隧道施工外文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯

隧道施工外文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯隧道施工外文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯PAGEPAGE14附錄二外文參考文獻(xiàn)及翻譯NATMtunneldesignprincipleintheconstructionofmajorConstructionTechnologyW.BroereTheNATMDesignPrincipleTunneldesignandconstructionoftwomajortheoreticalanddevelopmentprocessSincethe20thcentury,humanspaceonthegroundfloorofthegrowingdemand,thustheundergroundworksofthestudyofarapiddevelopment.Inalargenumberofundergroundengineeringpractice,itisgenerallyrecognizedthatthetunnelandundergroundcavernthecoreoftheproblem,allupintheexcavationandretainingtwokeyprocesses.Howexcavation,itwillbemoreconducivetothestabilityandcavernfacilitatesupport:Formoresupport,Supportinghowtheycanmoreeffectivelyensurestabilityandfacilitatethecavernexcavation.Thisisthetunnelsandundergroundworkstwopromoteeachotherandcheckeachother'sproblems.Tunnelsandundergroundcaverns,andfocusingonthecoreissueswiththeabovepracticeandresearch, indifferentperiods,Peopleofdifferenttheoriesandgraduallyestablishedasystemofdifferenttheories,Eachsystemincludestheoryandresolve(orarestudyingtheresolution)fromtheworksofunderstanding(concept),mechanics,engineeringmeasurestotheconstructionmethods(Technology),aseriesofengineeringproblems.Atheoryofthe20thcenturythe1920sthetraditional"loadrelaxationtheory."Itscorecontentis:astablerockself-stability,noload:unstablerockmayhavecollapsed.needshoringstructuretobesupported.Thus,theroleofthesupportingstructureoftherockloadiswithinacertainrangemaybeduetorelaxationandcollapseofrockgravity.Thisisatraditionaltheory,andtheirrepresentativeisTaishajiandPrincipe'sandothers.Itworkssimilartothesurfaceissuesofthethinkingisstillwidelyusedto.Anothertheoryofthe20thcenturymadethe1950sthemoderntheoryoftimberingor"rockforthetheory."Itscorecontentis:rockstabilityisclearlybearingrocktotheirownself-stability:unstablerocklossofstabilityisaprocess,andifthisprocessinprovidingthenecessaryhelporrestrictionswillstillbeabletoentertherocksteadystate.ThistheoreticalsystemofrepresentativecharactersLabuxiweici,Miller-Feiqieer,Fenner-DaluoboandKashitenaiothers.Thisisamoremoderntheory,itisalreadyoutofthegroundworkstoconsidertheideas,andundergroundworksclosertoreality,thepast50yearshasbeenwidelyacceptedandapplied.demonstratedbroaddevelopmentprospects.Canbeseenfromtheabove,theformertheorymoreattentiontothefindingsandtheresultsoftreatment:Thelattertheoryisevenmoreattentiontotheprocessandthecontroloftheprocess,rightfromtherockforthefullutilizationofcapacity.Giventhisdistinction,whichboththeoryandmethodsintheprocess,eachwithdifferentperformancecharacteristics.NATMtheoryisrockforthetunnelengineeringpracticeintherepresentationmethod.NATMNATMthatthenewAustrianTunnelingMethodshorttheoriginalisinNewAustrianTunnelingMethod,referredtoastheNATM.Francesaiditconvergenceboundorsomecountriesallegedtoobservethedynamicdesignandconstructionofthebasicprinciples.NATMconceptoffilibusteringXiweiciAustriascholarsinthe20thcentury,Professorageof50.Itwasbasedontheexperienceofboththetunnelandrockmechanicstheory,willboltandshotcretecombinationasamajormeansofsupportingaconstructionmethod,Sweden,Italyandothercountries,manypracticalandtheoreticalstudyinthe1960sandpatentedofficiallynamed.FollowingthisapproachinWesternEurope,Scandinavia,theUnitedStatesandJapanandmanyotherundergroundworkswithaveryrapiddevelopment,havebecomemoderntunnelsnewtechnologieslandmark.Nearly40 