【講座】解讀高考閱讀語篇提高學(xué)生英語閱讀思維品質(zhì)

解讀高考閱讀語篇，提高學(xué)生英語閱讀思維品質(zhì)一、背景二、問題三、對(duì)策四、實(shí)踐主題的四個(gè)方面：英語課程致力于培養(yǎng)具有“中國情懷、國際視野和跨文化溝通能力的社會(huì)主義建設(shè)者和接班人。”（教育部，2018，p.36）一、背景十九大：“立德樹人”2017高考考綱對(duì)英語閱讀理解的要求要求考生能讀懂書、報(bào)、雜志中關(guān)于一般性話題的簡短文段以及公告、說明、廣告等，并能從中獲取相關(guān)信息。考生應(yīng)能：（1）理解主旨要義；（2）理解文中具體信息；（3）根據(jù)上下文推斷單詞和短語的含義；（4）做出判斷和推理；（5）理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)；（6）理解作者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度。文章的主旨要義需從文章的字里行間進(jìn)行推斷作者沒有明示文章的主旨要義，需要讀者從文章的字里行間進(jìn)行歸納和概括作出簡單判斷和推理根據(jù)所讀內(nèi)容做出判斷和推理增加“閱讀文章需要具備一定的語篇知識(shí)”必須對(duì)文章的結(jié)構(gòu)有所了解，把握全篇的文脈必須把握全篇的基本結(jié)構(gòu)，理清上下文的銜接關(guān)系2017年考綱關(guān)于閱讀理解的六變二、問題23.WhomadeagreatcontributiontothecivilrightsmovementintheU.S?得分率：81%題型：細(xì)節(jié)理解題30.WhydoesPeterhavetocompletehistripwithin42hours?得分率：78%題型：細(xì)節(jié)理解題24.Whatcanweinferaboutthewomenmentionedinthetext?得分率：38%題型：推理判斷題28.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestthegrandparentsdothelastparagraph?得分率：30%題型：推理判斷題某年全國I卷考生數(shù)據(jù)思維品質(zhì)：辨析語言和文化中的具體形象，梳理、概括信息，建構(gòu)新概念，分析、推理信息的邏輯關(guān)系，正確評(píng)判各種思想觀點(diǎn)，創(chuàng)造性地表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)，具備多元思維的意識(shí)和創(chuàng)新思維的能力。普通高中英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（2017年版）

（1）文本解讀的重要性

教師對(duì)文本解讀的水平的深度與否，正確與否，直接影響學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)效果和理解深度。三、對(duì)策學(xué)習(xí)體驗(yàn)程度認(rèn)知發(fā)展的維度情感參與的深度學(xué)習(xí)成效的高度（2）文本解讀的內(nèi)容主題意義主要內(nèi)容文體結(jié)構(gòu)語言修辭作者意圖WhyWhatHow1234文體特征文本解讀角度（3）文本解讀的角度文體結(jié)構(gòu)語篇銜接與邏輯詞匯銜接信息類/應(yīng)用文文體特征信息類文本是指通知、通告、指南、廣告，以及一組人物的介紹等。題材包括音樂戲劇、知識(shí)講座、旅游路線、參觀指南、購物指南、交通指南、名人介紹等。主要考察學(xué)生快速查讀、獲取具體信息的能力。這類文本常會(huì)出現(xiàn)人名、地名、組織機(jī)構(gòu)等專有名詞，有時(shí)還會(huì)出現(xiàn)個(gè)別較難的詞，但不影響理解和解題。記敘文文體特征敘述經(jīng)歷或講述故事，包括日記、游記、傳說、新聞、通訊、趣聞逸事、寓言、傳奇故事等。閱讀這類文章，一要搞清“5Wand1H”，即何人、何時(shí)、在何地、因何原因、干了何事、結(jié)果怎么樣，有何啟示或感悟；二要弄清寫作目的，作者寫文章或講故事必有其目的：或證明某一觀點(diǎn)，或稱贊某種美德，或譴責(zé)某種罪惡，或讓人娛樂等，這些有時(shí)在文尾或文首會(huì)有所體現(xiàn)。說明文文體特征說明文是用平實(shí)的語言客觀地解說事物、解釋現(xiàn)象、提供信息，給人以知識(shí)的文體。其題材包括實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告、產(chǎn)品介紹、場館介紹、社會(huì)現(xiàn)象分析，以及語言文化、人文地理、生物的生存狀況等。說明方法有舉例子、作比較、分類別、析因果、列數(shù)字、作引用等?？破疹愓f明文常包含有結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、句意深?yuàn)W的長難句，因?qū)W術(shù)性強(qiáng)、抽象度高，解題的難度相對(duì)較大。議論文文體特征議論文的功能就是說服他人、宣揚(yáng)主張。說服讀者接受某種意見或采取某種行為，目的是topersuade,toinfluence。閱讀議論文的關(guān)鍵是：抓論點(diǎn)，即作者的觀點(diǎn)。體現(xiàn)論點(diǎn)的主旨句多在文首或文尾、段首或段尾。弄清楚作者用哪些事實(shí)、例子和理由支撐其論點(diǎn)；理解作者旨在訴諸何種情感，即本文背后的價(jià)值取向。報(bào)道類文體特征報(bào)道類是指就科技動(dòng)態(tài)、社會(huì)現(xiàn)象或社會(huì)熱點(diǎn)進(jìn)行的新聞報(bào)道。報(bào)道的第一段通常是導(dǎo)語，體現(xiàn)文章主旨，然后再根據(jù)事情發(fā)生的先后或重要程度敘述細(xì)節(jié)或具體過程。應(yīng)用文tointroduce/toadvertise廣而告之記敘文totell/todescribe分享愉悅說明文toinform/todeliver傳遞信息議論文toprove/topersuade講授道理To

