2020“外研社杯”全國(guó)英語閱讀大賽初賽樣題

文檔來源為:從網(wǎng)絡(luò)收集整理.word版本可編輯.2017“外研社杯”全國(guó)英語閱讀大賽初賽（90min）PartIReadandKnowInPartI,youwillreadshorttextsofvariouskinds.Readtheinstructionscarefullyandanswerthequestions.(Timesuggested:20minutes)Questions1-3(Suggestedcompletiontime:3minutes)Directions:Readthefollowingquotes.Matchthequoteswiththepeople.Pleasenotetherearethreeextraoptionsyoudonotneed.:A.WilliamShakespearei::A.WilliamShakespearei:B.NelsonMandelai:iC.ThomasA.Edison:toGeDeSeveJobs:icomprehend^^^(thebooktitle),gthird3.ughascAwseo$tTawngdrDesignisnowitworks?iinstruction,buttheaverageintelligentreaderwillgleanlittlenothingfromit—evenfrom1.Fairisfoul,andfoulisfair:HoverthroughthefogQuestionsan(Sugghy?tedcompletiontime:2minutes)l：一_2」炯冶迪占?貝*"—ingDirections:Reawon'twork.-fwDetUtWe’nojismwvaionajOksmayantfeeeta祁eancXXXX(theauthor)'snewandmammothvolume,withoutgoinDesignishowitworks.carefulperusal,onemightproperlysaystudy,ofit—savebewildermentandasenseofdisgust.ItshouldbecompanionedwithakeyandaglossaryliketheBerlitzbooks...Whichofthefollowingworksdoesthebookreviewaddress?UlyssesTheOdysseyInSearchofLostTimeOneHundredYearsofSolitudeQuestion5(Suggestedcompletiontime:2minutes)Directions:Readthetextandanswerthequestionaccordingtothetext.IlikethefactthatthestudyfocusesonaFrenchclassroom,whichreceiveslessattentioninSecondLanguageAcquisitionresearchthanotherforeignlanguageclassrooms.However,forreasonsthatIelaborateonbelow,Idonotrecommendthismanuscriptforpublication.IrecommendthattheauthorconsultstheJournalofLanguage,Identity,andEducation.Thatjournalmightbeabetterfitforthispaper.Thetextcouldbestbedescribedas.aconclusionasummaryareviewapledgeQuestion6(Suggestedcompletiontime:2minutes)Directions:Readthetext,andanswerthequestionaccordingtothetext.MyLord,Ihavebeenlatelyinformed,bytheproprietorofTheWorld,thattwopapers,inwhichmyDictionaryisrecommendedtothepublic,werewrittenbyyourlordship.Tobesodistinguishedis

anhonorwhich,beingverylittleaccustomedtofavorsfromthegreat,Iknownotwellhowtoreceive,orinwhattermstoacknowledge.Sevenyears,mylord,havenowpassed,sinceIwaitedinyouroutwardrooms,orwasrepulsedfromyourdoor;duringwhichtimeIhavebeenpushingonmyworkthroughdifficulties,ofwhichitisuselesstocomplain,andhavebroughtit,atlast,tothevergeofpublication,withoutoneactofassistance,onewordofencouragement,oronesmileoffavor.SuchtreatmentIdidnotexpect,forIneverhadapatronbefore.Thistextistakenfromaletterwhichshowedthewritei'stheLord.gratitudetowardsindifferencetocontemptforrespectforQuestion7(Suggestedcompletiontime:2minutes)Directions:Readthetextandanswerthequestionaccordingtothetext.Becauseofsocialmedia,wordsaremovingaroundtheworldwithinweeksandmonths,whereasinthepast,itcouldtakeafewyears,saysJulieColeman,authorofTheLifeofS/ang."It'snotnecessarilythatlanguageischangingmorequickly,buttechnologieshavedevelopedandtheyallowthetransmissionofslangtermstopassfromonegrouptoanothermuchmorequickly.”Themainpurposeofthetextisto,explainthequickmigrationofslangimplytheunnecessarychangeoflanguageexemplifytheadvancementoftechnologyintroducethebookTheLifeofS/angQuestions8(Suggestedcompletiontime:2minutes)Barkingupthe射FQirghieBarkingupthe射FQirghie越Whenhuntingraccoonsforfurwasapopularsport,huntingdogswereusedtosniffthemoutoftrees.AstheyareXXXXanimals,thehuntingpartyhadtoworkatnight,andthedogswouldsometimesendupchoosingthewrongtree,orastheidiomgoes,"barkupthewrongtree.”ThetermwasfirstprintedinabookbyDavyCrockettin1833.WhichwordisthebestsubstitutionforthemissingwordXXXX?solitaryaggressivenocturnalherbivorous

Question9(Suggestedcompletiontime:2minutes)Directions:Readthedetailsaboutaeuphemism,andanswerthequestionaccordingtothedetails.(->9.T9.TA.B.C.D.TOC\o"1-5"\h\zheeuphemismdescribed,abovemostprobablyrefers.to___.lintoxicationeXnibiteabyLacourCabinetMinisterGeorgeBrown.

