北京交通大學(xué)英漢翻譯基礎(chǔ)第二單元遣詞法U2-Diction

Diction

遣詞用字一、教學(xué)重點(diǎn)：

1.語(yǔ)境在翻譯中的重要性

2.英漢詞字層次對(duì)等關(guān)系

3.詞義的選擇和引申二、教學(xué)內(nèi)容：1.英漢詞字層次對(duì)等關(guān)系2.英語(yǔ)詞義辨析法3.詞義的選擇4.詞義的引申IdiomsRelatedtotheAnimals貓哭老鼠---假慈悲

牛頭不對(duì)馬嘴騎虎難下

兔子不吃窩邊草

shedcrocodiletears

totallyirrelevant

haveawolfbytheears;inadilemma

Thefoxpreysfarthestfromhome.

IdiomsRelatedtotheAnimals車(chē)水馬龍杯弓蛇影馬到成功

[endless]streamofhorsesandcarriages--heavytraffic(onthestreet);aflowoftraffic;becrowdedwithpeopleandvehicles

anillusorysnakeinagoblet

towinsuccessimmediatelyuponarrival;togainanimmediatevictory;towininstantsuccess...wishyoueverysuccess...

IdiomsRelatedtotheAnimals

替罪羊猴精猴精的聞雞起舞掛羊頭賣(mài)狗肉豬狗不如

雞毛蒜皮的小事兒披著羊皮的狼猴年馬月偷雞摸狗人怕出名豬怕壯

落湯雞痛打落水狗

替罪羊scapegoat披著羊皮的狼猴精猴精的

awolfinsheep'sskin;awolfinthedisguiseof…猴年馬月canny,shrewddonkey’syears雞毛蒜皮petty(ortrifling)things;trifles

落湯雞(looklike)adrownedrat掛羊頭賣(mài)狗肉

tooffertogiveorsellsth.thatisinferiortowhatyouclaimittobe偷雞摸狗onthesly豬狗不如actlikeabruteIdiomsRelatedtotheAnimals

IdiomsRelatedtotheAnimals

痛打落水狗

tobeatadrowningdog;toattacksomeonealreadydowninhisluck

人怕出名豬怕壯

fameinvitestroubleformenjustasfatteningdoesforpigs聞雞起舞

risingupuponhearingthecrowofaroostertopractiseswordplaying;berousedintoactionQuestion:

Afterdiscussingtheabovephrasesandidiomsinbothlanguages,whatdifferenceshaveyoufoundbetweenthetwoculturesmentioned?Whatproperwordsshouldbeusedinthetargetlanguage?Ⅱ.MethodsofDiscriminatingtheOriginalMeaningofanEnglishWord2、JudgingfromtheReferences1)thirdpersonpronouns;indefinitepronouns:some,any,each,both;definitepronouns:much,many,few,littleHe(father)sentJohntotheuniversityandwaseagertohavehimdistinguishhimself.

他送約翰上大學(xué)，巴望能讓兒子出類(lèi)拔莽。2、JudgingfromtheReferences2)demonstrativepronouns:this,that,these,those;demonstrativeadverbs:here,there,now,then,etc.Healthisabovewealth,forthiscannotgivesomuchhappinessasthat.

健康比財(cái)富更重要，因?yàn)樨?cái)富不能像健康那樣給人那么多幸福。Ⅱ.MethodsofDiscriminatingtheOriginalMeaningofanEnglishWordⅡ.MethodsofDiscriminatingtheOriginalMeaningofanEnglishWord2、JudgingfromtheReferences3)referencesofcomparisonIhateblueshirts;whiteshirtssuitmebutgrayisthemostpreferable.

我討厭穿藍(lán)襯衫，喜歡穿白襯衫，而最喜歡穿灰襯衫.Ⅱ.MethodsofDiscriminatingtheOriginalMeaningofanEnglishWord3、JudgingfromtheContextandCollocationHisplanedevelopedenginetroubleonlysevenmilesaftertakeoff.(發(fā)生故障)Modemaircraftaresoheavythatthewingsmustdevelopaverylargeliftforceinordertosustaintheaircraft.(產(chǎn)生升力)Inspiredbytheseideas,in1752Franklindevelopedapracticallightningrod.(研制避雷針)Ahypothesisisaspecificstatementdevelopedbyascientistfromobservations.(得出論斷)Mostofthemoneycamefromsellingthesecretofanewtypeofpotatohehaddeveloped.(培育新品種)Severalattemptshavebeenmadethroughtheyearstodevelopthedeposit.(開(kāi)采礦床)

Ⅱ.MethodsofDiscriminatingtheOriginalMeaningofanEnglishWord4、JudgingfromDifferentBranchesofLearningandSpecialties

“base”:“詞根”inlexicology;“本金”inbusiness;“底涂”inpainting;“基線”insurvey;“根據(jù)地”inmilitaryscienceThelatheshouldbesetonafirmbase.