sum

up“起”就是開頭，提出主題，吸引讀者關(guān)注主題?！俺小奔闯薪由衔?，加以申述?！稗D(zhuǎn)”即轉(zhuǎn)折，用來表示不同或相反的情況，指出存在的矛盾和困難，提出疑問，常含有problem,difficult,toughroughunfortunate,but,however等詞?！昂稀奔唇Y(jié)論，引出解決問題的方法和建議。起承轉(zhuǎn)合Forexample開始背景描寫發(fā)展講述故事主線高潮故事軸心結(jié)尾重大意義/主旨寫作意圖記敘文結(jié)構(gòu)起承轉(zhuǎn)合起承轉(zhuǎn)合

IworkwithVolunteersforWildlife,arescueandeducationorganizationatBaileyArboretuminLocustValley.Tryingtohelpinjured,displacedorsickcreaturescanbeheartbreaking;survivalisnevercertain.However,whenitworks,itissimplybeautiful.IgotarescuecallfromawomaninMuttontown.Shehadfoundayoungowl(貓頭鷹)ontheground.WhenIarrived,Isawa2-to3-week-oldowl.Ithadalready.beenplacedinacarrierforsafety.Iexaminedthechick(雛鳥)anditseemedfine.IfIcouldlocatethenest,Imighthavebeenabletoputitback,butnoluck.Mynextworkwastoconstructanestandanchoritinatree.Thehomeownerwasveryhelpful.Awirebasketwasfound.Iputsomepinebranchesintothebaskettomakethisnestsafeandcomfortable.Iplacedthechickinthenest,anditquicklycalmeddown.Nowallthatwasneededweretheparents,buttheywereabsent.Igavethehomeownerarecordingofthehungerscreamsofowlchicks.Theseadvertisethepresenceofchickstoadults;theymightalsoencourageourchicktostartcallingaswell.Igavetheownerasmuchinformationaspossibleandheadedhometoseewhatnewsthenightmightbring.Anervousnighttobesure,butsometimesthespiritsofnaturesmileonusall!Thehomeownercalledtosaythattheparentshadrespondedtotherecordings.Idroveoverandsawthechickinthenestlookinghealthyandactive.Anditwasaccompaniedinthenestbythegreatestsightofall—LUNCH！Theparentshaddonetheirdutyandwouldprobablycontinuetodoso.2017全國I-B篇議論文文體結(jié)構(gòu)起承轉(zhuǎn)合引論提出論點(diǎn)/論題本論（擺出證據(jù)）正論或駁論歸納法或演繹法轉(zhuǎn)而說開正轉(zhuǎn)/反轉(zhuǎn)/進(jìn)轉(zhuǎn)（轉(zhuǎn)入深處）結(jié)論重申見解或主張起承轉(zhuǎn)合We'veallbeenthere:inalift,inlineatthebankoronanairplane,surroundedbypeoplewhoare,likeus,deeplyfocusedontheirsmartphonesor,worse,strugglingwiththeuncomfortablesilence.What'stheproblem?It'spossiblethatweallhavecompromisedconversationalintelligence.It'smorelikelythatnoneofusstartaconversationbecauseit'sawkwardandchallenging,orwethinkit'sannoyingandunnecessary.Butthenexttimeyoufindyourselfamongstrangers,considerthatsmalltalkisworththetrouble.Expertssayit'saninvaluablesocialpracticethatresultsinbigbenefits.Dismissingsmalltalkasunimportantiseasy,butwecan'tforgetthatdeeprelationshipswouldn'tevenexistifitweren'tforcasualconversation.Smalltalkisthegrease(潤滑劑)forsocialcommunication,saysBernardoCarducci,directoroftheShynessResearchInstituteatIndianaUniversitySoutheast."Almosteverygreatlovestoryandeachbigbusinessdealbeginswithsmalltalk,"heexplains."Thekeytosuccessfulsmalltalkislearninghowtoconnectwithothers,notjustcommunicatewiththem.”Ina2014study,ElizabethDunn,associateprofessorofpsychologyatUBC,invitedpeopleontheirwayintoacoffeeshop.Onegroupwasaskedtoseekoutaninteraction(互動(dòng))withitswaiter,theother,tospeakonlywhennecessary.Theresultsshowedthatthosewhochattedwiththeirserverreportedsignificantlyhigherpositivefeelingsandabettercoffeeshopexperience."it'snotthattalkingtothewaiterisbetterthantalkingtoyourhusband.”saysDunn."Butinteractionswithperipheral(邊緣的)membersofoursocialnetworkmatterforourwell-beingalso.”Dunnbelievesthatpeoplewhoreachouttostrangersfeelasignificantlygreatersenseofbelonging,abondwithothers.Carduccibelievesdevelopingsuchasenseofbelongingstartswithsmalltalk."Smalltalkisthebasisofgoodmanners,”hesays.2018全國II-D篇總體敘述+細(xì)節(jié)或過程說明+概括評(píng)述說明文文體結(jié)構(gòu)事物說明事理說明現(xiàn)象+原因+后果/啟示/措施研究發(fā)現(xiàn)/調(diào)查結(jié)果+研究/調(diào)查過程+結(jié)論起承(轉(zhuǎn))合Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.Whentheworldwassillpopulatedbyhunter-gatherers,smalltightlyknit(聯(lián)系)groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother.Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10000yearsago,whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople,theyspokeperhaps1200languagesbetweenthem.Soonafterwards,manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobecomefarmers,andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcenturies,trade,industrialization,thedevelopmentofthenation-stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation,especiallyglobalizationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear,anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.Atpresent,theworldhasabout6800languages.Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages,oftenspokenbymanypeople,whilehot,wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround200languages;theAmericasabout1000;Africa2400;andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3200,ofwhichPapuaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800.Themediannumber(中位數(shù))ofspeakersisamere6000,whichmeansthathalftheworld'slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.Alreadywellover400ofthetotalof6,800languagesareclosetoextinction(消亡),withonlyafewelderlyspeakersleft.Pick,atrandom,BusuminCameroon(eightremainingSpeaker),ChiapanecoinMexico(150),LipanApacheintheUnitedStates(twoorthree)orWadjiguinAustralia(one,withaquestion-mark)noneoftheseseemstohavemuchchanceofsurvival.2018全國I-C篇Wemaythinkwe’reaculturethatgetsridofourworntechnologyatthefirstsightofsomethingshinyandnew,butanewstudyshowsthatwekeepusingourolddevices（裝置）wellaftertheygooutofstyle.That’sbadnewsfortheenvironment–andourwallets–astheseoutdateddevicesconsumemuchmoreenergythanthenewsonesthatdothesamethings.Tofigureouthowmuchpowerthesedevicesareusing.CallieBabbittandhercolleaguesattheRochesterInstituteofTechnologyinNewYorktrackedtheenvironmentalcostsforeachproductthroughoutitslife–fromwhenitsmineralsareminedtowhenwestopusingthedevice.Thismethodprovidedareadoutforhowhomeenergyusehasevolvedsincetheearly1990s.Devicesweregroupedbygeneration.Desktopcomputers,basicmobilephones,andbox-setTVsdefined1992.Digitalcamerasarrivedonthescenein1997.AndMP3players,smartphones,andLCDTVsenteredhomesin2002,beforetabletsande-readersshowedupin2007.Asweaccumulatedmoredevices,however,wedidn'tthrowoutouroldones.“Theliving-roomtelevisionisreplacedandgetsplantedinthekids’room,andsuddenlyoneday,youhaveaTVineveryroomofthehouse,”saidoneresearcher.Theaveragenumberofelectronicdevicesrosefromfourperhouseholdin1992to13in2007.We’renotjustkeepingtheseolddevices–wecontinuetousethem.AccordingtotheanalysisofBabbitt’steam,olddesktopmonitorsandboxTVswithcathoderaytubesaretheworstdeviceswiththeirenergyconsumptionandcontributiontogreenhousegasemissions（排放）morethandoublingduringthe1992to2007window.Sowhat'sthesolution（解決方案）?Theteam'sdateonlywentupto2007,buttheresearchersalsoexploredwhatwouldhappenifconsumersreplacedoldproductswithnewelectronicsthatservemorethanonefunction,suchasatabletforwordprocessingandTVviewing.TheyfoundthatmoreondemandenvironmentviewingontabletsinsteadofTVsanddesktopcomputerscouldcutenergyconsumptionby44%.2018全國I-D篇2018全國I-七選五新聞事實(shí)具體信息新聞背景補(bǔ)充新聞報(bào)道GoodMorningBritain’sSusannaReidisusedtogrillingguestsonthesofaeverymorning,butsheiscookingupastorminherlatestrole-showingfamilieshowtopreparedeliciousandnutritiousmealsonatightbudget.