peoplewithspecialneeds...m廠』*??,jPItisnowusedasastockphrase.TheGuardiandescribesitashavingjoineddownrighi：c)seerwEouretpartofeveryjournalist'svocabulary.”tiredandemotional..f.n「+infact,onesourcecautionsprofessionalBritishjournalistsagainstitsusementallychallenged...x亠?亠i?亠..”“evenifthejournalistmeantitliterally.Question10(Suggestedcompletiontime:5minutes)Directions:ThebarchartshowstheshareofUNprocurementfromGlobalCompactmembersfrom2010to2014.Answerthequestionaccordingtotheinformationinthechart.Source:2014AnnualStatisticalReportonUnitedNationsProcurement,theUnitedNationsOfficeforProjectServices,201510.ChoosetheINCORRECTdescriptionofthechart.TheshareofUNprocurementvolumefromGlobalCompactmembersgrewsteadilyoverthefiveyearsintermsofabsolutevolume.In2013,thetotalprocurementvolumedroppednoticeably,andsodidtheprocurementfromGlobalCompactmembers.In2014,thetotalprocurementvolumeincreasedgreatly,causingadropintheshareofprocurementfromGlobalCompactmembers.TheproportionofprocurementfromGlobalCompactmemberswasnotinlinewiththegeneraltrendofprocurementfromGlobalCompactmembers.PartIIReadandReasonInPartII,youwillreadshorttextsondifferentsubjects.Readtheinstructionscarefullyandanswerthequestionsbasedonlogicalinferenceandreasoning.(Timesuggested:40minutes)Question11(Suggestedcompletiontime:3minutes)Directions:Readthefollowingdefinitionofalogicalfallacy.Answerthequestionaccordingtothedefinition.Confusionof“Necessary”with“Sufficient"Condition1L.WhichofthefollowingprovidesatypicalexampleofConfusionof“Necessary"withConfusionof“Necessary”with“Sufficient"Condition1L.WhichofthefollowingprovidesatypicalexampleofConfusionof“Necessary"with"SuffAien”COnttOcOnYoucommitthisfallacywhenyouassumethatanecessaryconditiondaoounjedenaisiswoi^dfhtavert^eunent輸ecuressnieaessarmcnon曲itonbea)no：|hd!itrankteamalnaitlmU”.tScePhes?ldt|fcetaCUlefe(nmtChO!Cte^m?sufficientconditionisaconditionorsetcfnachagtc)nb曲ahw^aroaucedb?enne^ss?s””ar￥erc^ldBeo|nmMtO電edApeapihiiLambSCjCOetalOehi(nci^Sth^O'f^l<CeeSlff^ORtvcOUS^amcruth?eoccurrenceoftheevent.On"the期如仔肪艇ounEecntflotow^weHtierwcnightaSOSureywsearot?emlgnt”mes^otballda!；arewe?

