【公開課課件】第三部分 專題3 介詞

Grammar第三部分

詞法篇——代詞、冠詞、介詞和數(shù)詞專題1代詞專題2冠詞專題3介詞專題4數(shù)詞PART

1高頻考點(diǎn)清單PART

2重溫高考真題PART

3熱考點(diǎn)集訓(xùn)專題3介詞PART

1高頻考點(diǎn)清單框架結(jié)構(gòu)圖介詞的句法功能1.介詞不能單獨(dú)使用，但“介詞＋賓語(yǔ)”構(gòu)成的介詞短語(yǔ)可在句中作狀語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)等。2.介詞后的賓語(yǔ)可以是名詞、代詞、動(dòng)名詞、疑問詞＋不定式、wh-從句等。介詞的核心考點(diǎn)介詞是虛詞，不能單獨(dú)作句子成分，必須與名詞、代詞(或相當(dāng)于名詞的其他詞類、短語(yǔ)或從句等)構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)，在句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分。1.介詞搭配(1)“動(dòng)詞＋介詞”搭配：注意特定搭配與同一介詞與多個(gè)動(dòng)詞搭配意義不同的情況。①robsb.

ofsth.

/cleartheroadofsnow(表示“奪去，除去”意義的動(dòng)詞與of連用)②supplyuswithfood/filltheglasswithwine(表示“供給”意義的動(dòng)詞與with連用)③makeadeskofwood/makebreadfromflour/makethematerialintoacoat(表示“制作，制造”意義的動(dòng)詞與of，from，into連用)④“介詞＋the＋部位”與動(dòng)詞的關(guān)系(＝動(dòng)詞＋sb.

’s＋部位，可換用)strikehimonthehead(表示“擊；拍；碰；摸”意義的動(dòng)詞與on連用)catchhimbythearm(表示“抓；拉；拿；扯”意義的動(dòng)詞與by連用)hittheboyintheface(表示“肚；胸；眼；臉”等人體前部的器官名詞與in連用)⑤prevent(stop，keep)sb.

fromdoingsth.

(表示“阻止，禁止”意義的動(dòng)詞與from連用)⑥persuade(advise，warn)sb.

intodoingsth.

(表示“說服；建議；警告”意義的動(dòng)詞與into連用)⑦buy(leave，get，win，gain，lose)sth.

forsb.

(表示“得失”意義的動(dòng)詞與for連用)⑧tell(show，teach，sing，write，read)sth.

tosb.

(表示“告知”意義的動(dòng)詞與to連用)⑨give(allow，promise，pass，hand)sth.

tosb.

(表示“授予”意義的動(dòng)詞與to連用)注意：⑦⑧⑨可換成buysb.

sth.

，tellsb.

sth.

，givesb.

sth.

雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)。⑩saytosb.

(suggest，explain，apologize，murmur，whisper等與“對(duì)象”連用必須用to)不可說suggestsb.

sth.

。(2)同一介詞與不同動(dòng)詞搭配，意義各異。replytotheletter回信，sing/dancetothemusic和著音樂唱/跳，amountto達(dá)到，加起來有……，devote...to把……貢獻(xiàn)給，drinkto為……干杯，objectto反對(duì)，lookforwardto渴望，cometo蘇醒，belongto屬于；searchfor搜索……，askfor請(qǐng)求，use...for把……用作，leavefor前往……，take...for把……誤以為，callfor要求，waitfor等待，carefor喜歡，makeupfor彌補(bǔ)；turnto求助/救于，helponeselfto隨意，agreeto同意，compare...to把……比作，sendfor派人去請(qǐng)/拿……，sailfor駛向，起航，setoutfor動(dòng)身去，goinfor愛好……(3)常見的“形容詞＋介詞”搭配。beworthyof值得的，befarfrom離……遠(yuǎn)，begratefultosb.

forsth.

為某事感激某人，befreefrom沒有……/免除……，beproudof為……自豪，besatisfiedwith/by對(duì)……滿意，besureof/about確信，befondof喜歡，befitfor適合，bebusywithsth.

/indoingsth.

