大學英語四級考試寫作專題講座

大學英語四級考試

寫作專題講座Lecturer:ShenYuru2010-05一、寫作原則二、文章結構三、四級考試對作文的要求四、四級作文真題回顧五、預測六、寫作流程七、范文賞析

講座提綱一、寫作原則（BasicPrinciplesofWriting）Honesty(Behonest.)Clarity(Beclear.)Brevity(Bebrief.)Variety---Varietyinsentencestructureandsentencelength---Varietyinsentencemovement二、文章結構（EssayStructure）

Generallyspeaking,anessaystructureislikethis:

IntroductionBodyConclusion

IntroductionItemGeneralStatementsTheThesisStatementFunctionintroducethetopicoftheessay;givebackgroundinformationonthetopic.statesthemaintopic;liststhesubdivisions/subtopics;indicatestheorganizationoftheentirepaper.Sample(ofanintroductoryparagraph)

Apersonborninthe21stcenturyhasseenalotofchangestakeplaceinalmostallareasofhumanlife.Somepeopleareexcitedbythechallengesthatthesechangesoffer;otherswanttoreturntothesimpler,lessautomatedlifestyleofthepast.Livinginthe21stcenturyofferscertainadvantages,suchasahigherstandardofliving,butitalsohassomedisadvantages,suchasapollutedenvironment,thedepersonalizationofhumanrelationships,andtheweakeningofspiritualvalues.(Thesisstatement)

―BackgroundInformation

―General

―Specific

―MoreSpecific

ThesisStatement

Body(Bodyparagraphstructure)atopicsentencesupportingdetailsaconcludingsentence+(transitionalsentences)A.Thetopicsentence(consistingofthetopicandthecontrollingidea)e.g.Conveniencefoodsareeasytoprepare.---TworeminderstokeepinmindwhenwritingatopicsentenceAtopicsentenceshouldbeneithertoogeneralnortoospecific.e.g.---Americanfoodisterrible.---AmericanfoodistastelessandgreasybecauseAmericansusetoomanycanned,frozen,andprepackagedfoodandbecauseeverythingisfriedinoilorbutter.Donotincludetoomanyunrelatedideasinyourtopicsentence;ifyoudo,yourparagraphwillnotbeunified.---Americanfoodistastelessandgreasy.e.g.SanFranciscoisfamousforitstemperateclimate,itsmanytouristattractions,anditscosmopolitanatmosphere.Revised:SanFranciscoisfamousforitsmanytouristattractions.Sample:

London’sweatherisverystrange.Itcanrainseveraltimesaday;eachtimetherainmaycomesuddenlyafterthesunisshiningbrightly.TheairisdampandchillrightthroughJuly.OnoneMarchafternoononHamptonHeathlastyearitrainedthreetimes,therewasonehailstorm,andthesunshonebrilliantly---allthiswithintwohours’time.Itisnotunusualtoseemenandwomenrushingdownthestreetonasunnymorningwithumbrellasontheirarms.Nooneknowswhatthenextfewmomentswillbring.B.TheconcludingsentenceAconcludingsentenceservesthreepurposes.---Itsignalstheendoftheparagraph.---Itsummarizesthemainpointsoftheparagraph.---Itgivesafinalcommentonyourtopicandleavesthereaderwiththemostimportantideastothinkabout.Conclusion(Theconcludingparagraph)TheconcludingparagraphconsistsofAsummaryofthemainidea

orB.restatementofyourthesisindifferentwords

andC.Yourfinalcommentonthesubject

Conclusion

ItemAtransitionalsignalAsummaryofthemainpointsorarestatementofthethesisindifferentwordsAfinalcommentonthesubjectFunctiontotellthereaderwearegoingtowinduptheessaytoremindthereaderthemainideaormainpointstourgethereadertotakeacertaincourseofactionSample(ofaconcludingparagraph)

Inconclusion,althoughthe21stcenturyhasindeedgivenusalotofadvantagesbymakingusricher,healthierandfreertoenjoyourlives,ithas,inmyopinion,notmadeuswise.The21stcenturyhasalsomadeourearthdirtier,ourpeoplelesshumane,andourspirituallivespoorer.Weshouldcontinuetoenjoythebenefitsoftechnologicaladvancementsbecausetheyfreeustopursueourinterestsandgoals.However,wemustmakeaconcertedefforttopreserveournaturalenvironmentforfuturegenerations.Moreover,weshouldtakethetimenowtomakeourlivesmoremeaningfulinanincreasinglyimpersonal,andcomputerizedworld.Summary:1、開頭段的寫作要點（注意以下幾點）1)開頭偏離主題太遠2)使用抱怨或埋怨之詞句3)內容不具體，腌制無物4)使用不言自明的陳述2、主體段（注意以下幾點）1)所涉及的內容應該準確、清楚，頗具說服力2)段落中一定具備主題句3)段落內容應該保持完整、統(tǒng)一