yearsago,therailwaysectorthroughresearch,design,constructioncombining,inmanyconstructionofthetunnel,accordingtotheirowncharacteristicssuccessfullyappliedanewAustrianlaw,mademoreexperience,haveaccumulatedlargeamountsofdata,Thisistheapplicationstage.However,intheroadsectorNATMofonly50%.Currently,theNewAustrianTunnelingMethodalmostbecomeweakandbrokenrocksectionofatunnelconstructionmethod,technicalandeconomicbenefitsareclear.NATMthebasicpointscanbesummarizedasfollows:（1）.Rocktunnelstructureisthemainloadingunit,theconstructionmustfullyprotecttherock,itminimizethedisturbancetoavoidexcessivedamagetotheintensityofrock.Tothisend,theconstructionofsub-sectionshouldnotblocktoomuch,excavationshouldusedsmoothblasting,presplitblastingormechanicaltunneling.（2）.Inordertogivefullplaytorockthecarryingcapacityshouldbeallowedtocontrolandrockdeformation.Whileallowingdeformation,whichcanbearockbearingring;Theotherhand,havetolimitit,Rockisnotsolaxandexcessivelossorgreatlyreducedcarryingcapacity.Duringconstructionshouldbeusedwithrockcloseto,thetimelybuildingpuzzlekeepsstrengtheningFlexiblesupportstructure,suchasboltingandshotcretingsupporting.Thisadjustmentwillbeadoptedsupportingstructuralstrength,Stiffnessanditsparticipationintheworkofthetime(includingtheclosureoftime)tocontrolthedeformationoftherockmass.（3）.Inordertoimprovethesupportstructure,themechanicalproperties,theconstructionshouldbeclosedassoonaspossible,andtobecomeaclosedcylindricalstructure.Inaddition,thetunnelshapewitharoundshould,asfaraspossible,toavoidthecornerofthestressconcentration.（4）.Constructionrightthroughtherockandsupportingthedynamicobservation,measurement,andreasonablearrangementsfortheconstructionprocedures,changesinthedesignandconstructionmanagementoftheday-to-day.（5）.Tolaywaterprooflayer,orissubjecttoboltcorrosion,deteriorationofrockproperties,rheological,swellingcausedbythefollow-uptoload,usecompositelining.（6）.Lininginprinciple,andtheearlyrockdeformationSupportingthebasicstabilityoftheconditionsunderconstruction.rockandsupportingstructureintoawhole,therebyimprovingthesupportsystemofsecurity.NATMabovethebasicelementscanbebrieflysummarizedas:"lessdisturbance,earlysprayanchor,groundmeasurements,closedtight."WithaspringtounderstandtheprincipleNATM（1）.CavernbrinkofapointAintheoriginalexcavationagowithstress(stressself-respectandtectonicstress)inastateofequilibrium.AsanelasticstiffnessofthespringK,P0undercompressioninastateofequilibrium.（2）.Cavernexcavation,Apointinattackinglosefaceconstraints,theoriginalstressstatetobeadjusted,iftheintensityofrockbigenough,Afterlessstressadjustmentsmaycaverninastablecondition(withoutsupport).Butmostofthegeologicalconditionsofthepoor,thatis,afterthestresscavernadjustments,suchasweakprotection,wecouldhaveconvergencedeformation,eveninstability(landslides),mustbeprovidedtosupportpowerPE,inordertopreventlandslidesinstability.EquivalenttotheSpringofdeformationu,intheroleofPEisnowinthemidstofastateofequilibrium.