忙著做某事，befullof充滿，bereadyfor準(zhǔn)備，besimilarto與……相似(4)“名詞＋介詞”習(xí)慣搭配和意義區(qū)分。theabsenceofwater缺水thehopeofsuccess成功的希望haveachanceof/forenteringcollege上大學(xué)的機(jī)會(huì)takeprideinthem為他們感到驕傲thekeytothequestion問題的答案amedicineforcough治咳嗽的藥theticketfortomorrow明天的票hisabsenceinBeijing他去了北京fromBeijing他不在北京thewaytostudy學(xué)習(xí)方法ofstudyingmaths學(xué)習(xí)數(shù)學(xué)的方法2.核心介詞用法歸納與辨析(1)表示時(shí)間的介詞in的用法如下。表示在某一較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間內(nèi)，如世紀(jì)、年、季、月、周等，一般用介詞in，如：inthe1990s，intheyear，inJanuary，in(the)winter/summer/fall/spring，inthefirstweekofMay。還可以用時(shí)段名詞組成固定短語(yǔ)或詞組。如：inawhile，innotime，inthedaytime，inashortwhile，intime，inthemorning(afternoon，evening)。注意：infivedays(weeks，months，years)中in意為“在……以后”。(2)表示具體的日子或特定的上午、下午或晚上，常用on。onSunday(s)，onTuesdaymorningonChristmasDay(區(qū)別atChristmas)，onChristmasEve(在圣誕節(jié)前夕)，onChildren’sDayonMarch8，onthemorning(afternoon，evening)ofOct.1earlyonthemorningofOct.1(區(qū)別inthelate/earlymorningofOct.1)onarainynight，onwarmwinterdays(3)表示某一時(shí)刻或某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)用at，如小時(shí)、分鐘等。atbreakfast(supper，lunch)，atsixatnoon(sunrise，sunset，midday，night，midnight，dawn)attheageof15，atthetimeofwar(區(qū)別intimeofdanger/trouble)注意：①有些時(shí)間名詞前不接介詞，如nextday，lastSunday，thatmorning，theseyears。②one，each，any，every，some，all修飾時(shí)間名詞時(shí)，一般不用介詞，如someday，oneday，allafternoon。(4)till，until的用法。till(until)與持續(xù)動(dòng)詞連用一般用于肯定句中，與短暫動(dòng)詞連用一般用在否定句中。Hewaitedformetilltwelveo’clock.Hedidn’tgetuptill(until)10a.m.注意：在句首出現(xiàn)或強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中一般不用till而用until。Notuntil9a.m.didMrSmithcomebacktoschool.(5)in，later，after的用法。①in＋一段時(shí)間：表示說話時(shí)為起點(diǎn)的一段時(shí)間之后，與一般將來時(shí)連用；但表示“在……之內(nèi)”時(shí)，用于各種時(shí)態(tài)。②一段時(shí)間＋later(later是副詞)：表示某一具體時(shí)間或某一方面具體時(shí)間算起的一段時(shí)間后。③after＋一段時(shí)間：表示“在……之后”，用于一般過去時(shí)；但時(shí)間為時(shí)間點(diǎn)時(shí)，只能用after，即after＋時(shí)間點(diǎn)，用于各種時(shí)態(tài)。Thedoctorwillbewithusinsixminutes.Shegraduatedin1981，andeightyearslatershebecamethemanagerofthefactory.Hereceivedherletterafterfourweeks.另外，in＋一段時(shí)間＋’s＋time與within＋一段時(shí)間的用法如下：inaweek’stime＝inaweekTheywillarriveinthreedays’time.(與將來時(shí)連用)Mybrother’sbirthdayisintwoweeks’time.(作表語(yǔ))I’llfinishthebookwithintwoweeks.(within＝inlessthan...用于各種時(shí)態(tài)，意為“不超出，在……之內(nèi)”)(6)地點(diǎn)介詞at，on，in，to，off，across，through，over，above，under，below。①at在較小的場(chǎng)所；in在較大的場(chǎng)所；on在……的平面上。如attheairport，atthestation，at55ParkStreet，inChina，inthenorth，inAsia，onthedesk，onthewall等。②on，at，in，off還可以表示兩地的相對(duì)位置。若A地屬于B地，用in；A地位于B地的外面且有邊緣銜接，用on；無(wú)邊緣的銜接，用to；A在B附近，用off。JapanliestotheeastofChina.(范圍之外)TaiwanliesinthesoutheastofChina.(范圍之內(nèi))HunanProvinceliesonthewestofHubeiProvince.(毗鄰)TheislandliesoffthecoastofChina.(相隔一定距離)③across在物體表面“穿過”；through則表示在三維空間內(nèi)部“穿過”。Theywalkedacrosstheplayground.Iwalkedthroughtheforest.④over，above譯作“在……之上”；under，below譯作“在……的下面”，其區(qū)別在于over，under表示一種直接的、垂直的上下關(guān)系；而above，below則表示一般的“高于”或“低于”，不一定是垂直“在上”或“在下”。Alittleboatisnowunderthebridge.Thereisabridgeovertheriver.Thesunsinksbelowthehorizon(地平線).Thewindowiswellabovethetree.(7)表示方式、手段、工具的介詞。①bytheyear/hour/day按年/小時(shí)/天。如：Herentsahousebytheyear(day，hour).(注意tothepound按磅算，totheton按噸計(jì))。②表泛指的方式、手段bypost/mail郵寄，bytelephone(radio)(但onthephone/ontheradio/onTV)，byelectricity用電，bymachinery用機(jī)器，byhardwork，learnsth.

