考研英語閱讀理解典型范文含譯文翻譯版however

考研英語閱讀理解典型范文含譯文翻譯版Inmanycountriesoftheword,peoplecanconfidentlytellyouthemeaningoftheirtownorcity,butmostpeoplewholiveinManchester,OxfordorBirminghamwouldnotbeabletoexplainwhatthenameoftheircitymeans.ThenameofeveryBritishtownandcity,however,hasalonghistory.Twothousandyearsago,mostpeoplelivinginBritainwereCelts,Eventheword"Britain"isCeltic.ThentheRomansarrivedandbuiltcampswhichbecamecitiescalled“castra”.ThisiswhytherearesomanyplacenamesinEnglandwhichendin"-Chester"or"-caster"Manchester,forexample.TheRomansneverreachedWalesorScotland,andmanyplacenamedthereareCeltic.Forexample,Welshplacenamesthatbeginwith"Lian"comefromtheCelticwordfor“church".AftertheRomansleftBritainjtwasattackedbytheAnglo-SaxonswhowerefromtheareaofEuropethatisnowGermanyandHolland.Thenamesoftheirvillagesoftenendedin“-ham"or"-ton",Somegottheirnamefromtheleaderofthevillage.SoBirminghamforexample,means“Beormund'svillage".TheAnglo-Saxonswerefarmersandthelandscapewasveryimportanttothem,sowehavevillagescalledUpton(villageonahill)-agoodplacetobuildavillageandMoreton(villagebyalake)wherefloodscouldmakelifehard.Placenamesthatendin°-fordn(aplacewhereyoucouldcrossariver)alsodescribethelocationofAnglo-Saxonvillages.Finallyjn1066EnglandbecameNorman-theNormansgaveustheplacename"grange”,whichmeansfarm.AndhowaboutLondon?Expertscannotagree.TheRomanscalledthecityLondiniumbuttheyworenotthefirstinhabitants.PeopleoncebelievedthattheUnitedKingdom'scapitalcitygotitsnamefromthecastleofaKingcalledLudbutthisisveryunlikely.OurbestguesstodayisthatthenamecomesfromaCelticwordmeaningafast-flowingriver.LikeanumberofBritishplacenamesjtshistoryislostintime.在世界上的許多國家，人們可以自信地告訴你他們城鎮(zhèn)或城市的含義，但大多數(shù)生活在曼徹斯特、牛津或伯明翰的人無法解釋他們城市名稱的含義。然而，英國每個(gè)城鎮(zhèn)的名字都有著悠久的歷史。兩千年前，居住在不列顛的大多數(shù)人是凱爾特人，甚至〃不列顛〃這個(gè)詞也是凱爾特語。然后，羅馬人來到這里，建立了營地，這些營地變成了城市，被稱為〃種姓〃。這就是為什么英國有那么多地名以”-Chester“或“-caster”曼徹斯特結(jié)尾。羅馬人從未到過威爾士或蘇格蘭，那里的許多地方都是凱爾特語。例如，威爾士以〃Ian"開頭的地名來自凱爾特語，意為〃教堂羅馬人離開英國后，盎格魯-撒克遜人襲擊了英國，盎格魯-撒克遜人來自歐洲，也就是現(xiàn)在的德國和荷蘭。他們村莊的名字通常以〃-ham〃或〃-ton〃結(jié)尾，有些人的名字來自村長。例如，伯明翰的意思是"Beormund的村莊〃。盎格魯-撒克遜人是農(nóng)民，風(fēng)景對(duì)他們來說非常重要，所以我們有個(gè)叫做厄普頓（山上的村莊）的村莊——一個(gè)建村莊的好地方，還有莫爾頓（湖邊的村莊），在那里洪水會(huì)使生活變得艱難。以"-ford〃（可以過河的地方）結(jié)尾的地名也描述了盎格魯?撒克遜村莊的位置。最后，在1066年，英格蘭變成了諾曼人——諾曼人給了我們這個(gè)地方的名字"grange”,意思是農(nóng)場(chǎng)。那么倫敦呢?專家有不同的意見。羅馬人稱這座城市為Londinium,但他們并不是最早的居民。人們?cè)?jīng)認(rèn)為英國首都的名字來自一個(gè)叫路德的國王的城堡，但這是不太可能的。我們今天最好的猜測(cè)是，這個(gè)名字來自凱爾特語，意思是湍急的河流。就像許多英國地名一樣，它的歷史已經(jīng)被時(shí)間遺忘了。Peopleuselaughtertoconnectandbondwithothers,It'showwetellfriendsthatwefindtheirjokesfunny,orhowkidsinaparkshowthattheyarehavingfun.Laughterissoimportanttohumans,eveniftheybelongtodifferentculturesorspeakdifferentlanguages.Whataboutanimals?Scientistsarestudyingifthereisaconnectionbetweenanimalslaughingandplaying.SashaWinkler；fromtheUniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles(UCLA)zstudiesbiologicalanthropology(人類學(xué))，includingthestudyofanimalbehavior.Shenoticedthatthesmallmonkeyssheworkedwith,likedtoplaytogetherbychasingeachother.Whilehavingfuntogether,theymadepantingsounds,almostliketheywereoutofbreath,