土木外文文獻與翻譯-新奧法設(shè)計原理在隧道施工中的應(yīng)用及主要施工工藝

NATMtunneldesignprincipleintheconstructionofmajorandConstructionTechnologyW.BroereTheNATMDesignPrincipleTunneldesignandconstructionoftwomajortheoreticalanddevelopmentprocessSincethe20thcentury,humanspaceonthegroundfloorofthegrowingdemand,thustheundergroundworksofthestudyofarapiddevelopment.Inalargenumberofundergroundengineeringpractice,itisgenerallyrecognizedthatthetunnelandundergroundcavernthecoreoftheproblem,allupintheexcavationandretainingtwokeyprocesses.Howexcavation,itwillbemoreconducivetothestabilityandcavernfacilitatesupport:Formoresupport,Supportinghowtheycanmoreeffectivelyensurestabilityandfacilitatethecavernexcavation.Thisisthetunnelsandundergroundworkstwopromoteeachotherandcheckeachother'sproblems.Tunnelsandundergroundcaverns,andfocusingonthecoreissueswiththeabovepracticeandresearch, indifferentperiods,Peopleofdifferenttheoriesandgraduallyestablishedasystemofdifferenttheories,Eachsystemincludestheoryandresolve(orarestudyingtheresolution)fromtheworksofunderstanding(concept),mechanics,engineeringmeasurestotheconstructionmethods(Technology),aseriesofengineeringproblems.Atheoryofthe20thcenturythe1920sthetraditional"loadrelaxationtheory."Itscorecontentis:astablerockself-stability,noload:unstablerockmayhavecollapsed.needshoringstructuretobesupported.Thus,theroleofthesupportingstructureoftherockloadiswithinacertainrangemaybeduetorelaxationandcollapseofrockgravity.Thisisatraditionaltheory,andtheirrepresentativeisTaishajiandPrincipe'sandothers.Itworkssimilartothesurfaceissuesofthethinkingisstillwidelyusedto.Anothertheoryofthe20thcenturymadethe1950sthemoderntheoryoftimberingor"rockforthetheory."Itscorecontentis:rockstabilityisclearlybearingrocktotheirownself-stability:unstablerocklossofstabilityisaprocess,andifthisprocessinprovidingthe1necessaryhelporrestrictionswillstillbeabletoentertherocksteadystate.ThistheoreticalsystemofrepresentativecharactersLabuxiweici,Miller-Feiqieer,Fenner-DaluoboandKashitenaiothers.Thisisamoremoderntheory,itisalreadyoutofthegroundworkstoconsidertheideas,andundergroundworksclosertoreality,thepast50yearshasbeenwidelyacceptedandapplied.demonstratedbroaddevelopmentprospects.Canbeseenfromtheabove,theformertheorymoreattentiontothefindingsandtheresultsoftreatment:Thelattertheoryisevenmoreattentiontotheprocessandthecontroloftheprocess,rightfromtherockforthefullutilizationofcapacity.Giventhisdistinction,whichboththeoryandmethodsintheprocess,eachwithdifferentperformancecharacteristics.NATMtheoryisrockforthetunnelengineeringpracticeintherepresentationmethod.NATMNATMthatthenewAustrianTunnelingMethodshorttheoriginalisinNewAustrianTunnelingMethod,referredtoastheNATM.Francesaiditconvergenceboundorsomecountriesallegedtoobservethedynamicdesignandconstructionofthebasicprinciples.NATMconceptoffilibusteringXiweiciAustriascholarsinthe20thcentury,Professorageof50.Itwasbasedontheexperienceofboththetunnelandrockmechanicstheory,willboltandshotcretecombinationasamajormeansofsupportingaconstructionmethod,Sweden,Italyandothercountries,manypracticalandtheoreticalstudyinthe1960sandpatentedofficiallynamed.FollowingthisapproachinWesternEurope,Scandinavia,theUnitedStatesandJapanandmanyotherundergroundworkswithaveryrapiddevelopment,havebecomemoderntunnelsnewtechnologieslandmark.Nearly40 