byheart，throughthesatellite，throughpractice，throughhisownefforts，throughexperience，throughthetelescope交通工具類bybus/train/car/taxibybike/bicycle，onhorseback/footbyplane/jet/spaceship/airbyship/boat/lifeboat/sea/water另外：bymeansof用……方法；bywayof經(jīng)由，取道于，用……方法；withthehelp(permission)ofsb.

/withsb.

’shelp(permission)在某人的幫助(許可)下。③表方式、手段的其他用法Hebeatthedogwithastick.(with＋工具/器械)Onesmellswithhisnose.(with＋人體器官，區(qū)別byhand手工，用手)Hestoodupwithpride.(with＋情緒、情感、態(tài)度的名詞)注意：使用語(yǔ)言、材料、文字等用in。如：inEnglish(ink，pencil)。(8)表示“除……之外”的常用詞。①besides除……以外(還有)。作副詞時(shí)意為“而且，更何況”。Therewillbefiveofusfordinner，besidesJohn.Itwastoolatetoseeafilm，andbesides，Iwastired.②except除去，除……之外(不再有)。WeallwentexceptJohn.注意：在否定句中，besides與except可以換用。Hehasnootherhatsexcept/besidesthisone.③exceptfor除了……(對(duì)句子主要意思進(jìn)行細(xì)節(jié)校正或附加說明)，后接名詞、代詞或what從句，此時(shí)與“exceptthat＋句子”意思相同。Hewasverycleverexceptforcarelessness.④exceptthat...除了……以外。Hehasnotchangedexceptthatheiswearingdarkglasses.⑤but與exceptbut和except在表示“除了……以外”時(shí)可以通用，但應(yīng)注意以下三點(diǎn)：(A)前面有不定代詞、疑問代詞在意義上對(duì)稱時(shí)，多用but。Allbutonearehere.NobodybutIlikesmakingmodelships.(B)后接不定式短語(yǔ)為排除對(duì)象時(shí)，多用but。Hehasnothingtodobutwait.(前有do，后省to)(C)but與一些固定結(jié)構(gòu)連用。havenochoicebuttodosth.

只得做某事，cannotbutdosth.

不得不做某事，cannothelpbutdosth.

不得不做某事，butfor...若不是……(9)between與among①between通常指兩者之間，也可以用于三者或三者以上的每?jī)烧咧g的相互關(guān)系。AnnisbetweenTomandBill.SwitzerlandliesbetweenFrance，Germany，AustraliaandItaly.Theysoonfinishedtheworkbetweenthemselves.(共同，合作)Shewasbusybetweencooking，washing，sewingandlookingafterthebaby.(表示接連不斷地，一個(gè)接一個(gè)地忙這忙那)Ahorsecanbeseenbetweentreesnow.②among表示三者以上之間。Thestoryissaidtohavehappenedinavillageamongthehills.Hewashappytobeamongfriendsagain.Wemustagreeamongourselves.(在……內(nèi)部達(dá)成一致)Londonisamongthelargestcities.(＝oneof，可與最高級(jí)連用)(10)表原因的介詞(短語(yǔ))for，becauseof，dueto。Hedidn’tcometothemeetingbecauseofhisillness.Thereasonforhiscominglateisthathewasill.Hewaspraisedforhisbraveryandcourage.Theaccidentisduetoyourcarelessdriving.(11)不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中的for，of。這里所說的不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)形式指的是for或of加上人或事，作動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)。Itiscleverofyoutoansweritlikethat.Itisquitehardformetoexplainwhy.注意：Itis＋adj.＋of/forsb.

todosth.