!；arewe?D.Toseeviruses,onemusthaveamicroscope.ThisfollowsifWilliamCarrollsaidhesawviruses,hemusthaveusedamicroscope.Question12(Suggestedcompletiontime:3minutes)Directions:Readthedefinitionofonetypeoflogicalfallacy.Answerthequestionaccordingtothedefinition.12.WA.B.C.TexasSharpshooterFallacy12.WA.B.C.iichofthefollowingprovidesatypicalexampleofTexasSharpshooterfallacy?TexasSharpshooterfallacyisaninformalfallacywhichoccurswhensomeonejumpsIwon'tpaytheparkingticketbecausethetrafficsignheresays"FineforParking”！tothethataclusterinsomedatamustbetheresultofacause,usuallyonethatitColaishealthybecauseitsellsbestamongthetopfivehealthiestcountriesintheworld.isclusteredaround.Wecan'texploittheouterspacebecausemanypeopleonEarthhardlymakeendsmeet./'D.NobodyatschoolcanspeakFrenchbecauseneitherteachersnortheprincipalcanspeakit.Questions13-14Reasoning?(Suggestedcompletiontime:8minutes)Inaswimmingcompetition,Matt,AlenandJohnsonwonamedalrespectively:thegoldmedal,thesilvermedalandthebronzemedal.Thecoachmadeaguess:"Mattwonthegoldmedal,Alendidn'twinthegoldmedalandJohnsondidn'twinthebronzemedal.”Unfortunately,onlyoneofthemisright.Whowonthegoldmedal,whowonthesilver,andwhowonthebronzemedal?Matt:goldmedal;Johnson:silvermedal;Alen:bronzemedal.Alen:goldmedal;Johnson:silvermedal;Matt:bronzemedal.Johnson:goldmedal;Alen:silvermedal;Matt:bronzemedal.Matt:goldmedal;Alen:silvermedal;Johnson:bronzemedal.Richard:Thenationalbudgetshouldprovidesignificantincreasesinalllevelsofeducationintheupcomingyear.Natalie:That'snotfair.Areductionindefensespendinginpeacetimemaybringusexcessiverisks.Wecan'taffordit.WhichofthefollowingisthebestinterpretationofNatalie'sargument?Fundssavedfromdefensehavebeendivertedtoalllevelsofeducation.Highlightingspendingoneducationdangerouslyimpactsonspendingonthemilitary.Thesizeofthemilitarybudgetreflectsastate'sabilitytofundeducationalactivities.Comparedwithmilitaryspending,investingineducationwillcreateafinancialcrisis.Questions15-16(Suggestedcompletiontime:5minutes)Directions:ReadthetextanddecidewhetherthestatementsareTrueorFalseaccordingtothetext.QuestionsQuestionsdefinetasks,expressproblems,anddelineateissues.Theydrivethinkingforward.Answers,ontheotherhand,oftensignalafullstopinthought.Onlywhenananswergeneratesfurtherquestionsdoesthoughtcontinueasinquiry.Amindwithnoquestionsisamindthatisnotintellectuallyalive.Noquestions(asked)equalsnounderstanding(achieved).Superficialquestionsequalsuperficialunderstanding,unclearquestionsequalunclearunderstanding.Ifyourmindisnotactivelygeneratingquestions,youarenotengagedinsubstantiallearning.Themainpurposeofthetextistodefine“questions”.True()False()Itcanbeinferredthatamindfilledwithquestionswillsurelybeengagedinsubstantiallearning.True()False()Questions17-18(Suggestedcompletiontime:7minutes)Directions:Readthetextaboutthesugarindustry,andanswerthequestionsaccordingtotheinformationinthetext.HowtheSugarIndustryShiftedBlametoFatTheinternalsugarindustrydocuments,recentlydiscoveredbyaresearcherattheUniversityofCalifornia,SanFrancisco,andpublishedMondayinJAMAInternalMedicine,suggestthatthesugarindustrymayhavemanipulatedtheresearchintotheroleofsugarinheartdisease.ThedocumentsshowthatatradegroupcalledtheSugarResearchFoundation,knowntodayastheSugarAssociation,paidthreeHarvardscientiststheequivalentofabout$50,000intoday'stermstopublisha1967reviewofresearchintosugar,fatandheartdisease.Thestudiesusedinthereviewwerehandpickedbythesugargroup,andthearticle,whichwaspublishedintheprestigiousNewEnglandJournalofMedicine,minimizedthelinkbetweensugarandhearthealthandcastaspersionsontheroleofsaturatedfat.Eventhoughtheinfluence-meddlingrevealedinthedocumentsdatesbacknearly50years,morerecentreportsshowthatthefoodindustryhascontinuedtoinfluencenutritionscience.Lastyear,anarticleinTheNewYorkTimesrevealedthatCoca-Cola,theworld'slargestproducerofsugarybeverages,hadprovidedmillionsofdollarsinfundingtoresearcherswhosoughttoplaydownthelinkbetweensugarydrinksandobesity.InJune,TheAssociatedPressreportedthatcandymakerswerefundingstudiesthatclaimedthatchildrenwhoeatcandytendtoweighlessthanthosewhodonot.Therevelationsareimportantbecausethedebateabouttherelativeharmsofsugarandsaturatedfatcontinuestoday,Dr.Glantzsaid.Formanydecades,healthofficialsencouragedAmericanstoreducetheirfatintake,whichledmanypeopletoconsumelow-fat,high-sugarfoodsthatsomeexpertsnowblameforfuelingtheobesitycrisis.Today,thesaturatedfatwarningsstillremainacornerstoneofthegovernment'sdietaryguidelines,thoughinrecentyearstheAmericanHeartAssociation,theWorldHealthOrganizationandotherhealthauthoritieshavealsobeguntowarnthattoomuchaddedsugarmayincreaserisksofcardiovasculardisease.Thewordhandpickedinparagraph2isclosestinmeaningto.carefullychoseninahighlyscientificwaycarriedoutwiththebestresearchfindingstailoredtotheneedsofthesugarindustrydonebyscientistsfromHarvardUniversityWhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthetext?Manufacturersofsugarrelatedfoodarefundingstudiesaimedatfindingtherelationshipbetweensugarandhealth.Scientificresearchmaynotproduceaccurateresultswhenfundingfortheresearchisprovidedbyagentswhoarenotimpartial.ItisnowacceptedintheUSthatsugarandsaturatedfatarebothresponsibleforanincreasingriskofheartdisease.Theindustry-fundedresearchplaysanimportantandinformativeroleinthatitshapestheoverallscientificdebate.Questions19-20(Suggestedcompletiontime:7minutes)Directions:ReadthepassageaboutMasterCard.Answerthequestionsaccordingtothepassage.MasterCardismakingiteasierforcharitiestogethelpquicklytothepeoplewhoreallyneedit,andensurethatdonationsareactuallybeingusedforgood.TheMasterCardAidNetwork,launchedlastSeptember,distributesaversionofthecompanysplasticcardsthatcomeloadedwithpointsthatcanberedeemedatcertainmerchantsforgroceries,medicine,shelterandevenbuildingmaterialsorbusinesssupplies.Thechip-enabledsystemcanbedeployedinadayortwocomparedtotheweeksrequiredtocreateandimportpapervouchers.Thesystemdoesn'trequireanInternetconnection—abooninoff-the-gridareaswheremanyrefugeesanddisastervictimsareconcentrated.Still,thetransactionsenableorganizationstocollectdataonwhatcardrecipientsredeem,allowingcharitiestoprotectagainstfraudulentuseandgatherinsightintobeneficiariesneeds.Sofar,organizationsincludingSavetheChildren,WorldVisionandMercyCorpshavedistributedcardstomorethan75,000people,fromearthquakevictimsinNepaltothoseinwar-tornYemen.MasterCard,whichchargesthecharitiesfeesfortheservice,saystheprogramisprofitable.TheUnitedNationsalsorecentlynamedMasterCardtheleaderofaninitiativetoimprovethedistributionofhumanitarianaidinemergencies,withafocusonthedatamanagementandprivacyaspect.