(yè)品營(yíng)銷推動(dòng)系統(tǒng)營(yíng)銷全面實(shí)施

AdministrativeLaw

Chapter2:AdministrativeSubjectandAdministrativeCounterpart

DefinitionofAdministrativeSubjectsAdministrativeOrgansOtherOrgansofExecutionofAdministrativeFunctionsandPowersNationalPublicServantsAdministrativeCounterparts2.1DefinitionofAdministrativeSubjects2.1.1DefinitionTheyaretheadministrativeorgansortheorganizationsauthorizedbylawsorregulationsthatintheirownnameexerciseadministrativefunctionsandpowersandconductadministrativeactsthatinfluencethecounterpart’srightsandobligations,andatthesametime,theyarealsocapableofexternallybearinglegalresponsibilitiesbythemselvesandrespondingtoprosecutionsasthedefendants.2.1.1RelatedconceptsAdministrativesubjectandadministrativeorgansAdministrativeorgansareonetypeofadministrativesubjects.Besidesadministrativeorgans,administrativesubjectsincludeorganizationsauthorizedbythelaw.AdministrativesubjectandnationalpublicservantNationalpublicservantsaretherepresentativesofadministrativesubjects.Thefunctionsandpowersofadministrativesubjectsarenormallyexercisedthroughnationalpublicservants.Butnationalpublicservantsarenotadministrativesubjects:allconsequencesofadministrativeactsthatareconductedbynationalpublicservantsareascribedtoadministrativesubjectsanditisadministrativesubjectsthatshallexternallytakethelegalresponsibility.2.2AdministrativeOrgans2.2.1DefinitionAdministrativeorgansarethestateorgansthataresetinaccordancewiththeconstitutionoradministrativeorganiclawstoexercisestateadministrativefunctions.2.2.2FeaturesAdministrativeorgansexercisestateadministrativepowersandadministratestateadministrativeaffairsSubordination-theorganicsystemofleadership–isappliedTheexecutionofadministrativefunctionsbyadministrativeorgansspeciallydemandsofrapidityandefficiencysotheorganicsystemofleadership-subordination(主從制)isapplied.Inthissystem,administrativeorgansatthenexthigherleveldirectlysubordinateadministrativeorgansatthenextlowerlevel,andthelatteraresubjecttoandresponsiblefortheformerandshallreporttotheformer.Thatfeatureisexclusivetobothstateorgansofpowerandstatejudicialorgans.Superiorstateorgansofpowerdonotexerciseleadershiptosubordinatestateorgansofpowerandshallnotissueorderstothem.Forlocalregulationsandresolutionsmadebysubordinatestateorgansofpowercontravenetheconstitution,thelawandadministrativeregulations,superiorstateorgansofpowermayonlyrescindthemthroughlegalprocedures.Thesametosuperiorpeople’scourts.Theleadingcadres’responsibilitysystemisappliedindecision-makingAdministrativeorgansdirectlyenforceadministrationoncitizens,soclearjurisdiction(權(quán)限)andexplicitresponsibilityarerequired.Collegial(共同掌權(quán)制)systemisadoptedintheexecutionoffunctionbystateorgansofpowerandstatejudicialorgans.Theexecutionoffunctionsbyadministrativeorgansisusuallyvoluntary,regularanduninterruptedAdministrativeorgansmostfrequently,mostdirectlyandmostwidelycontactwiththeindividualsandorganizationsInthelightofjurisdictionofthepower,administrativeorganscanbedividedintocentraladministrativeorgansandlocaladministrativeorgans1)CentraladministrativeorgansIncludetheStateCouncil,MinistriesandCommissionsundertheStateCouncil,OrganizationsdirectlyundertheStateCouncilandWorkingBodyoftheStateCouncil.TheStateCouncil,asthecentralpeople’’sgovernment,istheexecutivebodyofthehighestorganofpower.CreatedbytheNationalPeople’sCongress,theStateCouncilisresponsibleforitandissupervisedbyitandbyitsstandingcommittee.TheStateCouncilisconsistedofthePremier,thevice-Premiers,theStatecouncilors,theMinisters,theAuditor-GeneralandtheSecretary-General.ThePremierassumesoverallresponsibilityfortheworkofit.JobdepartmentsintheStateCouncil:MinistryofForeignAffairsMinistryofNationalDefenseMinistryofCultureMinistryofPublicSecurityMinistryofCivilAffairsNationalDevelopmentandReformCommission……Atpresent,28ministries,commissions,bankandofficesarelistedintotheworkingdepartmentsoftheStateCouncil.2)LocaladministrativeorgansIncludelocalpeople’’sgovernmentsatdifferentlevelsandtheworkingdepartmentthereof.Dividedintothreelevels:people’sgovernmentsoftheprovinces,theautonomousregionsandmunicipalityunderthecentralauthority;people’sgovernmentsofcounties,autonomouscountiesandcitiesatthelevelofcounties;people’sgovernmentsoftownships,nationalitytownships,andtowns.Q:Inthefollowingorgans,whichareadministrativeorgans?1、武漢市人大大常委會(huì)2、武漢市地稅稅局3、武漢市洪山山區(qū)喻家山派派出所4、華中科技大大學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)委員員會(huì)5、中共武漢市市委員會(huì)6、武漢市中級(jí)級(jí)人民法院7、武漢市政協(xié)協(xié)8、武漢市洪山山區(qū)街道辦事事處9、武漢市總工工會(huì)10、武漢市青山山區(qū)和平鄉(xiāng)政政府11、武漢市青山山區(qū)和平級(jí)大大橋村村委會(huì)會(huì)國(guó)務(wù)院辦事機(jī)機(jī)構(gòu)是協(xié)助總理辦辦理專門事項(xiàng)項(xiàng)的機(jī)構(gòu)，不不具有獨(dú)立的的行政管理職職能，如國(guó)務(wù)務(wù)院外事辦公公室、國(guó)務(wù)院院僑務(wù)辦公室室、國(guó)務(wù)院港港澳事務(wù)辦公公室、國(guó)務(wù)院院法制辦公室室、國(guó)務(wù)院研研究室等。國(guó)務(wù)院議事協(xié)協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)構(gòu)承擔(dān)跨國(guó)務(wù)院院行政機(jī)構(gòu)的的重要業(yè)務(wù)的的組織協(xié)調(diào)任任務(wù)，在特殊殊或緊急情況況下，經(jīng)國(guó)務(wù)務(wù)院同意，可可以規(guī)定臨時(shí)時(shí)性的行政管管理措施，如如國(guó)家國(guó)防動(dòng)動(dòng)員委員會(huì)、、全國(guó)愛國(guó)衛(wèi)衛(wèi)生運(yùn)動(dòng)委員員會(huì)等。國(guó)務(wù)院還有兩個(gè)派出機(jī)構(gòu)構(gòu)：中央人民政政府駐香港特特別行政區(qū)聯(lián)聯(lián)絡(luò)辦公室、、中央人民政政府駐澳門特特別行政區(qū)聯(lián)聯(lián)絡(luò)辦公室。。