中，如果表語(yǔ)形容詞是說明不定式邏輯主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)、特征與面貌時(shí)用of；如果說明不定式行為本身的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)等時(shí)則用for。(12)兼作連詞和副詞的介詞。①after，since，till/until，before這些詞既是介詞，又可作連詞。Theywenttobedaftertheyhadfinishedthejob.(連詞)Thechildrenwenthomeatonceafterschool.(介詞)②in，on，along，down，up，after，before，beyond等介詞可兼作副詞。Herandownthehill.(介詞)Canyouliftthatboxdownfromtheshelfforme？(副詞)③有的介詞可以兼作連詞和副詞。Allthestudentsgottoschoolbeforeme.(介詞)Wedowanttobuysomethingnowbeforepricesgoup.(連詞)Haven’tIseenyoubefore？(副詞)(13)介詞的省略。某些動(dòng)詞搭配中的介詞可以省略。Nothingcanpreventme(from)doingthejob.Shespentnearlytwohours(in)translatingit.(14)某些名詞與介詞構(gòu)成的固定搭配。①要求接to的名詞有：key，answer，solution，visit，entrance，apology，introduction，road等。Thekeytosuccessispreparation.②要求接in的名詞有：interest，satisfaction，expert等。Heisanexpertinteachinglittlechildren.書面表達(dá)中介詞易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)聚焦1.句尾介詞往往由于受到漢語(yǔ)的影響而缺少(誤)HeisthemanIjustspoke.(正)HeisthemanIjustspoketo.

(誤)Idon’tknowwhichschoolhestudies.(正)Idon’tknowwhichschoolhestudiesin.(正)Idon’tknowinwhichschoolhestudies.(正)Idon’tknowwherehestudies.2.因不熟悉介詞的語(yǔ)法功能和不同搭配而造成的語(yǔ)句混亂、搭配不當(dāng)?shù)儒e(cuò)誤(誤)Ioftencometoschooltakebus，butsometimesIcomebymyfather’scar.(正)Ioftencometoschoolbybus，butsometimesIcomeinmyfather’scar.3.英漢差異造成的介詞錯(cuò)用(誤)Hegotmarriedwithherlastmonth.(正)Hegotmarriedtoherlastmonth.(正)Hemarriedherlastmonth.

(誤)Hehasaknifewoundwiththeleg.(正)Hehasaknifewoundintheleg.

(誤)Hedroveontoatreeyesterday.(正)Hedroveintoatreeyesterday.(誤)AisdifferentwithB.(正)AisdifferentfromB.

(誤)underthehelpoftheteacher(正)withthehelpoftheteacher

(誤)Hemadeholesonthewall.(正)Hemadeholesinthewall.PART

2重溫高考真題考向1常見介詞的考查Ⅰ.單句語(yǔ)法填空1.Isuggestthatthenexttimeyougotoyourmum’shome

dinner，getafewcookingtipsfromher.(2018·浙江)答案解析解析此處指去母親家吃飯，表示目的用介詞for，故填for。for12345672.Thistrend，whichwasstartedbythemedicalcommunity(醫(yī)學(xué)界)

amethodoffightingheartdisease，hashadsomeunintendedsideeffectssuchasoverweightandheartdisease.(2017·全國(guó)Ⅰ)答案解析解析此處指作為抵抗心臟病的一種方法，所以用介詞as。as12345673.Afterschoolsheplanstotakeayearofftomodelfull-timebeforegoingtouniversitytogetadegree

engineeringorarchitecture.(2017·全國(guó)Ⅲ)答案解析解析關(guān)于某個(gè)專業(yè)的學(xué)位要用介詞in。adegreeinengineeringorarchitecture工程學(xué)或建筑學(xué)學(xué)位。in12345674.ChopsticksarenotusedeverywhereinAsia.InIndia，forexample，mostpeopletraditionallyeat

theirhands.(2016·全國(guó)Ⅲ)答案解析解析withone’shands用某人的手。介詞with意為“用”。with12345675.Themothercontinuedtocarefortheyoungpanda

morethantwoyears.(2016·四川)答案解析解析“for＋時(shí)間段”表示持續(xù)一段時(shí)間。熊貓媽媽對(duì)孩子的照顧會(huì)持續(xù)兩年多。for12345676.ForthosewhoflytoGuilin，it’sonlyanhouraway