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?HowMasterCardasfor-profitcompanyjoinshandswithworldcharityorganizations.HowMasterCardcankeepanedgebyitstechnologicalinnovationintheworldmarket.HowMasterCardmadeitstransformationfromafor-profitcompanytoanon-profitone.HowMasterCardshortenedthepathbetweentroubledpopulationsandtheaidtheyneed.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?WithouttheeffortsoftheCompany,charitiescouldnothaveprotectedagainstfraudulentuseofdonations.MasterCardwillperformamoreimportantroleintheinternationalrescueandaidprogramswithtechnologydevelopments.TheplasticcardstheMasterCardAidNetworkdistributestoneededpeoplearesimilartocreditcardsbutpaidbydonators.MasterCardearnsmoneyfromchargingfeesforserviceandthengivesthemoneytorefugeesandnaturaldisastervictims.Questions21-23(Suggestedcompletiontime:7minutes)Directions:Readthetextaboutvirtualrealityandaugmentedreality,andanswerthequestionsaccordingtotheinformationinthetext.VirtualRealityvs.AugmentedRealityOneofthebiggestconfusionsintheworldofaugmentedrealityisthedifferencebetweenaugmentedrealityandvirtualreality.Bothareearningalotofmediaattentionandarepromisingtremendousgrowth.Virtualreality(VR)isanartificial,computer-generatedsimulationorrecreationofareal-lifeenvironmentorsituation.Itimmersestheuserbymakingthemfeeltheyareexperiencingthesimulatedrealityfirsthand,primarilybystimulatingtheirvisionandhearing.Augmentedreality(AR)isatechnologythatlayerscomputer-generatedenhancementsatopanexistingrealityinordertomakeitmoremeaningfulthroughtheabilitytointeractwithit.ARisdevelopedintoappsandusedonmobiledevicestoblenddigitalcomponentsintotherealworldinsuchawaythattheyenhanceoneanother,butcanalsobetoldaparteasily.Augmentedrealityandvirtualrealityaresimilarinthatbothareinversereflectionsofoneinanotherwithwhateachtechnologyseekstoaccomplishanddeliverfortheuser.Virtualrealityoffersadigitalrecreationofareal-lifesetting,whileaugmentedrealitydeliversvirtualelementsasanoverlaytotherealworld.Bothleveragesomeofthesametypesoftechnology,andtheyeachexisttoservetheuserwithanenhancedorenrichedexperience.However,thetwoalsodifferfromeachotherinvariousways.Augmentedrealityenhancesexperiencesbyaddingvirtualcomponentssuchasdigitalimages,graphics,orsensationsasanewlayerofinteractionwiththerealworld.Itisbeingusedmoreandmoreinmobiledevicessuchaslaptops,smartphones,andtabletstochangehowtherealworldanddigitalimages,graphicsintersectandinteract.Contrastingly,virtualrealitycreatesitsownrealitythatiscompletelycomputergeneratedanddriven.Itisusuallydeliveredtotheuserthroughahead-mountedorhand-heldcontroller.Thisequipmentconnectspeopletothevirtualreality,andallowsthemtocontrolandnavigatetheiractionsinanenvironmentmeanttosimulatetherealworld.21-23.WhichTHREEofthefollowingstatementscanbeinferredfromthetext?Augmentedrealityshowsvirtualelementsontopoftherealworld,whilevirtualrealityrecreatesreal-lifesituationsinadigitalway.Avirtualrealitydressingroommayallowshopperstovirtuallytryontheirpurchasesquicklyandeasilywithoutreallyhavingtoputthemon.Virtualrealityisabletotransposeusbytakingustosomeotherplace,whileaugmentedreality,incontrast,nevermovesuselsewhere.Withaugmentedreality,youcan,andwithvirtualreality,youcan.Bothaugmentedandvirtualrealitiesutilizesomeofthesametypesoftechnologyandofferpeopleenrichedexperiences.Augmentedrealitywillenableanimmobilepatienttogooutoftheroomandenjoyhis/herfavoritesights,soundsandsmellsinthecountry.PartIIIReadandQuestionInPartIII,youwillreadpassagesonthesamesubject?Youwillberequiredtoidentifythewriter'spositionandevaluatetheeffectivenessofthewriter'sarguments?