whichremindedWinkleroftheirquietlaughter.ThismadeWinklerwonderwhetherotheranimalsdidsowhiletheywereplaying.Tofindoutwhetherotheranimalslaughandplay,WinklerteamedupwithanotherscientistnamedGregBryant,aprofessorandvicechairintheDepartmentofCommunicationatUCLA.Together,theyfondandreaddozensofreportswrittenbyotherscientistswhostudyanimals.WinklerandBryantlookedforanymentionsinanyanimalofsoundsignalinglikethepantingofthemonkeysduringtheirplaying.InApril2021,WinklerandBryantpublishedtheirfindingsinasciencejournal.Throughtheirresearch,theyidentified65speciesorgroupsofanimals,whichlaughwhileplaying.Theanimalslaughthemostincludeprimates（靈長類）likemonkeysandapeszrodents（鋸齒動(dòng)物）likerats,andmammalsthatliveintheoceanlikedolphins.Theirworkwon'tonlyhelpusunderstandanimalsbetterbutitcouldalsohelpusunderstandhowhumansdeveloporchangeovertime.Next,theywillcarryonmorestudytofindmore.人們常把笑聲作為彼此間溝通、交流的紐帶，我們可以通過笑聲告訴朋友他們剛剛講的笑話很有趣，公園中大笑的小朋友也能讓人感受到他們玩得正開心。笑聲對(duì)人類來說是如此的重要，盡管他們有著不同的文化傳承，或者說著不同的語言。那動(dòng)物間會(huì)不會(huì)通過笑聲來交流呢？一些科學(xué)家正在探索動(dòng)物的笑聲和行為之間是否也存在著某種聯(lián)系。薩沙?溫克勒，來自加州大學(xué)洛杉磯分校，正在研究生物人類學(xué)，包括研究一些動(dòng)物的行為。她注意到她正在研究的一群小猴子，喜歡聚在一起追逐玩鬧。當(dāng)它們覺得有趣時(shí)，會(huì)發(fā)出一種氣喘吁吁的聲音，感覺就要窒息似的，這讓溫克勒聯(lián)想起它們安靜的笑聲。這件事使溫克勒很想知道其它的動(dòng)物在玩耍時(shí)是不是也會(huì)這么做。為了尋找其它動(dòng)物笑聲和行為間的關(guān)系，溫克勒和另外一位叫格雷格?布萊恩的科學(xué)家組建起了研究團(tuán)隊(duì)布萊恩是加州大學(xué)洛杉磯分校的教授和信息部副主席。他們一起尋找并閱讀了大量其他動(dòng)物學(xué)家們發(fā)表的報(bào)告，沒有放過任何一條跟動(dòng)物發(fā)出的聲音信號(hào)有關(guān)的批注，只要這個(gè)聲音聽起來像猴布門玩耍時(shí)發(fā)出的氣喘吁吁的聲音。2021年4月，溫克勒和布萊恩在一份科學(xué)雜志上發(fā)表了他們的研究成果。在他們的研究報(bào)告中，他們確定了65種動(dòng)物或動(dòng)物群，會(huì)在玩耍時(shí)發(fā)出笑聲。笑得最多的動(dòng)物包括靈長類動(dòng)物，如猴子和猿，嚙齒動(dòng)物，如老鼠，以及生活在海洋中的哺乳動(dòng)物，如海豚。他們的工作不僅可以幫助我們更好地了解動(dòng)物，還可以幫助我們了解人類是如何隨著時(shí)間發(fā)展或變化的。接下來，他們將進(jìn)行更多的研究以發(fā)現(xiàn)更多。HaveyoueverwonderedwhatthelongestwordintheEnglishlanguageis?Believeitornot,there*snosimpleanswertothequestion.Youmightthinkitwouldbeaseasyasopeningadictionaryandlookingforthelongestword.However,it'sfarmorecomplicated（復(fù)雜）thanthat.Overtime,manypeoplehavesuggestedmanydifferentwordsforthetitleofthelongestwordinEnglish.Howcanthatbe?That1sbecausethefirstthingthatpeoplehavedifferentopinionsoniswhatshouldbeconsideredaword.Someofthewordsweresimplymadeuptobethelongest!Forexample,thereisonereallyfamouslongwordthatmostkidsknow.ItcomesfromDisney7smovieMaryPoppins:supercalifragilisticexpialidocious,whichmeanswonderful.Butsincethat34-letterwordwasmadeupsimplytobesungasasonginamovie,shouldit?Howaboutlongwordsthatactuallydescribesomethingintheworld?Scientistshavecomeupwithseveralpossiblechoices.Thenameofavirus(病毒)totals1,185letters.There'salsoaprotein(蛋白質(zhì))whosenametotals1,909letters.Shouldthesewinthetitle?°Notsofast!”saysomepeople.Arethesewordseveractuallyused?Cantheyevenbepronounced?Andaretheymeaningfuljustbecausetheyaremadeuptobelong?IfyouarewonderingaboutsomelongwordsincommonEnglish,herearesomeexamples.Thosewordsincludeuncharacteristically(20letters),deinstitutionalization(22letters)andcounterrevolutionaries(also22letters).Orperhapstheword“smiles“isthelongestwordinEnglish.Sure,ithasonlys