carandoffersallthesceneryofthebetter-knowncity.(2015·全國(guó)Ⅰ)答案解析解析根據(jù)句意可知，此處表示“驅(qū)車只有一小時(shí)的路程”?！癰y＋交通工具名詞”表示乘坐交通工具。by12345677.Oneday，thecowwaseatinggrasswhenitbegantorainheavily.Whilemakinggreateffortstorunaway，shefelloverthehillanddied.ThentheJohnsonshadtomakealiving

thecow.(2015·廣東)答案解析解析根據(jù)文意可知，奶牛在慌忙躲雨的時(shí)候，不小心摔死了，因此Johnson一家就不得不在沒有了奶牛的情況下生活。故填without。without1234567Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)(每小題僅有1處錯(cuò)誤)1.Attheendofourtrip，ItoldmyfatherthatIplannedtoreturnforeverytwoyears.(2018·全國(guó)Ⅰ)答案解析解析時(shí)間名詞有every，each，last等詞修飾時(shí)，其前不用介詞。故刪除for。12342.StillIwasunwillingtoplaythegamesforthemsometimes.(2018·全國(guó)Ⅱ)with答案解析解析playthegameswithsb.

表示“和某人一塊玩游戲”，故把for改為with。12343.Oneday，littleTonywenttoashoppingcenterwithhisparents.Itwasverycrowded.Tonysawatoyonashopwindow.(2015·全國(guó)Ⅱ)in答案解析解析玩具是擺放在商店的櫥窗里面的，故用介詞in。12344.Mysoccercoachretiredinlastweek.(2015·陜西)答案解析解析lastweek上個(gè)星期，前面無(wú)需加介詞。1234考向2短語(yǔ)搭配中的介詞Ⅰ.單句語(yǔ)法填空1.Iwassearching

thesethreewesternlowlandgorillasI’dbeenobserving.(2018·全國(guó)Ⅲ)答案解析解析

searchfor尋找，為固定搭配。for1234562.It(thefirstundergroundpassengerrailway)ranforjustundersevenkilometersandallowedpeopletoavoidterriblecrowdsontheroadsaboveastheytravelledtoand

work.(2017·全國(guó)Ⅱ)答案解析解析traveltoandfromwork上下班。from1234563.Butmyconnectionwithpandasgoesback

mydaysonaTVshowinthemid-1980s.(2016·全國(guó)Ⅰ)答案解析解析gobackto為固定短語(yǔ)，意為“回到，追溯到”。to1234564.Mostofusaremorefocused

ourtasksinthemorningthanwearelaterintheday.(2016·全國(guó)Ⅱ)答案解析解析befocusedon專心于，集中于，為固定短語(yǔ)。on1234565.Whenanewdaybreaks，thewallshavegivenuptheirheatandarenowcoldenoughtocoolthehouseduringthehotday；

thesametime，theywarmupagainforthenight.(2015·全國(guó)Ⅱ)答案解析解析atthesametime意為“同時(shí)”，是一個(gè)常用的介詞短語(yǔ)。at1234566.Hesoldorexchangedsomeofthemilkinthetownsnearby

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渴望做某事，為固定搭配?！膖o2341567892.ItwasareliefandIcametoasuddenstopjustinthemiddleontheroad.(2017·全國(guó)Ⅰ)答案解析解析inthemiddleof...在……的中間，是固定搭配。of2341567893.Theyhavealsoboughtforsomegardeningtools.(2017·全國(guó)Ⅱ)答案解析解析表示“買某物”直接用buysth.

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意為“夢(mèng)想做某事”?！膐f2341567896.Whiletheychatted，myfatherwouldliftmysisterandmeuptositinthetopofthefridge.(2016·浙江)答案解析解析onthetopof...為固定搭配，意為“在……的上面/頂端”。故將in改成on。on2341567897.Dadcleanedthehouse，andthenwentonshopping.(2016·四川)答案解析解析goshopping去購(gòu)物；goonshopping繼續(xù)購(gòu)物。2341567898.Pleasehelpwithmeandgivemesomeadvice.(2015·四川)答案解析解析動(dòng)詞help為及物動(dòng)詞，其后接賓語(yǔ)時(shí)無(wú)需加介詞，故刪除with。2341567899.Unfortunately，onthedevelopmentofindustrialization，theenvironmenthasbeenpolluted.(2015·全國(guó)Ⅰ)解析withthedevelopmentof...為固定短語(yǔ)，意為“隨著……的發(fā)展”。with234156789答案解析PART

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