我國(guó)法律規(guī)定定，縣級(jí)以上上地方人民政政府經(jīng)有權(quán)機(jī)機(jī)關(guān)批準(zhǔn)，可可以設(shè)立派出出機(jī)關(guān)，在一一定區(qū)域內(nèi)行行使行政管理理權(quán)、以自己己的名義實(shí)施施行政行為和和獨(dú)立承擔(dān)行行政責(zé)任，它它們也是行政政法主體意義義上的行政機(jī)機(jī)關(guān)，如行政政公署(省、自治區(qū)人人民政府經(jīng)國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)院批準(zhǔn)設(shè)設(shè)立)、區(qū)公所(縣人民政府經(jīng)經(jīng)省級(jí)人民政政府批準(zhǔn)設(shè)立立)、街道辦事處處(市轄區(qū)、不設(shè)設(shè)區(qū)的市的人人民政府經(jīng)上上一級(jí)人民政政府批準(zhǔn)設(shè)立立)。各級(jí)人民政府府及其工作部部門可以依法法設(shè)立下屬的的行政組織。。人民政府設(shè)設(shè)立的下屬機(jī)機(jī)構(gòu)稱為派出出機(jī)關(guān)(branchorgan)，而人民政府府工作部門設(shè)設(shè)立的下屬機(jī)機(jī)構(gòu)稱為派出出機(jī)構(gòu)(detachedoffice)，如公安局派派出的派出所所，工商局派派出的工商所所。派出機(jī)關(guān)和派派出機(jī)構(gòu)在許許多方面存在在明顯區(qū)別：：首先派出機(jī)機(jī)關(guān)的職權(quán)范范圍涉及到所所轄區(qū)域的方方方面面，而而派出機(jī)構(gòu)往往往只涉及某某一項(xiàng)行政職職權(quán)；其次，，在法律地位位上兩者區(qū)別別明顯，派出出機(jī)關(guān)屬于行行政主體，具具有獨(dú)立的法法律地位，而而派出機(jī)構(gòu)在在沒有法律法法規(guī)規(guī)章授權(quán)權(quán)的情況下，，沒有獨(dú)立的的法律地位，，在行政訴訟訟中往往不能能做被告。2.3OtherOrgansofExecutionofAdministrativeFunctionsandPowersOrganizationsauthorizedbylawsandregulationsTheyareorganizationsotherthanstateorgansTheyexercisespecialadministrativepowers,notgeneraladministrativepowersTheyareauthorizedbyconcretelawsandregulations,notbyadministrativeorganiclawsLegalstatusofauthorizedorganizationsWhenexercisingpowersauthorizedbylawsandregulations,theauthorizedorganizationsenjoysthestatusofadministrativesubjectsthatissimilartoadministrativeorgansAuthorizedorganizationsexercisepowersauthorizedbylawsandregulationsintheirownnameandexternallytakelegalresponsibilitiesfortheactsofexercisingthefunctionsandpowersWhenexercisingthefunctionsofthemselves(notadministrativefunctions),theydonotenjoyadministrativepower.OrganizationsentrustedbyadministrativeorgansTheyareorganizationsotherthanstateorganthatareentrustedbyadministrativeorganstoexerciseadministrativepower.Theyexercisecertainadministrativepowers,notgeneraladministrativepowers.Theexerciseofcertainadministrativepowerisbasedontheentrustmentinsteadoftheauthorizationoflawsandregulations.Theconditionsofentrustedorganizationsaregenerallystipulatedbyspecificlawsandregulations.Andentrustedorganizationsmustbeinagreementwiththefollowingconditions:Theybelongtolegallyestablishedpublicinstitutionsthatadministratepublicaffairs;Theyareprovidedwithstaffmembersthatarefamiliarwithrelevantlaws,regulations,rulesandbusiness;TheyarecapableoforganizingtechnicalinspectionortechnicalappraisementLegalstatusofentrustedorganizationsEntrustedorganizationsexercisepowersinthenameofentrustingadministrativeorgansandtheentrustingadministrativeorgansexternallytakelegalresponsibilitiesfortheactsofexercisingthefunctionsandpowersWhenexercisingtheentrustedfunctions,theycanobtaindeservingrights,managementmeasuresandworkingconditionsTheycanobtainrequiredfundsandrewardsfortheexecutionofduties2.4NationalPublicServantsNationalpublicservantsarepersonswhoareemployedbythestatethroughlegalformsandproceduresthatworkinadministrativeorgansatdifferentlevels,andwhopursuanttothelawexecutestateadministrativepowerandperformofficialdutiesofthestate.2.4.1NationalFunctionaryRelationLegalrelationbetweenthestateandnationalpublicservantsInexternaladministrativerelations,nationalpublicservantsareonbehalfofadministrativeorgansandexecutestateadministrativepowersinthenameoftheadministrativeorganstheyworkfor,sotheconsequencesoftheiractsareattributedtocorrespondingadministrativeorgans.Inadministrativelitigation,nationalpublicservantsareneitherplaintiffsnordefendants,sotheydonotactaspartieslitigant.InChina,nationalpublicservantsshallnotmakeappealstothecourtiftheythinkdecisionsofadministrativeorganshaveinfringedtheirrightsandinterests.Casesofthatkindshallonlybesolvedinotherways.CivilServantLawofthePeople'sRepublicofChina第五十四條公公務(wù)員執(zhí)行行公務(wù)時(shí)，認(rèn)認(rèn)為上級(jí)的決決定或者命令令有錯(cuò)誤的，，可以向上級(jí)級(jí)提出改正或或者撤銷該決決定或者命令令的意見；上上級(jí)不改變?cè)撛摏Q定或者命命令，或者要要求立即執(zhí)行行的，公務(wù)員員應(yīng)當(dāng)執(zhí)行該該決定或者命命令，執(zhí)行的的后果由上級(jí)級(jí)負(fù)責(zé)，公務(wù)務(wù)員不承擔(dān)責(zé)責(zé)任；但是，，公務(wù)員執(zhí)行行明顯違法的的決定或者命命令的，應(yīng)當(dāng)當(dāng)依法承擔(dān)相相應(yīng)的責(zé)任。。制定惡法有罪罪，執(zhí)行惡法法有罪。Casestudy:violenturbanmanagementCasestudy:張X訴X縣工商行政管管理局侵權(quán)賠賠償案1995年6月，張X到農(nóng)貿(mào)市場(chǎng)賣賣菜，因未到到指定地點(diǎn)賣賣，在農(nóng)貿(mào)市市場(chǎng)執(zhí)勤的工工商所工商行行政管理員王王X將其秤桿收走走。在張X與王X理論的過程中中，張X被王X及其同事打傷傷。張X出院后，要求求X縣工商行政管管理局賠償其其醫(yī)療費(fèi)、誤誤工費(fèi)、精神神損失費(fèi)等總總計(jì)人民幣75000元。X縣工商行政管管理局作出書書面裁決，認(rèn)認(rèn)為王X及其他幾名肇肇事者的傷害害行為與工商商行政管理局局無關(guān)，不屬屬行政賠償?shù)牡姆秶蕦?duì)對(duì)張X的賠償請(qǐng)求不不予受理。張張X遂向X縣人民法院提提起行政訴訟訟，狀告X縣工商行政管管理局及王X等人。問：該案屬于民事事賠償還是行行政賠償案件件？Casestudy:高X訴X區(qū)公安分局非非法行政拘留留案1991年5月9日，高X下班行至本廠廠大門外浴池池門口時(shí)，兩兩個(gè)不明身份份的人對(duì)他講講：“請(qǐng)你跟跟我們走一趟趟。”高X回答：“什么么事，你們是是干什么的?”這兩個(gè)人講：：“我們是公公安局的便衣衣，找你有點(diǎn)點(diǎn)事?！备遆便跟這兩個(gè)人人走進(jìn)了X市X區(qū)公安分局治治安科。此二二人是該科的的兩位刑警張張X和熊X。在張X和熊X的威逼下，高高X依此二人的授授意，寫了一一個(gè)交代材料料，承認(rèn)有偷偷看女同志洗洗澡行為。張張X和熊X用事先準(zhǔn)備好好的行政處罰罰決定書裁決決對(duì)高X行政拘留7天，依據(jù)的是是《中華人民共和和國(guó)治安管理理處罰條例》。由于處罰決決定書上沒有有寫明高X有提起行政復(fù)復(fù)議和提起行行政訴訟的權(quán)權(quán)利，高X亦不知自己可可以請(qǐng)求復(fù)議議和提起訴訟訟，高X在當(dāng)時(shí)既沒有有請(qǐng)求復(fù)議也也沒有起訴。。高X7天的行政拘留留執(zhí)行完畢以以后，由于其其自覺冤枉，，便在律師的的幫助下，向向X市公安局提起起行政復(fù)議。。X市公安局復(fù)議議后維持了原原來的處罰決決定。高X對(duì)復(fù)議決定仍仍不服，便向向X區(qū)人民法院提提起了行政訴訴訟。