yearsago,therailwaysectorthroughresearch,design,constructioncombining,inmanyconstructionofthetunnel,accordingtotheirowncharacteristicssuccessfullyappliedanewAustrianlaw,mademoreexperience,haveaccumulatedlargeamountsofdata,Thisistheapplicationstage.However,intheroadsectorNATMofonly50%.Currently,theNewAustrianTunnelingMethodalmostbecomeweakandbrokenrocksectionofatunnelconstructionmethod,technicalandeconomicbenefitsareclear.NATMthebasicpointscanbesummarizedasfollows:（1）.Rocktunnelstructureisthemainloadingunit,theconstructionmustfullyprotecttherock,itminimizethedisturbancetoavoidexcessivedamagetotheintensityofrock.To2thisend,theconstructionofsub-sectionshouldnotblocktoomuch,excavationshouldusedsmoothblasting,presplitblastingormechanicaltunneling.（2）.Inordertogivefullplaytorockthecarryingcapacityshouldbeallowedtocontrolandrockdeformation.Whileallowingdeformation,whichcanbearockbearingring;Theotherhand,havetolimitit,Rockisnotsolaxandexcessivelossorgreatlyreducedcarryingcapacity.Duringconstructionshouldbeusedwithrockcloseto,thetimelybuildingpuzzlekeepsstrengtheningFlexiblesupportstructure,suchasboltingandshotcretingsupporting.Thisadjustmentwillbeadoptedsupportingstructuralstrength,Stiffnessanditsparticipationintheworkofthetime(includingtheclosureoftime)tocontrolthedeformationoftherockmass.（3）.Inordertoimprovethesupportstructure,themechanicalproperties,theconstructionshouldbeclosedassoonaspossible,andtobecomeaclosedcylindricalstructure.Inaddition,thetunnelshapewitharoundshould,asfaraspossible,toavoidcornerofthestressconcentration.（4）.Constructionrightthroughtherockandsupportingthedynamicobservation,measurement,andreasonablearrangementsfortheconstructionprocedures,changesinthedesignandconstructionmanagementoftheday-to-day.（5）.Tolaywaterprooflayer,orissubjecttoboltcorrosion,deteriorationofrockproperties,rheological,swellingcausedbythefollow-uptoload,usecompositelining.（6）.Lininginprinciple,andtheearlyrockdeformationSupportingthebasicstabilityoftheconditionsunderconstruction.rockandsupportingstructureintoawhole,therebyimprovingthesupportsystemofsecurity.NATMabovethebasicelementscanbebrieflysummarizedas:"lessdisturbance,earlysprayanchor,groundmeasurements,closedtight."WithaspringtounderstandtheprincipleNATM（1）.CavernbrinkofapointAintheoriginalexcavationagowithstress(stressself-respectandtectonicstress)inastateofequilibrium.AsanelasticstiffnessofthespringK,P0undercompressioninastateofequilibrium.（2）.Cavernexcavation,Apointinattackinglosefaceconstraints,theoriginalstressstatetobeadjusted,iftheintensityofrockbigenough,Afterlessstressadjustments3caverninastablecondition(withoutsupport).Butmostofthegeologicalconditionsofthepoor,thatis,afterthestresscavernadjustments,suchasweakprotection,wecouldhaveconvergencedeformation,eveninstability(landslides),mustbeprovidedtosupportpowerPE,inordertopreventlandslidesinstability.EquivalenttotheSpringofdeformationu,intheroleofPEisnowinthemidstofastateofequilibrium.（3）.Bythemechanicalbalanceequation,wecanseeinthespringP0roleinastateofequilibrium;Springintheeventofdeformationu,PEintheroletheywillbeinequilibrium,assumingspringelasticityofK,were:P0=PE+KuDiscussion:Whenu=0,thatisnotallowedP0=PErockdeformation,isarigidsupport,economic;whenu↑,PE↓;Whenu↓,PE↑.Thatis,rockdeformationoccurred,therelsomeoftheload(unloading),weshouldallowsomeextentrockdeformation,togivefullplaytorockthecapacityforself.Isaneconomicsupportmeasures,therockself-stabilityP=P0-PE=Ku;Whenu=umax,landslides,haverelaxationloadandunsafe.Points（1）.Rockcavernexcavationisaffectedbythatpartofrock(soil)body,therockisatrinity:havealoadbearingstructure,buildingmaterials.