車(chē)床應(yīng)安裝在堅(jiān)實(shí)的底座上。(機(jī)械)ABisthebaseofthetriangleABC.AB線是三角形ABC的底邊。(數(shù)學(xué))Heisonthesecondbase.他在二壘。（體育）softmusicsoftwoodsofthatsoftanswersoftheartsoftfiresoftwordssoftdrinksoftlightsoftgoodssoftcushionsoftbreeze輕柔的音樂(lè)軟木呢帽委婉的回答易感動(dòng)的心文火和藹的話(huà)不含酒精的飲料柔和的燈光毛織品靠墊和風(fēng)Ⅲ.Diction詞義的選擇lightmusiclightlosslightsteplightheartlightcarlightoutfitlightworklightmannerlightvoice輕音樂(lè)輕微的損失輕快的腳步輕松的心情輕便的轎車(chē)輕巧的裝備輕松的工作輕浮的舉止輕柔的聲音Ⅲ.Diction詞義的選擇將詞義作抽象化的引伸1、將表示具體形象的詞譯成該形象所代表的屬性的詞Thereisamixtureofthetigerandtheapeinthecharacteroftheimperialists.

帝國(guó)主義者的性格既殘暴，又狡猾。這里把tiger（老虎）和ape（猿）這兩個(gè)具體形象引伸為這兩個(gè)形象所代表的屬性：“殘暴”和“狡猾”。Everylifehasitsrosesandthorns.

每個(gè)人的生活都有苦和甜。這里把roses（玫瑰）和thorns（刺）這兩個(gè)具體形象引伸為這兩個(gè)形象所代表的屬性：“甜”和“苦”。Ⅳ.詞義的引申2、將帶有特征性形象的詞譯為該形象所代表的概念的詞InfacttheBavarianenvironmentwassochargedwithNazisentimentthroughoutthe1920sthatHitler'sstormtroopsgoose-steppedintopowerinFurtin1930.

事實(shí)上，在整個(gè)二十年代，納粹黨在巴伐利亞一帶已博得公眾的好感，以至于在一九三O年，希特勒的沖鋒隊(duì)員就耀武揚(yáng)威地奪取了菲爾特鎮(zhèn)的權(quán)力。

Togoosestep是從名詞Goosestep（鵝步；正步）轉(zhuǎn)化來(lái)的動(dòng)詞，本作“鵝步走”或“正步走”解，這里goose-steppedinto根據(jù)例句上下文引伸為“耀武揚(yáng)威地奪取”。See-sawingbetweenpartlygoodandfaintlyominous,thenewsforthenextfourweekswasneverdistinct.

在那以后的四個(gè)星期內(nèi)，消息時(shí)而部分有所好轉(zhuǎn)，時(shí)而又有點(diǎn)不妙，兩種情況不斷地交替出現(xiàn)，一直沒(méi)有明朗化。

see-sawing是從see-saw（蹺蹺板）轉(zhuǎn)化而來(lái)的動(dòng)詞，本作“玩蹺蹺板”解，這里根據(jù)上下文引伸為“兩種情況不斷地交替出現(xiàn)”。將詞義作具體化的引伸1、英語(yǔ)中也有用代表抽象概念或?qū)傩缘脑~來(lái)表示一種具體事物，譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)一般可作具體化引伸。

AsthePolitburogavethego-aheadtoBrezhnev,NixonandKissingerweremeetinginthePresident'sKremlinapartment,preparedtoacceptasetbackonSALT.

在政治局向勃列日涅夫開(kāi)放綠燈時(shí)，尼克松和基辛格正在克里姆林宮的總統(tǒng)下榻處開(kāi)會(huì)，準(zhǔn)備承受限制戰(zhàn)略武器會(huì)談失敗的挫折。VietnamwashisentreetothenewAdministration,histhirdincarnationasforeignpolicyconsultant.

越南戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)成了他進(jìn)入新政府的敲門(mén)磚。他擔(dān)任政府的對(duì)外政策顧問(wèn)，那是第三次了。Ⅳ.詞義的引申

Itwasagirlwithgoodmanners.

？Thesewerealllabeledasgoodeggs.

？

Dogsareoftenregardedasman’sgoodfriends.