（3）.Bythemechanicalbalanceequation,wecanseeinthespringP0roleinastateofequilibrium;Springintheeventofdeformationu,PEintheroletheywillbeinequilibrium,assumingspringelasticityofK,were:P0=PE+KuDiscussion:Whenu=0,thatisnotallowedP0=PErockdeformation,isarigidsupport,noteconomic;whenu↑,PE↓;Whenu↓,PE↑.Thatis,rockdeformationoccurred,thesomeoftheload(unloading),weshouldallowsomeextentrockdeformation,togivefullplaytorockthecapacityforself.Isaneconomicsupportmeasures,therockself-stabilityP=P0-PE=Ku;Whenu=umax,landslides,haverelaxationloadandunsafe.Points（1）.Rockcavernexcavationisaffectedbythatpartofrock(soil)body,therockisatrinity:havealoadbearingstructure,buildingmaterials.（2）.Tunnelconstructionisintherockstressisofspecialarchitecturalenvironment,whichcannotbeequatedwiththeconstructionontheground.（3）.Tunnelstructurerock+=bracingsystem.ThenewAustrianhighwayconstructioninthebasicmethodNATMoneofthecharacteristicsisthescenemonitoring,measurementinformationtoguideconstruction,throughthetunnelconstructionmeasurereceiptsandexcavationofgeologicalobservationforpredictionandfeedback.Andinaccordancewiththeestablishedbenchmarkformeasuringthetunnelconstruction,excavationsectionstepsandsequences,Supportingtheinitialparametersforreasonableadjustmentstoguaranteethesafetyofconstruction,atunnelrockstability,thequalityoftheprojectandsupportingstructureoftheeconomyandsoon.Theauthorofcommitments(Chengde)Chek(Chifeng)EastMaojingbaTunnelNATMbasicconstructionmethodforinvestigationconcluded,synthesisofahighwaytunnelNatmtheselectionofdifferenttypesandthebasiccharacteristicsoftheconstructionmethodsandtips.Atunnelconstructionmethodofchoicetunnelconstructionmethodofchoice,mainlybasedontheengineeringgeologicalandhydrogeologicalconditionsConstruction,rocktype,burieddeeptunnel,thetunnelsectionsizeandlengthliningtypes,Constructionshouldbethepremiseofsafetyandengineeringqualityatthecore,andwiththeuseofthetunnelfunction,the level of construction technology, Construction machinery and equipment, requirementsandeconomicfeasibilityoffactorstoconsiderinselection.Whenchoosingthemethodfortunnelconstructiononthesurroundingenvironmentnegativelyaffected,shouldalsobeatunnel,theenvironmentalconditions asthemethodtochooseoneofthefactors,takingintorock changesthemethodandthe applicabilityofthepossibilityofchange.Tunnelprojecttoavoidmistakesandunnecessaryincreaseinvestmentinpublicworks.NATMnewconstruction,weshouldalsoconsidertheentireprocessofconstructionofauxiliaryoperationsandchangesinthesurroundingrocktomeasurecontrolmethodsandthetunnelthroughspecialgeologicallotsofconstructionmeansforareasonablechoice.NewAustrianTunnelingMethodprogramNewAustrianTunnelingMethodusedallmethodscanbedividedintosections,Divisionlevelandthethreemajortypesofexcavationmethodandsomechangesintheprogram.Full-facemethod.Thatwholesectionexcavationmethodisbasedonthedesignofanexcavationfaceexcavationmolding.Excavationorderisitsfullfaceexcavation,steelpouringconcretelining.OftenchoosetoIV-VIClassRockHardRockTunnel,whichcanbeusedblastingdeephole.Excavationwholesectionofthelawisalargerspaceoperations,introducingsupportinglargemechanizedoperations,improvingthespeedandprocesssmall,lessinterferenceandfacilitatetheconstructionorganizationandmanagement.Excavationisduetoshortcomingsinthelarger,lowerrelativestabilityofrock,andwitheachcycleoftherelativelylargeworkload,itrequirestheconstructionunitsshouldhaveastrongexcavation,transportandslagoutandsupportcapability,MaojingbaVI:ClassVrockusedinthefull-faceexcavationtoachievethedesiredresults.Full-faceexcavationface,drillingandblastingconstructionmoreefficientuseofdeepfocustoacceleratetheexcavationblastingspeed,andtherockblastingvibrationfrequencylessconducivetoastabletransferrocks.Thedrawbackiseverydeepholeblastingvibrationlarger.Thereforerequirecarefuldrillingandblastingdesignandstrictcontrolofblastingoperations.Full-faceexcavationmethodisthemainprocess:theuseofmobilecarts(orplatforms),thefirstfull-faceabored,andinstalledaline,andthendrillingplatformcaroutside50mbacktoasafeplaceandthendetonate,BlastingtomakeashapeoutafterdrillingJardinecaragainmovedtotheexcavationfaceinplace,beganacycleofdrillingandblastingoperations,Anchorsprayedsimultaneouslysupportingorafterthefirstarchwalllining.stepmethod.Stepmethodofdesignisgenerallydividedintosectionsonthehalf-sectionandthelowerhalfsectiontwoexcavationmolding.Excavationorderisitsfirsthalfexcavationarchboltjetconcretebracing,archlining,thecentralpartofthesecondhalfofexcavation,sidewallofexcavation,concretewalljetboltsupportandlining.ThemoreapplicabletotheII,IIIandsoftjointdevelopmentofthesurroundingrock,whichwereusedTimchangeprogram.Long-stepmethod:Thenextstagedistanceaway,onthegenerallevelabove50mahead,ConstructioncanbeassignedtotheDepartmentofnextlargermachinewithparalleloperations,whenmechanicaldeficienciescanbeusedinterchangeably. Whenthecaseofashorttunnel,theuppersectionwillbeallduglater,andthendugunderthesection,theconstructionofwhichlessinterference,singleprocesscanwork.Shortstepmethod:onthestagelength5-50mapplyto Ⅱ,ⅢrockcanbeshortenedInvertclosingtime,Supportingimproveearlystressconditions,butlargerconstructioninterference,intheeventofSoftRockneedtoconsidercarefully,Auxiliaryshallbeappliedmeasurestostabilizetheexcavationexcavationface,inordertoensurethesafetyofconstruction.Ultrashortstepmethod:Theonlystepahead3-5m,sectionclosedfaster.Themethodusedforthehighlevelofmechanizationofvariousrocksection,intheeventofthesiegesoftrockwhenrequiredcarefulconsideration.Auxiliaryshallbeappliedmeasurestostabilizetheconstructionexcavationfacetoensurethesafetyofconstruction.Excavationlevelofcharacteristhefirststeptousinglightexcavationdrillingmachinedrillahole,ratherthanthroughlargedrillingplatformcar.Twostepmethodofexcavationoperationswithsufficientspaceandafasterrateofconstruction.Levelisconducivetothestabilityofexcavationface.EspeciallyExcavationintheupper,loweroperationalsafety.Threestepmethodofexcavationisthenextshortcomingsofoperationsinterferewitheachother.Itshouldbenotedatthebottomoftheupperoperationalstability,levelofexcavationwillincreasethenumberofcountryrock.Segmentexcavationmethod.ExcavationLawDivisioncanbedividedintochangesintheprogram:ExcavationDivisionlevel,fromtoptobottomholelead,headingadvanceontheexcavation,single(double)andlateralpitmethod.ExcavationwillconductedSectionDivisionexcavationbytheMinistryofshape,andtoadvancesomeofexcavation,itmaybecalledderivativeaheadexcavationpitmethod.LawDivisionlevel:generalapplicationorsoilcollapseeasilylotsofsoftrock,withitsadvantages-stagemethod,heightcanbelengthened,thetwo-lanetunnelforahole-fold,cyclingRoadTunnel-hole2times;ratherthansingle(double)PENDANTSHeadingahighdegreeofmechanization,canacceleratetheprogressoftheprojects.Thenextheadingadvanceexcavationmethod(thatisguidedpitwallfirstarch):ThisActappliestoⅡ,Ⅲhesoftgroundtunneling,tobeadoptednextgeneraladvanceexcavationpitwallfirstarchAct.Itsadvantagesare:Headingadvanceexcavation,theuseofprovengeologicalconditionsinadvancetofacilitatechangeinthemethod.Facetofacilitatestartedproceduresapplicabletothelaborarrangementsfortheuseofsmallmachineryandconstruction.Thedrawbacks:Thenextsectionwillguidesmall,slowconstructionandconstructionprocessesmore,constructionandmanagementdifficult.Unilateral-armpitLaw:rockinstability,thetunnelspanlarger,groundsubsidenceisdifficulttocontrolwhenusingthismethod.Itscharacteristicsare:apositivestepandarmsHeadingActadvantages.BilateralarmHeadinglaw:inlarge-spanshallowtunnels,surfacesubsidencerequirestrict,especiallypoorrockused.Advantagesofthismethodare:Constructionofsafe,reliable,butslowconstruction,highcost.ThemaintunnelconstructiontechnologyCaveconstruction:（1）excavationslopearound:Loftingtotalstationmeasurements,theuseofexcavatorsfromtoptobottom,paragraphbyparagraphexcavation,nottheamountofexcavationortheendofnextoverlappingexcavation,removepitswiththeabovemayslumptopsoil,shrubsandrockslopes,rockstrataofslopeexcavationneedsblasting,Discussionshouldfocusmainlylooseblasting.Alsopartialartificialfinishing,whenexcavationandinspectionslopeofslope,ifslidingcrackingphenomenonandslowingdowndueslope.（2）.ChengTung-supporting:YangBrushSingaporeSingaporeafterthecompletion oftimelyinspectionplateslopegradient,thegradienttopasstheinspection,thesystemsetuptofighttimeanchor,andtheexposedboltheads,hangingmetalbasednetworkexpansionandboltweldingintooverall.Linkednetworkimmediatelyafterthecompletionofshotcreteandrepeatedlyjetuntilitreachesthethicknessofthedesignsofar.（3）.asofgutterconstruction:Yangslopeawayfromthegroove5metersexcavationditchinterception,interceptionguttermainlymechanicalexcavation,artificialfinishing,afterdressing,7.5#immediatelymasonrymadeofmortarandstones,andthefloorsurfacewithmortar.Auxiliaryconstruction:（1）Alongpiperoof:Sets arch construction : construction Lofting, template installation, reinforcement,theguidanceoflofting127installationguide,concretepouring.Pipespecifications:HeatNazarbayevSeamlessSteelTube ￠108mmandathicknessof6mm,lengthof3m,6m;Npipefrom:Centraltothedistance50cm;NInclination:Elevation1°(theactualconstructionworksby2°),thedirectionparallelwiththeCentralLine;Npipeconstructionerror:Radialnotmorethan20cm;Ntunnellongitudinaljointswithinthesamesectionwithmorethan50%adjacentpipejointsstaggeredatleastameter.piperoofconstructionmethod:Loftingaccuratemeasurementpersonnel,markingthecenterlineandthevaultoutofitsholeelevation,soilexcavationreservedasacorepiperoofconstructionworkplatformExcavationfootageof2.5meters,aftertheendofexcavation,artificialsymmetricalonbothsidesofexcavation(CommoditiesH)platform,levelwidthof1.5meters,2.0metershigh,asconstructionsetsandpipearchshedfacilitiesdrillingplatform.Pipe-roofdesignpositionshouldbeanditshouldbeagoodholesteeltube,groutingafterplayingnon-poroustubesteel,non-poroustubecanbeusedaspipeinspection,Groutingqualityinspection,drillverticaldirectionmustbeaccuratelycontrolledtoguaranteetheopeningholetotheright,Endeachdrillingaholeisapipejacking,drillingshouldalwaysusedipcompassdrillingpipemeasuringthedeflection,foundthatthedeflectionoverdesignrequirementsinatimelyfashion.Pipejointsusingscrewconnection,screwlength15cm,tostaggerthepipejoints,odd-numberedasthefirstsectionoftheintroductionofthree-metersteelpipesandnumberedthefirstsectionofpipeusing6meters,Aftereachhaveadoptedsix-meter-longsteelpipe.piperoofconstructionmachinery:Ndrillingmachinery:XY-28-300equippedwithelectricdrill,drillingandpipejackinglongshelf;Ngroutingmachine:BW-250/50-injectionpumptwoTaiwan;Nusingcement-waterglassslurry.Mudandwatervolumeratio1:0.5;waterglassslurryconcentrationofwater-cementratio1:1silicate35Baume;Theefficacysilicatemoduluspressuregroutingpressureearlypressure2.0MPA0.5~1.0MPA;end.（2）.asmallcathetersmallcatheterusedaheaddiameterof42mmandathicknessof3.5mmthermalNazarbayevseamlesssteeltubes,steelpipewasfront-tip,Weldingonthetail ￠6stiffeningbraceandthewallaroundthedrillingholegrouting8mm,butthetailofameterwithoutgroutingholesandAdvanceConstructionofasmallcatheter,thetubesandtheliningofthecenterlineparallelto10°-30°Chaluintotherockarch.penstocksto20-50cmspacing.Eachwasoverasteeltubes,shouldbeclosedimmediatelyshotcreteexcavationfaceandthengrouting.Aftergrouting,erectingsteelArch,Supportingtheearlycompletionofevery(2-3meters,andthepaperattemptstobe)anotheroneforsteeltubes,Advancesmallcathetergenerallaplengthof1.0meters.Groutingparameters:Nwaterslurryandwaterglassvolume:1:0.5;Nslurrywater-cementratio1:1N35Baumeconcentrationofsodiumsilicate;TheefficacysilicatemodulusNgroutingpressure0.5~1.0MPA;ifnecessary,setuponlyorificePulpCypriots.（3）.boltingahead:TheChalumustbegreaterthan14degrees,groutingsatiatedandlaplengthisnotlessthan1meter.Correctingconstruction:EmbeddedpartsusedbytheDesignDimensionsplankmakeshapedesign,installationcontrastsnoopplatecar,andpositionaccuracy(error± 50CM),thefirmshallnotbefixed,youmustbeinpossessionofthewirethroughthemiddlewear.LevelingConstructionInstallationtemplates,attherequestofbothsideslevelinglayercalibrationpositiontoinstalltemplate.Side-channelsteeltemplatesused[10#,topelevationwithacorrespondinglengthoftheroadelevationunanimouslytoallowdeviation±2mm.adjustedusingthestandardmeasurementtodetermineelevation.Everytemplatefixedacertain distancefromtheoutsidetoensurethatnodisplacement,thejointstemplateclosecomfort,notfromaslit,crookedandformation,andthebottomconnectortemplatesarenotallowedtoleakplasma.Concretebeforereperfusion,thebottomsurfaceofconcretemustbeclean.Whentheconcretearrivedattheconstructionsitedirectlyinstalledbackwardmodeoftheroadbed,and artificialHuabuuniform.Concretepavershouldbeconsideredaftertheearthquakedestroyedthesettlement.Unrealisticallyhighcanbe10%higher,Lanisthesurfaceelevationanddesignline.Concreteearthquakedestroyedatoranywherenearthecornerwithplug-LanLanpoundforpoundorder;Flat-LanpoundforpoundcrisscrosscomprehensiveLan,Insideeachlocationisnolongerthetimeforconcretesinks,nolongeremittedlargebubbles,andthesurfaceofcementmortarlater.normallynolessthan15seconds,alsoshouldnotbetoolong;Then Chun-pound beam along the longitudinal Lan-pound trailer, With