（2）.Tunnelconstructionisintherockstressisofspecialarchitecturalenvironment,whichcannotbeequatedwiththeconstructionontheground.（3）.Tunnelstructurerock+=bracingsystem.ThenewAustrianhighwayconstructioninthebasicmethodNATMoneofthecharacteristicsisthescenemonitoring,measurementinformationtoguideconstruction,throughthetunnelconstructionmeasurereceiptsandexcavationofthegeologicalobservationforpredictionandfeedback.Andinaccordancewiththeestablishedbenchmarkformeasuringthetunnelconstruction,excavationsectionstepsandsequences,Supportingtheinitialparametersforreasonableadjustmentstoguaranteethesafetyofconstruction,atunnelrockstability,thequalityoftheprojectandsupportingstructureofthe4economyandsoon.Theauthorofcommitments(Chengde)Chek(Chifeng)EastMaojingbaTunnelNATMbasicconstructionmethodforinvestigationconcluded,synthesisofanewhighwaytunnelNatmtheselectionofdifferenttypesandthebasiccharacteristicsoftheconstructionmethodsandtips.Atunnelconstructionmethodofchoicetunnelconstructionmethodofchoice,mainlybasedontheengineeringgeologicalandhydrogeologicalconditionsConstruction,rocktype,burieddeeptunnel,thetunnelsectionsizeandlengthliningtypes,Constructionshouldbethepremiseofsafetyandengineeringqualityatthecore,andwiththeuseofthetunnelfunction,the level of construction technology, Construction machinery and equipment, requirementsandeconomicfeasibilityoffactorstoconsiderinselection.Whenchoosingthemethodfortunnelconstructiononthesurroundingenvironmentnegativelyaffected,shouldalso beatunnel,theenvironmentalconditionsas themethodtochooseoneofthefactors,takingintorock changesthemethodandthe applicabilityofthepossibilityofchange.Tunnelprojecttoavoidmistakesandunnecessaryincreaseinvestmentinpublicworks.NATMnewconstruction,weshouldalsoconsidertheentireprocessconstructionofauxiliaryoperationsandchangesinthesurroundingrocktomeasurecontrolmethodsandthetunnelthroughspecialgeologicallotsofconstructionmeansforareasonablechoice.NewAustrianTunnelingMethodprogramNewAustrianTunnelingMethodusedallmethodscanbedividedintosections,Divisionlevelandthethreemajortypesofexcavationmethodandsomechangesintheprogram.Full-facemethod.Thatwholesectionexcavationmethodisbasedonthedesignofanexcavationfaceexcavationmolding.Excavationorderisitsfullfaceexcavation,steelpouringconcretelining.OftenchoosetoIV-VIClassRockHardRockTunnel,whichcanbeusedblastingdeephole.Excavationwholesectionofthelawisalargerspaceoperations,introducingsupportinglargemechanizedoperations,improvingthespeedandprocesssmall,lessinterferenceandfacilitatetheconstructionorganizationandmanagement.Excavationisduetoshortcomingsinthelarger,lowerrelativestabilityofrock,andwitheachcycleoftherelativelylargeworkload,itrequirestheconstructionunitsshouldhaveastrongexcavation,transportandslagoutand5supportcapability,MaojingbaVI:ClassVrockusedinthefull-faceexcavationtoachievethedesiredresults.Full-faceexcavationface,drillingandblastingconstructionmoreefficientuseofdeepfocustoacceleratetheexcavationblastingspeed,andtherockblastingvibrationfrequencylessconducivetoastabletransferrocks.Thedrawbackiseverydeepholeblastingvibrationlarger.Thereforerequirecarefuldrillingandblastingdesignandstrictcontrolofblastingoperations.Full-faceexcavationmethodisthemainprocess:theuseofmobilecarts(orplatforms),thefirstfull-faceabored,andinstalledaline,andthendrillingplatformcaroutside50mbacktoasafeplaceandthendetonate,BlastingtomakeashapeoutafterdrillingJardinecaragainmovedtotheexcavationfaceinplace,beganacycleofdrillingandblastingoperations,Anchorsprayedsimultaneouslysupportingorafterthefirstarchwalllining.stepmethod.Stepmethodofdesignisgenerallydividedintosectionsonthehalf-sectionandthelowerhalfsectiontwoexcavationmolding.Excavationorderisitsfirsthalfexcavationarchboltjetconcretebracing,archlining,thecentralpartofthesecondhalfofexcavation,sidewallofexcavation,concretewalljetboltsupportandlining.TheapplicabletotheII,IIIandsoftjointdevelopmentofthesurroundingrock,whichwereusedTimchangeprogram.Long-stepmethod:Thenextstagedistanceaway,onthegenerallevelabove50mahead,ConstructioncanbeassignedtotheDepartmentofnextlargermachinewithparalleloperations,whenmechanicaldeficienciescanbeusedinterchangeably. Whenthecaseofashorttunnel,theuppersectionwillbeallduglater,andthendugunderthesection,theconstructionofwhichlessinterference,singleprocesscanwork.Shortstepmethod:onthestagelength5-50mapplyto Ⅱ,ⅢrockcanbeshortenedInvertclosingtime,Supportingimproveearlystressconditions,butlargerconstructioninterference,intheeventofSoftRockneedtoconsidercarefully,Auxiliaryshallbeappliedmeasurestostabilizetheexcavationexcavationface,inordertoensurethesafetyofconstruction.Ultrashortstepmethod: Theonlystepahead3-5m, sectionclosedfaster.Theusedforthehighlevelofmechanizationofvariousrocksection,intheeventofthesiegesoft6rockwhenrequiredcarefulconsideration.Auxiliaryshallbeappliedmeasurestostabilizetheconstructionexcavationfacetoensurethesafetyofconstruction.Excavationlevelofcharacteristhefirststeptousinglightexcavationdrillingmachinedrillahole,ratherthanthroughlargedrillingplatformcar.Twostepmethodofexcavationoperationswithsufficientspaceandafasterrateofconstruction.Levelisconducivetothestabilityofexcavationface.EspeciallyExcavationintheupper,loweroperationalsafety.Threestepmethodofexcavationisthenextshortcomingsofoperationsinterferewitheachother.Itshouldbenotedatthebottomoftheupperoperationalstability,levelofexcavationwillincreasethenumberofcountryrock.Segmentexcavationmethod.ExcavationLawDivisioncanbedividedintochangesintheprogram:ExcavationDivisionlevel,fromtoptobottomholelead,headingadvanceontheexcavation,single(double)andlateralpitmethod.ExcavationwillbeconductedSectionDivisionexcavationbytheMinistryofshape,andtoadvancesomeofexcavation,itmaybecalledderivativeaheadexcavationpitmethod.LawDivisionlevel:generalapplicationorsoilcollapseeasilylotsofsoftrock,withitsadvantages-stagemethod,heightcanbelengthened,thetwo-lanetunnelforahole-fold,cyclingRoadTunnel-hole2times;ratherthansingle(double)PENDANTSHeadingahighdegreeofmechanization,canacceleratetheprogressoftheprojects.Thenextheadingadvanceexcavation