？

SheisagoodChristian,agoodparent,agoodwife,agooddaughterandagoodteacher.

？TimetoPractice

Itwasagirlwithgoodmanners.

這是一位舉止得體的姑娘。Thesewerealllabeledasgoodeggs.

這些都被標(biāo)為新鮮的雞蛋。Dogsareoftenregardedasman’sgoodfriends.

狗經(jīng)常被認(rèn)為是人們的忠實(shí)朋友。SheisagoodChristian,agoodparent,agoodwife,agooddaughterandagoodteacher.

她是一個(gè)虔誠(chéng)的基督徒，一個(gè)慈愛(ài)的母親，一個(gè)賢惠的妻子，一個(gè)孝順的女兒，一個(gè)合格的教師。TimetoPractice老戰(zhàn)士

老領(lǐng)導(dǎo)老師傅老黃牛(比喻勤勤懇懇做事而不計(jì)名利的人)老芹菜老皇歷老生常談老搗亂aveteranaseniorleader

amastercraftsmanawillingox(diligentandconscientiousperson)overgrowncelerylastyear’calendar

commonplacealwaysmaketrouble申請(qǐng)書(shū)報(bào)告書(shū)協(xié)議書(shū)

成績(jī)通知書(shū)

(使用)說(shuō)明書(shū)成交確認(rèn)書(shū)

電視機(jī)使用說(shuō)明書(shū)白皮書(shū)家書(shū)

letterofapplicationreportagreementgradereport

directionssalesconfirmation

televisionoperationguidewhitebook

aletter

fromhome

密碼口水救火洗牌大片早戀青春痘方便面隱形眼鏡流動(dòng)資金買(mǎi)一贈(zèng)一*secretcode*mouthwater*tosaveafire*towashtheplayingcards*bigmovie*earlylove*youthspot*convenientnoodles*invisibleglasses*circulatingfunds*buyone,presentone密碼口水救火洗牌大片早戀青春痘方便面隱形眼鏡流動(dòng)資金買(mǎi)一贈(zèng)一passwordsaliva[s?'la?v?]tofightafiretoshuffletheplayingcardsblockbusterpuppyloveacneinstantnoodlescontactlensesworkingcapitalbuyoneandgetonefree密碼口水救火洗牌大片早戀青春痘方便面隱形眼鏡流動(dòng)資金買(mǎi)一贈(zèng)一*secretcode*mouthwater*tosaveafire*towashtheplayingcards*bigmovie*earlylove*youthspot*convenientnoodles*invisibleglasses*circulatingfunds*buyone,presentonepasswordsaliva[s?'la?v?]tofightafiretoshuffletheplayingcardsblockbusterpuppyloveacneinstantnoodlescontactlensesworkingcapitalbuyoneandgetonefree酸奶綠豆食言戴綠帽黃色書(shū)籍*sourmilk(酸牛奶)*greenbean（四季豆）*toeatone’swords(承認(rèn)自己說(shuō)錯(cuò)話(huà))*have/wearagreenbonnet(生意失敗/破產(chǎn))*yellowbook酸奶綠豆食言戴綠帽黃色書(shū)籍yoghurtmungbeanbreakone’spromise/wordbeacuckolddirty/adultbook酸奶綠豆食言戴綠帽黃色書(shū)籍*sourmilk(酸牛奶)*greenbean（四季豆）*toeatone’swords(承認(rèn)自己說(shuō)錯(cuò)話(huà))*have/wearagreenbonnet(生意失敗/破產(chǎn))*yellowbookyoghurtmungbeanbreakone’spromise/wordbeacuckolddirty/adultbook爐子著得很旺。Thefireisburningbrisklyinthestove.她著涼了。Shehascaught

acold.上不著天，下不著地。Besuspendedinmidair.你猜著了。You’veguessedright.老李躺下就著了。LaoLi

fellasleepassoonashelaydown.他走錯(cuò)了一著。Hehasmadeafalsemove.(or:takenawrongstep)這些孩子穿著整齊。Thesechildrenareallneatlydressed.

學(xué)習(xí)知識(shí)

學(xué)習(xí)技術(shù)

學(xué)習(xí)外語(yǔ)

學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)

學(xué)習(xí)別人的長(zhǎng)處互相學(xué)習(xí)以雷鋒為學(xué)習(xí)榜樣

acquireknowledge

masteraskill

studyaforeignlanguage

academicrecords

emulateother’sstrongpoints

learnfromeachother

followtheexampleofLeiFeng他的英語(yǔ)水平比我高。

把軍政素質(zhì)搞到一個(gè)新水平各級(jí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部必須提高領(lǐng)導(dǎo)水平。HeknowsmoreEnglishthanIdo.

raisethemilitaryandpoliticalqualitytoanewheightLeadersofvariousranksmustimprovetheirartofleadership.UsecorrectEnglishcollocationinC-Etranslation

Nowlet’spractice.Youcandiscusswithyourpartnershowtocollocate.