(Timeallowed:30minutes)Questions24-31(Suggestedcompletiontime:30minutes)PassageANonverbalcommunicationisoftenspontaneousandunintentional,anditsmeaningmaybeambiguous.Foronething,differentnonverbalcodescanindicatethesamemeaningwhileonenonverbalcodecanhavedifferentmeaningsindiversecontexts.Thinkaboutyourexpressionoflovetowardyourparents.Haveyouraffectivewordsorbehaviorremainedthesameoverthepast18years?Doyoufeelthesamewhenafriendgivesyouahugatthenewsthatyouhavefailedanexamandatthetimewhenyouhavewonanaward?Inaddition,peoplemayusemasking,afacialmanagementtechnique,toreplaceanexpressionoftruefeelingwithoneappropriateforagiveninteraction.Forinstance,yourfriendMaryissufferingfromafeverbutstillsmilesatyoutoconfirmthatshe'sOK.Culture,technology,andsituationallserveaspowerfulinfluencesonournonverbalbehavior.Whatmaybeaninnocentgestureinonegroup,context,region,orcountrycanconveyadifferentandpossiblyoffensivemessageelsewhere.Forexample,Americanpeopleareaccustomedtomakingdirecteyecontactwhenspeakingtosomeone,whetherafriendoraprofessor.However,insomeEastAsiancultures,suchasChina,Japan,andSouthKorea,directeyecontactininteractivecommunicationisnotrequired.Infact,suchlong-timedirecteyecontact,whenfacingsuperiorsorelders,mightbeconsideredasignofdisrespectandchallenge.Similarly,someculturesarecontactculturessothattouchisanimportantformofcommunication,whereasotherculturesarenon-contactculturessotouchingisgenerallyavoided.Forexample,asociallypolitetouchinvolvesahandshakebetweenAmericanmenbutmayincludeakissbetweenAraborEuropeanmen.Somereligionsprohibitopposite-sextouchingbetweenunmarriedorunrelatedindividuals.Nonverbalcommunicationcanbefoundinourelectronicwrittencommunicationsuchasemail,textmessaging,andInternetchatrooms.25Weuseallcapitalletterstoindicateshouting,randompunctuation(#@*&!)tosubstituteforobscenities,andtypetreatmentssuchasboldfacinganditalicizingforemphasis.Weusecolor,fontstylesandsizes,animations,figures,diagrams,andpicturesinattemptstoexpressemotionorhelpusersvisualizethesenderorthemessageincontext.Weexpectotherstouseemoticonstoexpressemotioninmediatedtexts(盤目).Sincewecan'thearvoiceinflectionorseefacialexpressionsinmanymediatedsituations,yourpreferencesforscreentextsize,whetheryouleaveafewexplanatorylines,andwhetheryouattachorcompressfilesallsaysomethingaboutyoutoothers.AstheInternetallowsuserstohavevisual,audio,andtextcontact,withrefinements,speakershavethepotentialtobeevenmorepersuasivethaninface-to-faceconversationsacrossdistances.PassageBNoonelikestakingoutthegarbage.ButinJapanthechoreiscompoundedbyanaddedelement:Theneighborsarewatching.No,I'mnotbeingparanoid.They'rewatching.EverytimeItakemytrashdowntothecurb,initsregulationtranslucentwhitebag,Icanfeeltheireyespeeringthroughtheplasticatmymilkcartons,myeggcontainers,andmydisposablechopsticks.Theycanseeeverything.IfirstrealizedmygarbageandIwerenotaloneonaMondayafewmonthsago,whenIwasbringingdownabagofoldcerealboxes,soggyrefrigeratorleftovers,andcoffeegrounds.Mylandlady,wholivesonthefirstfloor,wasoutsidewateringhergarden.Hereyestookinthecontentsofmytrash.