4)內容順序安排合理、邏輯性較強5)段落之間連貫自然6)段落中討論的內容主次分明，材料比例適當7)詞與句型運用合理并有變化3、結尾段（結尾段的寫作要針對以下幾點）1)契合主題，與中心思想對應2)內容明確、觀點到位3)干脆利落、不拖泥帶水1、評分原則：綜合評判(globalscoring)2、要求：1）內容上的要求：所寫內容與主題相關；有層次感2）語言上的要求：主謂語一致；名詞的單復數(shù)使用正確；時態(tài)一致；詞語搭配正確；單詞拼寫正確；人稱代詞使用正確；沒有片斷句；沒有不連貫的句子等。

三、四級考試對作文的要求

英文寫作（包括段落寫作）應做到：起：提出主題e.g.Somepeoplethinkweshouldreadselectively.承：闡述觀點（正面）:e.g.Theyarguethat….;what’smore,…..轉：從另一面闡述觀點（反面）e.g.Butothersmaynotagree…..合：總結e.g.Since….,weshouldread…../Inaword(Tosumup/Inshort/Inconclusion)在寫作中盡量使用固定短語和結構，不要逐字翻譯。

ShouldSmokingBeBanned?

Shouldsmokingbebanned?

Answerstothisquestionvarygreatly

(Answerstothisquestionvaryfromindividualtoindividual.)Somepeopleareinfavoroftheideaofsmoking(起).(承)Theyalwayssaythatitcangetridofthetirednessandmakethemrefreshed.Andtheyalsosaythatgivingandbeinggivencigarettesisasignoffriendship.(合)Therefore,theycarrycigaretteswiththemwherevertheygo.(轉/起)Butsomeotherpeopleconsideritveryharmfultopeople’shealth.(承)Theyhaveheardtheofficialreportsthatonepersonintheworlddiesfromsmokingeverysecond.Andtheyhaveheardthedoctor’swarningthatsmokersaremorelikelytohavelungcancerandtoincreasetheirchancesofhavingheartattack.Inaddition,smokingpollutestheairandmaycausefireaccidents.(合)Thusithasbecomeamajorthreattopeople’slifeandproperty.Thereissometruthinbotharguments(Thissentenceismoreidiomaticthan“Bothargumentsarereasonable),buthuman’slifeandpropertyoutweighsanythingelse.Ifsmokingbringsusillnessanddeath,whynothaveitbannedbythegovernment?Withoutcigarettes,can’twecomeupwithbetterwaystoexpressourfriendshipandtomakeusrefreshed?1.

正反關系的議論文（pro---con）標題特點：1.一般疑問句2.選擇提問3.陳述的短語結構4.MyViewon…提綱特點：1.有人認為…2.另一些人認為…3.我的看法四．真題回顧（1990-）

例1：IsaTestofSpokenEnglishNecessary?（2000年6月）Outline:（1）很多人認為有必要舉行英語口語考試，理由是…（2）也有人持不同意見，…（3）我的看法和打算例2：ReadingSelectivelyorExtensively?

Outline:（1）有人認為讀書要有選擇。（2）有人認為應該博覽群書。（3）我的看法。例3：

OwningaCar例4：

MyViewon…

2．時事熱點題

特點：標題是熱點問題或時事話題；提綱不完整，通常需對提綱作適當調整。例1：ToBeHonest(2003年1月)Outline:（1）

最近社會上出現(xiàn)了一些不誠實的現(xiàn)象。（2）

誠實利人利己；怎樣做到誠實。例2：

HowIFinanceMyCollegeEducationOutline:（1）上大學的費用（tuitionandfees）可以通過多種途徑解決。（2）

哪種途徑適合我（說明理由）。3、圖表作文切記：Quoteasfewfiguresaspossible.“……考圖表作文得分最低的同學往往是引用數(shù)據(jù)最多的同學?！?---楊惠中（原四六級考試委員會主任）提綱特點：1）簡單描述圖表2）分析原因3）提出建議或進行預測例如：

ChangesinPeople’sDiet(1991年6月)

Ascanbeseenfromthetable,greatchangeshavebeentakingplaceinpeople’sdietinthepastfiveyears.Grain,asthemainfoodofmostChinese,isnowplayingalessimportantrole,whilethepopulationofsomehigh-energyfoods,suchasmilkandmeat,hasincreased.

