考研英語閱讀理解典型范文含譯文翻譯版however

考研英語閱讀理解典型范文含譯文翻譯版Inmanycountriesoftheword,peoplecanconfidentlytellyouthemeaningoftheirtownorcity,butmostpeoplewholiveinManchester,OxfordorBirminghamwouldnotbeabletoexplainwhatthenameoftheircitymeans.ThenameofeveryBritishtownandcity,however,hasalonghistory.Twothousandyearsago,mostpeoplelivinginBritainwereCelts,Eventheword"Britain"isCeltic.ThentheRomansarrivedandbuiltcampswhichbecamecitiescalled“castra”.ThisiswhytherearesomanyplacenamesinEnglandwhichendin"-Chester"or"-caster"Manchester,forexample.TheRomansneverreachedWalesorScotland,andmanyplacenamedthereareCeltic.Forexample,Welshplacenamesthatbeginwith"Lian"comefromtheCelticwordfor“church".AftertheRomansleftBritainjtwasattackedbytheAnglo-SaxonswhowerefromtheareaofEuropethatisnowGermanyandHolland.Thenamesoftheirvillagesoftenendedin“-ham"or"-ton",Somegottheirnamefromtheleaderofthevillage.SoBirminghamforexample,means“Beormund'svillage".TheAnglo-Saxonswerefarmersandthelandscapewasveryimportanttothem,sowehavevillagescalledUpton(villageonahill)-agoodplacetobuildavillageandMoreton(villagebyalake)wherefloodscouldmakelifehard.Placenamesthatendin°-fordn(aplacewhereyoucouldcrossariver)alsodescribethelocationofAnglo-Saxonvillages.Finallyjn1066EnglandbecameNorman-theNormansgaveustheplacename"grange”,whichmeansfarm.AndhowaboutLondon?Expertscannotagree.TheRomanscalledthecityLondiniumbuttheyworenotthefirstinhabitants.PeopleoncebelievedthattheUnitedKingdom'scapitalcitygotitsnamefromthecastleofaKingcalledLudbutthisisveryunlikely.OurbestguesstodayisthatthenamecomesfromaCelticwordmeaningafast-flowingriver.LikeanumberofBritishplacenamesjtshistoryislostintime.在世界上的許多國家，人們可以自信地告訴你他們城鎮(zhèn)或城市的含義，但大多數(shù)生活在曼徹斯特、牛津或伯明翰的人無法解釋他們城市名稱的含義。然而，英國每個城鎮(zhèn)的名字都有著悠久的歷史。兩千年前，居住在不列顛的大多數(shù)人是凱爾特人，甚至〃不列顛〃這個詞也是凱爾特語。然后，羅馬人來到這里，建立了營地，這些營地變成了城市，被稱為〃種姓〃。這就是為什么英國有那么多地名以”-Chester“或“-caster”曼徹斯特結尾。羅馬人從未到過威爾士或蘇格蘭，那里的許多地方都是凱爾特語。例如，威爾士以〃Ian"開頭的地名來自凱爾特語，意為〃教堂羅馬人離開英國后，盎格魯-撒克遜人襲擊了英國，盎格魯-撒克遜人來自歐洲，也就是現(xiàn)在的德國和荷蘭。他們村莊的名字通常以〃-ham〃或〃-ton〃結尾，有些人的名字來自村長。例如，伯明翰的意思是"Beormund的村莊〃。盎格魯-撒克遜人是農(nóng)民，風景對他們來說非常重要，所以我們有個叫做厄普頓（山上的村莊）的村莊——一個建村莊的好地方，還有莫爾頓（湖邊的村莊），在那里洪水會使生活變得艱難。以"-ford〃（可以過河的地方）結尾的地名也描述了盎格魯?撒克遜村莊的位置。最后，在1066年，英格蘭變成了諾曼人——諾曼人給了我們這個地方的名字"grange”,意思是農(nóng)場。那么倫敦呢?專家有不同的意見。羅馬人稱這座城市為Londinium,但他們并不是最早的居民。人們曾經(jīng)認為英國首都的名字來自一個叫路德的國王的城堡，但這是不太可能的。我們今天最好的猜測是，這個名字來自凱爾特語，意思是湍急的河流。就像許多英國地名一樣，它的歷史已經(jīng)被時間遺忘了。Peopleuselaughtertoconnectandbondwithothers,It'showwetellfriendsthatwefindtheirjokesfunny,orhowkidsinaparkshowthattheyarehavingfun.Laughterissoimportanttohumans,eveniftheybelongtodifferentculturesorspeakdifferentlanguages.Whataboutanimals?Scientistsarestudyingifthereisaconnectionbetweenanimalslaughingandplaying.SashaWinkler；fromtheUniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles(UCLA)zstudiesbiologicalanthropology(人類學)，includingthestudyofanimalbehavior.Shenoticedthatthesmallmonkeyssheworkedwith,likedtoplaytogetherbychasingeachother