method(thatisguidedpitwallfirstarch):ThisActappliestoⅡ,Ⅲhesoftgroundtunneling,tobeadoptednextgeneraladvanceexcavationpitwallfirstarchAct.Itsadvantagesare:Headingadvanceexcavation,theuseofprovengeologicalconditionsinadvancetofacilitatechangeinthemethod.Facetofacilitatestartedproceduresapplicabletothelaborarrangementsfortheuseofsmallmachineryandconstruction.Thedrawbacks:Thenextsectionwillguidesmall,slowconstructionandconstructionprocessesmore,constructionandmanagementdifficult.Unilateral-armpitLaw:rockinstability,thetunnelspanlarger,groundsubsidenceisdifficulttocontrolwhenusingthismethod.Itscharacteristicsare:apositivestepandarmsHeadingActadvantages.BilateralarmHeadinglaw:inlarge-spanshallowtunnels,surfacesubsidencerequirestrict,especiallypoorrockused.Advantagesofthismethodare:Constructionofsafe,reliable,butslowconstruction,highcost.7ThemaintunnelconstructiontechnologyCaveconstruction（1）excavationslopearoundLoftingtotalstationmeasurements,theuseofexcavatorsfromtoptobottom,paragraphbyparagraphexcavation,nottheamountofexcavationortheendofnextoverlappingexcavation,removepitswiththeabovemayslumptopsoil,shrubsandrockslopes,rockstrataofslopeexcavationneedsblasting,Discussionshouldfocusmainlylooseblasting.Alsopartialartificialfinishing,whenexcavationandinspectionslopeofslope,ifslidingandcrackingphenomenonandslowingdowndueslope.（2）.ChengTung-supportingYangBrushSingaporeSingaporeafterthecompletion oftimelyinspectionplateslopegradient,thegradienttopasstheinspection,thesystemsetuptofighttimeanchor,andtheexposedboltheads,hangingmetalbasednetworkexpansionandboltweldingintofirstoverall.Linkednetworkimmediatelyafterthecompletionofshotcreteandrepeatedlyjetuntilitreachesthethicknessofthedesignsofar.（3）.asofgutterconstructionYangslopeawayfromthegroove5metersexcavationditchinterception,interceptionguttermainlymechanicalexcavation,artificialfinishing,afterdressing,7.5#immediatelymasonrymadeofmortarandstones,andthefloorsurfacewithmortar.Auxiliaryconstruction（1）AlongpiperoofSets arch construction : construction Lofting, template installation, reinforcement,theguidanceoflofting127installationguide,concretepouring.Pipespecifications:HeatNazarbayevSeamlessSteelTube ￠108mmandathicknessof6mm,lengthof3m,6m;Npipefrom:Centraltothedistance50cm;NInclination:Elevation1°(theactualconstructionworksby2°),thedirectionparallelwiththeCentralLine;Npipeconstructionerror:Radialnotmorethan20cm;8Ntunnellongitudinaljointswithinthesamesectionwithmorethan50%adjacentpipejointsstaggeredatleastameter.piperoofconstructionmethodLoftingaccuratemeasurementpersonnel,markingthecenterlineandthevaultoutofitsholeelevation,soilexcavationreservedasacorepiperoofconstructionworkplatformExcavationfootageof2.5meters,aftertheendofexcavation,artificialsymmetricalonbothsidesofexcavation(CommoditiesH)platform,levelwidthof1.5meters,2.0metershigh,asconstructionsetsandpipearchshedfacilitiesdrillingplatform.Pipe-roofdesignpositionshouldbeanditshouldbeagoodholesteeltube,groutingafterplayingnon-poroustubesteel,non-poroustubecanbeusedaspipeinspection,Groutingqualityinspection,drillverticaldirectionmustbeaccuratelycontrolledtoguaranteetheopeningholetotheright,Endeachdrillingaholeisapipejacking,drillingshouldalwaysusedipcompassdrillingpipemeasuringthedeflection,foundthatthedeflectionoverdesignrequirementsinatimelyfashion.Pipejointsusingscrewconnection,screwlength15cm,tostaggerthepipejoints,odd-numberedasthefirstsectionoftheintroductionofthree-metersteelpipesandevennumberedthefirstsectionofpipeusing6meters,Aftereachhaveadoptedsix-meter-longsteelpipe.piperoofconstructionmachineryNdrillingmachinery:XY-28-300equippedwithelectricdrill,drillingandpipejackinglongshelf;Ngroutingmachine:BW-250/50-injectionpumptwoTaiwan;Nusingcement-waterglassslurry.Mudandwatervolumeratio1:0.5;waterglassslurryconcentrationofwater-cementratio1:1silicate35Baume;Theefficacysilicatemoduluspressuregroutingpressureearlypressure2.0MPA0.5~1.0MPA;end.