Whathascausedthesechanges?Ithinktherearetworeasons.First,

peoplenowhavemoremoney.Thepriceofmeatandmilkismuchhigherthanthatofgrain,sointheolddayspeoplecouldn’taffordthem.Nowtheyhaveenoughmoneytobuybothmeatandmilk.Second,

peoplenowadayspaymoreattentiontotheelementsoftheirdiet.Theylookforawell-balanceddietthatwillbegoodfortheirhealth.

Inshort,therehavebeenchangesinpeople’sdietinthepastfiveyearsbecauseoffinancialandhealthreasons,andtherewillbefurtherchangesinthefuture.

4、諺語警句題例如：HasteMakesWaste提綱：1)怎樣理解“欲速則不達”2）請舉例說明5、應用文例如：2003年6月四級作文是要求寫一份交通事故見證書（aneye-witnessaccountofatrafficaccident)提綱：1）車禍發(fā)生的時間及地點2）你所見到的車禍的情況3）你對車禍原因的分析6、其它特點：提綱松散例如：Don’tHesitatetoSayNo雖然自2003年開始四六級考試作文題目不同，但二者之間有共同之處。下面重點看看近五年四、六級作文題目。最近5年四級考試作文題目列表1、類型：對比選擇類﹑現(xiàn)象解釋類﹑問題解決類、應用文類2、題材：---校園生活：學習﹑日常生活﹑工作及健康交際等---社會熱點：考生對這類話題比較熟悉。3、體裁:議論文、說明文和應用文寫作(包括書信、便條、通知、海報等)。4、命題形式：提綱作文﹑情景作文﹑圖表作文﹑提示作文、關鍵詞作文等。

五、命題趨勢及預測1、審題---確定文章的體裁，抓住中心思想，按照各體裁寫作原則進行寫作。---明確題目給定的題材及寫作考查重點。例如，“HowIFinanceMyCollegeEducation”重點應放在“How”和“I”上，側重寫我怎樣籌措上大學的費用;再如“TheWorldIsGettingSmallerandSmaller”，“世界變得越來越小”應該是這篇文章的中心，通過“交通和通訊工具的發(fā)達”和“人們交往的頻繁”來論證“世界變得越來越小”。六、寫作流程例：GlobalShortageofFreshWater(全球淡水緊缺)(1996年6月四級真題)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicGlobalShortageofFreshWater.Youshouldwriteatleast100wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.人們以為淡水是取之不盡的(提示：雨水、河水、井水……);2.實際上淡水是非常緊缺的(提示：人口增長、工業(yè)用水增加、污染……);3.我們應該怎么辦。2、構思列提綱Topic:GlobalShortageofFreshWaterQuestion:Whathascausedtheglobalshortageoffreshwaterandhowcanwesolvetheproblem?Outline:I.Itiswidelyassumedthatfreshwaterisinexhaustible.1.Plentyofrainfall2.Numerouswells3.Countlessrivers,fallsandspringsII.Therearethreecausesforaglobalshortageoffreshwater.1.Populationgrowth2.Developmentofindustry&agriculture3.WaterpollutionIII.Measuresshouldbetakentosolvetheproblem.1.Protectwaterresourcesfrombeingpolluted2.Savewater3.Recyclewater&convertseawaterintodrinkablewater.3﹑提筆寫作4﹑修改潤色1)檢查語篇結構：文章的主題是否明確，篇章層次是否明顯，段落銜接是否連貫，內容是否切題等。2)檢查每個段落：段落是否完善，中心是否突出，段內各句是否銜接緊湊等。3)檢查語法：用詞是否恰當，標點是否正確，句子結構是否完整，語句是否通順等。七、范文賞析Nobodycouldhavefailedtonoticethefactthatdrunkendrivinghasbeenagrave(serious/severe)problemwithwhichweareconfronted.Generallyspeaking,thereareseveralreasonsaccountingfor/behindthisphenomenon.Firstly,recentdecadeshavewitnessedtherapiddevelopmentofpeople’slivingstandards.Asaresult,carsgainedever-increasingpopularityandhavefoundtheirwayintooureverydaylife.Secondly,peopleparticipateinmoreactivitiesorban