.Whilehavingfuntogether,theymadepantingsounds,almostliketheywereoutofbreath,whichremindedWinkleroftheirquietlaughter.ThismadeWinklerwonderwhetherotheranimalsdidsowhiletheywereplaying.Tofindoutwhetherotheranimalslaughandplay,WinklerteamedupwithanotherscientistnamedGregBryant,aprofessorandvicechairintheDepartmentofCommunicationatUCLA.Together,theyfondandreaddozensofreportswrittenbyotherscientistswhostudyanimals.WinklerandBryantlookedforanymentionsinanyanimalofsoundsignalinglikethepantingofthemonkeysduringtheirplaying.InApril2021,WinklerandBryantpublishedtheirfindingsinasciencejournal.Throughtheirresearch,theyidentified65speciesorgroupsofanimals,whichlaughwhileplaying.Theanimalslaughthemostincludeprimates（靈長類）likemonkeysandapeszrodents（鋸齒動物）likerats,andmammalsthatliveintheoceanlikedolphins.Theirworkwon'tonlyhelpusunderstandanimalsbetterbutitcouldalsohelpusunderstandhowhumansdeveloporchangeovertime.Next,theywillcarryonmorestudytofindmore.人們常把笑聲作為彼此間溝通、交流的紐帶，我們可以通過笑聲告訴朋友他們剛剛講的笑話很有趣，公園中大笑的小朋友也能讓人感受到他們玩得正開心。笑聲對人類來說是如此的重要，盡管他們有著不同的文化傳承，或者說著不同的語言。那動物間會不會通過笑聲來交流呢？一些科學家正在探索動物的笑聲和行為之間是否也存在著某種聯(lián)系。薩沙?溫克勒，來自加州大學洛杉磯分校，正在研究生物人類學，包括研究一些動物的行為。她注意到她正在研究的一群小猴子，喜歡聚在一起追逐玩鬧。當它們覺得有趣時，會發(fā)出一種氣喘吁吁的聲音，感覺就要窒息似的，這讓溫克勒聯(lián)想起它們安靜的笑聲。這件事使溫克勒很想知道其它的動物在玩耍時是不是也會這么做。為了尋找其它動物笑聲和行為間的關系，溫克勒和另外一位叫格雷格?布萊恩的科學家組建起了研究團隊布萊恩是加州大學洛杉磯分校的教授和信息部副主席。他們一起尋找并閱讀了大量其他動物學家們發(fā)表的報告，沒有放過任何一條跟動物發(fā)出的聲音信號有關的批注，只要這個聲音聽起來像猴布門玩耍時發(fā)出的氣喘吁吁的聲音。2021年4月，溫克勒和布萊恩在一份科學雜志上發(fā)表了他們的研究成果。在他們的研究報告中，他們確定了65種動物或動物群，會在玩耍時發(fā)出笑聲。笑得最多的動物包括靈長類動物，如猴子和猿，嚙齒動物，如老鼠，以及生活在海洋中的哺乳動物，如海豚。他們的工作不僅可以幫助我們更好地了解動物，還可以幫助我們了解人類是如何隨著時間發(fā)展或變化的。接下來，他們將進行更多的研究以發(fā)現(xiàn)更多。HaveyoueverwonderedwhatthelongestwordintheEnglishlanguageis?Believeitornot,there*snosimpleanswertothequestion.Youmightthinkitwouldbeaseasyasopeningadictionaryandlookingforthelongestword.However,it'sfarmorecomplicated（復雜）thanthat.Overtime,manypeoplehavesuggestedmanydifferentwordsforthetitleofthelongestwordinEnglish.Howcanthatbe?That1sbecausethefirstthingthatpeoplehavedifferentopinionsoniswhatshouldbeconsideredaword.Someofthewordsweresimplymadeuptobethelongest!Forexample,thereisonereallyfamouslongwordthatmostkidsknow.ItcomesfromDisney7smovieMaryPoppins:supercalifragilisticexpialidocious,whichmeanswonderful.Butsincethat34-letterwordwasmadeupsimplytobesungasasonginamovie,shouldit?Howaboutlongwordsthatactuallydescribesomethingintheworld?Scientistshavecomeupwithseveralpossiblechoices.Thenameofavirus(病毒)totals1,185letters.There'salsoaprotein(蛋白質)whosenametotals1,909letters.Shouldthesewinthetitle?°Notsofast!”saysomepeople.Arethesewordseveractuallyused?Cantheyevenbepronounced?Andaretheymeaningfuljustbecausetheyaremadeuptobelong?IfyouarewonderingaboutsomelongwordsincommonEnglish,herearesomeexamples.Thosewordsincludeuncharacteristically(20letters),deinstitutionalization(22letters)andcounterrevolutionaries(also22letters).Orperhapstheword“smiles“isthelongestwordinEnglish.Sure,ithasonlys