Chun-poundconcretebeamsweredraggedshiftTrim,DixianDepartmentshouldkeeplevelingLanfacts.Finally,thediameter75~100mmrollingseamlesssteelpipeforfurtherleveling.Justdoprohibitedinthesurfacesprayingwater,andthrewcement.Water,cableductconstructionInstallgroovewallreinforcementoflocationaccuracy,thelinemustbelinkedtotheconstruction.Installgroovewallpurity,thepurityrequirementsofaccuratelocation,averticalline.Dyadicgreatestdegreeofnotmorethan3mm,andtemplate-DitchThetop-pronged,passtheinspectionbeforetheconcretereperfusion,onthesideoftheoriginalwallmustpickhair,andembeddedpartstothelocationaccurately.Templateusingstereotypespurity.GateConstructionClearedthesiteforconstructionlayout.Bydesignsizerequirementdug-wallbasis.M7.5#masonrymadeofmortarandstones.Templateinstallation,locationaccuracyrequirementspurity,averticalline,andtimelyinspectiontemplateslope.Concretepouring15#Riprapconcrete,concretestrengthtobemorethan70%forMyeongdongvaultbackfill.Myungdongvaultbackfillshouldhierarchicalcompactionsaid.Thetypicalthicknessoflessthan0.3M,bothbackfillsurfaceheightdifferenceofnotmorethan0.5M.restoredtothevaultafterthepacktodesignhierarchicalcompactionhigh,theuseofmachinesrolling,Rammingmustmanuallyfilledtovaultover1.0Mbeforemechanicalcompaction.7.ConstructionsafetyandenvironmentalcontrolEntrancetowearhelmetstopreventcrashes,inwhichthespeedlimit5KM,lightingmustbea10-meterlightsrecklessgoodsstoredmaterialmustbestandardizedanddistributedunderspecialguard.Spoilvenuesmustbesmoothdrainage,andmustbemasonryretainingwalltopreventflooding,debrisflowforming.8.Theconstructionprocesshastotackletheproblems:Constructionoftwolinerafterwaterseepagetreatment:Smallcrackswithacrylic,waterorslurrycoatingofepoxyresinandothercaulking,agoodeffect;Onthelargercracks,availableonthe10thofcementmortarorcementmortarexpansioncaulkingmoreappropriateandeffective;Largecracks(crackwidthgreaterthan5MM),(ifleakageofwater,availablealongthecuttingmachinecuttingawidecracksaround2~4CMsmallgroovedepthapproximately10CMabovethewater,Cuttinga5×5CMCubeholesroom,theninsertapipe4×4CMMF7plasticBlindgroove,Cuttingtogetherintogoodpressuretank,theintroductionofverticalwaterdrains,Finally,cementandwaterGlassclosedmixedmortarcuttinggroove)withoutseepage,itisappropriateepoxymortar,orgrouting,Reinforcedconcreteandotherreinforcedjet.ExampleprojectsNATMisfromtheintroductionoftheboltandshotcreteacategoryof"active"supportthenewtechnologytopromotetheusebegan.Soon,theChineseengineeronthetunnelnotonlyinsubstancebutalsointermsofacceptanceofthenewAustrianlaw.TobeheldinChinainthetunnelandundergroundengineeringacademicmeeting,thenewAustriancapitalhasbecomeahottopic.EngineersofthenewAustrianlawrelishesisjustified:theuseofnewAustrianlaw,hasbeensuccessfulinsoftrockanddifficultconditions oftheconstructionofvarioustypes undergroundworks.BuiltonloosesandgravelstratumofBeijingSubwayallowedbackofthetunnelisatypicalexample.Thetunnelislocatedinthemainstreet-256,358mlong,thelargestexcavationsection9mhigh,14.5mwidecoveragestratigraphictopofthetunnelonlyminimumthickness9.0m.Tunnelboringmachineofexcavation,strengthenthegridarchshotcreteinitialsupportandadvancesmallcathetercare,Withoutprejudicetogroundtransportation,undergroundpipelinestoensurethesafetyofconstructionsuccess.Intheworksistheexperience,knowledgeoftheChineseengineers,theuseofnewAustrianlawprinciplescanbeusedintheMountainTunnelMineActtoexpandthescopeofapplicationofthesoftrock,eveninthefourthstrataofmunicipalshallowtunneltoreplacethetraditionalmethodofdiggingorshield.InChina,suchamethodcalled"shallowminingmethod."Followingallowedbacklanetunnel,gravelinthesamefolderofalluvialgravellayerisshallowminingmethodusedtobuildthespanof21.67mintheXidanMTRstations.ChanganAvenueintheconstructionofthenewBeijingmetro