“No,todayisMonday.It'splasticsday,”shesaid.“Oh,”Ireplied,“Iguesstheychangedthepick-upschedule.”Hereyesflutteredtotheground,studiouslyavoidingmine.“No,Mondayhasalwaysbeenplasticsday,”shesaid.Overthenextfewminutes,inthemuddledmixofJapaneseandEnglishweusetocommunicate,mylandladyexplainedthatsheoftenwouldtakemygarbageawayifIhadputitoutonthewrongday,storeitinherhouse,andthenbringitoutagainontheproperday.AsIwalkedbackupstairs,luggingmyunwantedtrash,ithitme:FortheyearandahalfsinceI'dbeenlivingintheapartment,she'dbeenwatchingme,peepingfrombehindherrosebushes:scurryingtothecurbafterI'dbeenthere,checkingtoseewhetherI'dfollowedthecorrectgarbageprotocol.That'swhenIlearnedthehardtruth:WhenitcomestogarbageinJapan,there'snosuchthingasprivacy.Garbageispublicproperty,somethingtowhichyourneighborscanclaimsnoopingprivileges.Asaforeignerinthishomogenousland,myactivitiesgarnermoreattention,andmorecriticism,thanmost.I'vestartedwonderingwhatelsemyneighborsnotice.WhatelseamIdoingwrong?WhatIfoundmostdisturbingabouttheexchangewasthatmylandladyhadbeenreluctantforsolongtoconfrontmedirectly.Weseeeachotherconstantly,sometimeswehavepleasantlittlechats,orshecomesupstairswhensomethingisbroken.YetshecouldneverbeartotellmethatIhadmixedupthetrashschedule.Pointingoutone'smistakesisconsideredrudeinJapan.AsaforeignerwithrudimentaryJapanese,Iexpectedthelanguagebarriertobethebiggestobstacletolivinghere.Iwaswrong.LearningtonavigateJapan,perhapsanyforeigncountry,isallaboutreadingthesubtleculturalcues,notthealphabet.MostthingsinJapanremainunspoken,especiallytheimproperandtheunpleasant.PassageCThemostpowerfulvoiceyouhave,nooneelsecanhear.Itisavoiceshapingyourdestiny,abilitytocopewithtriumphordisaster,andhowyouengagewithandinspireothersinanyquestyouface.Thisvoiceultimatelydeterminesyoursuccessasacommunicatorandthesuccessofyourcommunications.Itisthevoicewithinyourhead.Thestartingpointforbeinganoutstandingpublicrelationscommunicatorisrecognizingthatyoudelivercommunicationsnotjustthroughyourwords,signsorgestures.Nordoyoudeliverjustthroughyourbodylanguage.Youcommunicatethroughthewayyouthink.Youprobablyknowofpeoplewhocaneasilycommentonotherpeople'sproblemsbutareblindtotheirownshortcomings.Theabilitytounderstandyourself,yourownemotions,andknowhowyourmindworksisknownasyourintrapersonalskill.Havingself-awarenessandunderstandingofyourselfmakesitpossiblesubsequentlytodevelopfullyyourinterpersonalskills.Yourintrapersonalskillisessentiallyhowyoucanmanageyourownthinking—theabilitytounderstandhowyourthinkingworksandultimatelymasterthevoiceinyourhead.Everyonehasaninnervoicethatcreatesaninternaldialogue,aself-talk,whichshapesandprogressestheirthinkingandcommunication.(Yourself-talkisnotasignofdelusionalbehavior!)Thisself-talkliesattheheartofyoursubsequentcommunications.Ifyouareunclearinyourmindabouthowyoufeelandunderstandaboutanissue,theprobabilityisthatyoursubsequentcommunicationswillreflectthisuncertainty,orfailtoconvince.TheimageofSirBobGeldofwhenhelaunchedBandAidin1984isagoodexampleofsomeonewithaclearsenseofpassionandbelief,whoinitiallyhadlimitedresources—attheoutsethiscampaignwasjusthimandhisintensereactiontowatchingBBCnewscoverageoffaminescenesinEthiopia.Yethesucceededincreatin