（2）.asmallcathetersmallcatheterusedaheaddiameterof42mmandathicknessof3.5mmthermalNazarbayevseamlesssteeltubes,steelpipewasfront-tip,Weldingonthetail ￠6stiffeningbraceandthewallaroundthedrillingholegrouting8mm,butthetailofameterwithoutgroutingholesandAdvanceConstructionofasmallcatheter,thetubesandtheliningofthecenterlineparallelto10°-30°Chaluintotherockarch.penstocksto20-50cmspacing.Eachwasoverasteeltubes,shouldbeclosedimmediatelyshotcreteexcavationfaceandthen9grouting.Aftergrouting,erectingsteelArch,Supportingtheearlycompletionofevery(2-3meters,andthepaperattemptstobe)anotheroneforsteeltubes,Advancesmallcathetergenerallaplengthof1.0meters.GroutingparametersNwaterslurryandwaterglassvolume:1:0.5;Nslurrywater-cementratio1:1N35Baumeconcentrationofsodiumsilicate;TheefficacysilicatemodulusNgroutingpressure0.5~1.0MPA;ifnecessary,setuponlyorificePulpCypriots.（3）.boltingahead:TheChalumustbegreaterthan14degrees,groutingsatiatedandlaplengthisnotlessthan1meter.CorrectingconstructionEmbeddedpartsusedbytheDesignDimensionsplankmakeshapedesign,installationcontrastsnoopplatecar,andpositionaccuracy(error± 50CM),thefirmshallnotbefixed,youmustbeinpossessionofthewirethroughthemiddlewear.LevelingConstructionInstallationtemplates,attherequestofbothsideslevelinglayercalibrationpositiontoinstalltemplate.Side-channelsteeltemplatesused[10#,topelevationwithacorrespondinglengthoftheroadelevationunanimouslytoallowdeviation±2mm.adjustedusingstandardmeasurementtodetermineelevation.Everytemplatefixeda certaindistancefromtheoutsidetoensurethatnodisplacement,thejointstemplateclosecomfort,notfromaslit,crookedandformation,andthebottomconnectortemplatesarenotallowedtoleakplasma.Concretebeforereperfusion,thebottomsurfaceofconcretemustbeclean.Whentheconcretearrivedattheconstructionsitedirectlyinstalledbackwardmodeoftheroadbed,andusingartificialHuabuuniform.Concretepavershouldbeconsideredaftertheearthquakedestroyedthesettlement.Unrealisticallyhighcanbe10%higher,Lanisthesurfaceelevationanddesignline.Concreteearthquakedestroyedatoranywherenearthecornerwithplug-LanLanpoundforpoundorder;Flat-LanpoundforpoundcrisscrosscomprehensiveLan,Insidelocationisnolongerthetimeforconcretesinks,nolongeremittedlargebubbles,andthesurfaceofcementmortarlater.normallynolessthan15seconds,alsoshouldnotbetoolong;10ThenChun-poundbeamalongthelongitudinalLan-poundtrailer,WithredundantChun-poundconcretebeamsweredraggedshiftTrim,DixianDepartmentshouldkeeplevelingLanfacts.Finally,thediameter75~100mmrollingseamlesssteelpipeforfurtherleveling.Justdoprohibitedinthesurfacesprayingwater,andthrewcement.Water,cableductconstructionInstallgroovewallreinforcementoflocationaccuracy,thelinemustbelinkedtotheconstruction.Installgroovewallpurity,thepurityrequirementsofaccuratelocation,averticalline.Dyadicgreatestdegreeofnotmorethan3mm,andtemplate-DitchThetop-pronged,