你們應(yīng)當(dāng)趁著年輕多學(xué)知識(shí)。旅游真能開(kāi)闊眼界。搶劫事件令全體職員加強(qiáng)了安全防范意識(shí)。你年紀(jì)不小了，該考慮要個(gè)孩子了。我在英國(guó)留學(xué)期間非常想念家人。每年在這家醫(yī)院做的心臟手術(shù)不下200例。1.PutthefollowingintoEnglishandpayattentiontothecollocationofverbsandnouns.

1）你們應(yīng)當(dāng)趁著年輕多學(xué)知識(shí)。

learnknowledge?Youshouldtryyourbestto

acquireknowledge

whenyouarestillyoung.2）旅游真能開(kāi)闊眼界。openone’seyes?Travelingreallybroadensone’smind.Travelingreallyhelpstoextendone’shorizon.3）搶劫事件令全體職員加強(qiáng)了安全防范意識(shí)。strengthenone’sawareness?Therobberyhasservedtosharpenthesecurityawarenessofthestaff.4）你年紀(jì)不小了，該考慮要個(gè)孩子了。

wantchildren?askforachild?Youarenotyounganymore.Youshouldthinkabout

startingafamily.5）我在英國(guó)留學(xué)期間非常想念家人。thinkofmyfamily?orthinkabout…?Ireally

missed

myfamilywhenIwasstudyingintheU.K.6）每年在這家醫(yī)院做的心臟手術(shù)不下200例。doanoperation?

Morethan200heartoperationsareperformedinthishospital.她講話(huà)聲音很小。他的廣東口音很重。高峰時(shí)段交通總是很擁擠。他妻子離家出走這段時(shí)間他煙抽得很厲害。他回家的路上趕上了大雨，淋成了落湯雞。我早晨喜歡喝濃咖啡，下午喜歡喝淡茶。這門(mén)課是為中級(jí)學(xué)生開(kāi)設(shè)的。---你穿幾號(hào)的？---我穿中號(hào)。1.PutthefollowingintoEnglishandpayattentiontothecollocationofadjectivesandnouns.

1）她講話(huà)聲音很小。asmallvoice?Shehasaverysoftvoice.2）他的廣東口音很重。Hehasastrong/broad/thickGuangdongaccent.(Cantoneseaccent)aheavyaccent?3）高峰時(shí)段交通總是很擁擠。Crowdedtraffic?Youalwaysgetheavytrafficduringrushhours.4）他妻子離家出走這段時(shí)間他煙抽得很厲害。Serioussmokerorsmokebadly?Hewasaheavysmokerwhilehiswifelefthim.5）他回家的路上趕上了大雨，淋成了落湯雞。Bigrain?Achickeninsoup?

Hewascaughtintheheavyrainonhiswayhomeandgotsoakedallthrough.6）我早晨喜歡喝濃咖啡，下午喜歡喝淡茶。Strong,heavy,light,weak.Whichone?Ipreferstrongcoffeeinthemorningbutweakteaintheafternoon.7）這門(mén)課是為中級(jí)學(xué)生開(kāi)設(shè)的。Middle-levelstudents?Thiscourseisintendedfortheintermediate

learners.8）---你穿幾號(hào)的？---我穿中號(hào)。middlenumber?---Whatsizedoyoutake?---Itakemediumsize.

mediumheight中等身高1.對(duì)令堂的病我深表遺憾。2.已經(jīng)快半夜了，他不大可能來(lái)了。3.要在月底前完成論文，這一點(diǎn)非常重要。4.每年的這個(gè)時(shí)候我們都特別忙。5.你們?cè)诜g當(dāng)中要充分認(rèn)識(shí)詞匯搭配的不同。6.演出真是棒極了。

7.得知中大獎(jiǎng)時(shí)我們簡(jiǎn)直驚呆了。1.PutthefollowingintoEnglishandpayattentiontothecollocationofadjectivesandadverbs.

1）對(duì)令堂的病我深表遺憾。

I’mterriblysorrytohearaboutyourmother’sillness.

2）已經(jīng)快半夜了，他不大可能來(lái)了。

It’salmostmidnight.Heishighlyunlikelytocome