X區(qū)人民法院受受理此案后進(jìn)進(jìn)行了現(xiàn)場(chǎng)勘勘驗(yàn)和案件調(diào)調(diào)查實(shí)驗(yàn)，發(fā)發(fā)現(xiàn)證據(jù)不足足，判決撤銷銷了X市X區(qū)公安分局對(duì)對(duì)高X的行政處罰決決定。后經(jīng)調(diào)查，X區(qū)公安局治安安科的科長(zhǎng)周周X與高X有個(gè)人恩怨，，為了報(bào)私仇仇便讓該科的的張X和熊X對(duì)高X實(shí)施了處罰行行為。問：1、X區(qū)公安分局的的行政拘留行行為是行政行行為還是個(gè)人人行為？2、何種認(rèn)定更更有利于保護(hù)護(hù)行政相對(duì)人人的權(quán)利？Casestudy:鐵路民警誤傷傷群眾案一個(gè)鐵路民警警，中午下班班后到飯館去去吃飯，見鄰鄰桌兩伙起糾糾紛，其中有有一個(gè)人用刀刀將對(duì)方一人人扎倒。該民民警見狀，從從兜里摸出槍槍過去要抓兇兇手，結(jié)果因因人多加之心心情著急，不不小心摔倒，，手里拿的槍槍磕到水泥地地上，扳機(jī)扣扣動(dòng)發(fā)了兩槍槍，子彈打到到水泥地上，，反彈起來，，把周圍一個(gè)個(gè)旁觀的人的的腿打傷。傷傷者提起訴訟訟，要求民警警賠償損失。。民警認(rèn)為：不不應(yīng)該由我賠賠償。因我是是在執(zhí)行制止止犯罪、捉拿拿罪犯的警察察的職務(wù)，執(zhí)執(zhí)行職務(wù)的結(jié)結(jié)果不應(yīng)由我我個(gè)人承擔(dān)。。鐵路公安分局局認(rèn)為：不應(yīng)應(yīng)由公安局賠賠償。其理由由有兩點(diǎn)：一一，該民警是是在下班期間間所為的行為為，應(yīng)當(dāng)屬于于個(gè)人行為；；二，鐵路民民警應(yīng)管鐵路路上的事，管管不著飯館吃吃飯人的事。。問：鐵路民警警的行為屬于于個(gè)人行為還還是行政行為為？2.5AdministrativeCounterpartsDefinitionTheyrefertotheotherpartyinadministrativelegalrelationsthatisoppositetotheadministrativesubject,thatis,theindividualororganizationwhoserightsandinterestsareinfluencedbyadministrativeactsoftheadministrativesubject.RightsandobligationsRights:RightofapplicationRightofparticipationRighttoknowthetruthRighttocriticizeandadviseRightofappeal,accusationandtherighttoimpeachRightofstatementanddefendingRighttoapplyforreconsiderationRighttotakeadministrativeproceedingsRighttoclaimforcompensationRighttorejectillegaladministrativeactObligations:ObligationtoobeyadministrationObligationtoassistofficialdutiesObligationtomaintainpublicinterestsObligationtoacceptadministrativesupervisionsObligationtoofferauthenticinformationObligationtoabidebylegalprocedures9、靜夜夜四無無鄰，，荒居居舊業(yè)業(yè)貧。。。1月-231月-23Thursday,January5,202310、雨中中黃葉葉樹，，燈下下白頭頭人。。。23:25:2923:25:2923:251/5/202311:25:29PM11、以我獨(dú)獨(dú)沈久，，愧君相相見頻。。。1月-2323:25:2923:25Jan-2305-Jan-2312、故人江海別別，幾度隔山山川。。23:25:2923:25:2923:25Thursday,January5,202313、乍見翻疑疑夢(mèng)，相悲悲各問年。。。1月-231月-2323:25:2923:25:29January5,202314、他他鄉(xiāng)鄉(xiāng)生生白白發(fā)發(fā)，，舊舊國(guó)國(guó)見見青青山山。。。。05一一月月202311:25:29下下午午23:25:291月月-2315、比不不了得得就不不比，，得不不到的的就不不要。。。。一月2311:25下下午1月-2323:25January5,202316、行動(dòng)動(dòng)出成成果，，工作作出財(cái)財(cái)富。。。2023/1/523:25:2923:25:2905January202317、做前，能能夠環(huán)視四四周；做時(shí)時(shí)，你只能能或者最好好沿著以腳腳為起點(diǎn)的的射線向前前。。11:25:29下下午11:25下午23:25:291月-239、沒有失敗，，只有暫時(shí)停停止成功！。。1月-231月-23Thursday,January5,202310、很多事情努努力了未必有有結(jié)果，但是是不努力卻什什么改變也沒沒有。。23:25:2923:25:2923:251/5/202311:25:29PM11、成成功功就就是是日日復(fù)復(fù)一一日日那那一一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)點(diǎn)點(diǎn)小小小小努努力力的的積積累累。。。。1月月-2323:25:2923:25Jan-2305-Jan-2312、世間間成事事，不不求其其絕對(duì)對(duì)圓滿滿，留留一份份不足足，可