passtheinspectionbeforetheconcretereperfusion,onthesideoftheoriginalwallmustpickhair,andembeddedpartstothelocationaccurately.Templateusingstereotypespurity.GateConstructionClearedthesiteforconstructionlayout.Bydesignsizerequirementdug-wallbasis.M7.5#masonrymadeofmortarandstones.Templateinstallation,locationaccuracyrequirementspurity,averticalline,andtimelyinspectiontemplateslope.Concretepouring15#Riprapconcrete,concretestrengthtobemorethan70%forMyeongdongvaultbackfill.Myungdongvaultbackfillshouldhierarchicalcompactionsaid.Thetypicalthicknessoflessthan0.3M,bothbackfillsurfaceheightdifferenceofnotmorethan0.5M.restoredtothevaultafterthepacktodesignhierarchicalcompactionhigh,theuseofmachinesrolling,Rammingmustmanuallyfilledtovaultover1.0Mbeforemechanicalcompaction.7.ConstructionsafetyandenvironmentalcontrolEntrancetowearhelmetstopreventcrashes,inwhichthespeedlimit5KM,lightingmustbea10-meterlightsrecklessgoodsstoredmaterialmustbestandardizedanddistributedunderspecialguard.Spoilvenuesmustbesmoothdrainage,andmustbemasonryretainingwalltopreventflooding,debrisflowforming.118.TheconstructionprocesshastotackletheproblemsConstructionoftwolinerafterwaterseepagetreatment:Smallcrackswithacrylic,waterorslurrycoatingofepoxyresinandothercaulking,agoodeffect;Onthelargercracks,availableonthe10thofcementmortarorcementmortarexpansioncaulkingmoreappropriateandeffective;Largecracks(crackwidthgreaterthan5MM),(ifleakageofwater,availablealongthecuttingmachinecuttingawidecracksaround2~4CMsmallgroovedepthapproximately10CMabovethewater,Cuttinga5×5CMCubeholesroom,theninsertapipe4×4CMMF7plasticBlindgroove,Cuttingtogetherintogoodpressuretank,theintroductionofverticalwaterdrains,Finally,cementandwater Glassclosedmixedmortarcuttinggroove)withoutseepage,itisappropriateepoxymortar,orgrouting,Reinforcedconcreteandotherreinforcedjet.ExampleprojectsNATMisfromtheintroductionoftheboltandshotcreteacategoryof"active"supportthenewtechnologytopromotetheusebegan.Soon,theChineseengineeronthetunnelnotonlyinsubstancebutalsointermsofacceptanceofthenewAustrianlaw.TobeheldinChinainthetunnelandundergroundengineeringacademicmeeting,thenewAustriancapitalhasbecomeahottopic.EngineersofthenewAustrianlawrelishesisjustified:theuseofnewAustrianlaw,hasbeensuccessfulinsoftrockanddifficultconditions oftheconstructionofvarioustypesundergroundworks.BuiltonloosesandgravelstratumofBeijingSubwayallowedbackofthetunnelisatypicalexample.Thetunnelislocatedinthemainstreet-256,358mlong,thelargestexcavationsection9mhigh,14.5mwidecoveragestratigraphictopofthetunnelonlyminimumthickness9.0m.Tunnelboringmachineofexcavation,strengthenthegridarchshotcreteinitialsupportandadvancesmallcathetercare,Withoutprejudicetogroundtransportation,undergroundpipelinestoensurethesafetyofconstructionsuccess.Intheworksistheexperience,knowledgeoftheChineseengineers,theuseofnewAustrianlawprinciplescanbeusedintheMountainTunnelMineActtoexpandthescopeof12applicationofthesoftrock,eveninthefourthstrataofmunicipalshallowtunnelto thetraditionalmethodofdiggingorshield.InChina,suchamethodcalled"shallowminingmethod."Followingallowedbacklanetunnel,gravelinthesamefolderofalluvialgravellayerisshallowminingmethodusedtobuildthespanof21.67mintheXidanMTRstations.ChanganAvenueintheconstructionofthenewBeijingmetrolineprojects,shallowminingm