InSaveMoney:GoodFood,shevisitsadifferenthomeeachweekandwiththehelpofchefMattTebbuttofferstoptipsonhowtoreducefoodwaste,whilepreparingrecipesforunder￡5perfamilyaday.AndtheGoodMorningBritainpresentersaysshe'sbeenabletoputalotofwhatshe'slearntintopracticeinherownhome,preparingmealsforsons,Sam,I4,Finn,13.andJack,11WeloveMexicanchurros,soIbuythemonmyphonefrommylocalMexicantakeawayrestaurant,"sheexplains,“Ipay￡5isforaportion(一份),butMattmakesthemfor26paportion,becausetheyareflour,water,sugarandoil.Everybodycanbuytakeawayfood.Butsometimeswe'renotawarehowcheaplywecanmakethisfoodourselves.”Theeight-partseries(系列節(jié)目)，SaveMoney:GoodFood,followsinthefootstepsofITV'sSaveMoney:GoodHealth,whichgaveviewersadviceonhowtogetvaluefromthevastrangeofhealthproductsonthemarket.Withfoodourbiggestweeklyhouseholdexpenses,SusannaandMattspendtimewithadifferentfamilyeachweek.Intonight’sFasterspecial,theycometotheaidofafamilyinneedofsomedeliciousinspirationonabudget.Theteamtransformsthefamily’slongweekendofcelebrationwithlessexpensivebutstilltastyrecipes.2018全國I-B篇時(shí)間與空間關(guān)系、列舉與引證、引申與轉(zhuǎn)折、推論與歸納、原因與結(jié)果語篇銜接與邏輯時(shí)間afterwards,

later,

then,

earlier,

previous,

meantime,

next,last空間above,adjacentto,before,closeto,infrontof,ontheleft(right),up,under舉例與例證first(ly),second(ly),forone(another)thing,firstofall,tobeginwith,then,toconclude,inconclusion,last,finally,forexample,forinstance引申與轉(zhuǎn)折and,andalso,moreover,furthermore,what’smore,inaddition,onthecontrary,