英語語法匯總

第一章名詞一、名詞的分類：名詞就其詞匯意義可分為專出名詞和一般名詞。一般名詞又可分為可數(shù)名詞和不行數(shù)名詞。專出名詞：BeijingSmiththeUnitedNations個(gè)體名詞：man,expert,factory可數(shù)名詞會(huì)合名詞：audience（觀眾），class,family一般名詞：物質(zhì)名詞：water,coal,rice不行數(shù)名詞抽象名詞：surprise,honour,help二、可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式1．一般狀況，直接加-s。port（港口）→ports；technique（技術(shù)）—techniques．以s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾發(fā)[s]、[∫]、[t∫]、[dЗ]音的詞，加—esbus—buses,box—boxes,bush—bushesbranch—branches，stomach—stomachs（stomach詞尾發(fā)k，故復(fù)數(shù)直接加-s）3．輔音字母+y，變y為i，加-esuniversity—universities前為元音字母，直接加-sboy—boys4．以O(shè)結(jié)尾加-eshero—heroesO前為元音字母，及部格外來詞直接加-szoo—zoosradio—radiopiano—pianosphoto—photos5．以f或fe結(jié)尾，變f或fe為v，再加-esleaf—leaveswife—wives※以下f結(jié)尾單詞直接加-sbelief—beliefs（信念）roof—roofs（屋頂）proof—proofs（憑證）safe—safes（保險(xiǎn)柜）chief—chiefs（領(lǐng)袖）gulf—gulfs（海灣）．不規(guī)則名詞man—men,woman—women,foot—feet,tooth—teeth,goose—geese,mouse—mice,child—children,ox—oxen1：有些可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)相同，要依據(jù)上下文的意義來確立其單數(shù)仍是復(fù)數(shù)，比如：sheep羊fish魚deer鹿means手段，方法works工廠，作品series系列2：在些可數(shù)名詞，只有單數(shù)形式，但表示復(fù)數(shù)意義。假如作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：cattle牛people人民police警察注3：會(huì)合名詞既可看作單數(shù)（作為整體），也可看作復(fù)數(shù)（作為集體的各個(gè)成員）。比如：audience（觀眾）class（班級(jí)）family（家庭）group（小組）Herfamilyiswell-knownintheregion.

她家在該地區(qū)是豪門望族。Hisfamilyarequarrellingseverelyabouttheproperty.她的家人正在為分財(cái)產(chǎn)激烈地爭(zhēng)執(zhí)。改錯(cuò)：1.Everypossiblemeanshavebeentriedtocuretheboyofhisillness.ABCDFishalwayssellswellinthemarketsbecausefishcontainsrichprotein,whichcanbuildyouup.ABCD3.Isitthepolicewhoissearchingthehouseforawantedcriminal（罪犯）?AB

CD三、不行數(shù)名詞物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞均屬不行數(shù)名詞。前面不可以加不定冠詞a/an，詞尾也不可以加—s。請(qǐng)切記以下典型的不行數(shù)名詞。news信息information信息advice忠告，建議progress進(jìn)步，進(jìn)展knowledge知識(shí)weather天氣fun樂趣equipment設(shè)施English英語furniture家具wealth財(cái)產(chǎn)damage破壞traffic交通，車輛及行人baggage/luggage行李clothing衣服，穿著※word信息，信息work工作homework家庭作業(yè)housework家務(wù)改錯(cuò)：1．Whatafunitistobebathedinsunlightonthebeachinsummer.ABCD2．Atthethoughtofgainingsuchgreatwealthsbyprintingworksoffamouswriters,hewasfullofjoyABCD3．Whatpleasantsurpriseitistobringmesuchanicegift!ABCD4．Ifeelitgreathonourtobeinvitedtogiveadviceonyourteachingpapers.ABCD5．Wordofhissuddendeathcameasshocktous.ABCD說明1：部分抽象名詞可與a（an）連用，此時(shí)詞義發(fā)生變化，表示某種事或人。這些詞有：surprise,pleasure,shock,honour,help,success等。當(dāng)這種詞在句中作表語（例3），作賓補(bǔ)（例4）及在介詞as以后，詞義發(fā)生變化，往常要加a/an。說明2：paper表示“紙”不行數(shù)。表示“報(bào)紙、論文、書面作文、試卷、文件、有價(jià)證券”為可數(shù)名詞。四、名詞的所有格名詞的所有格往常在名詞后加—’s構(gòu)成，用于表示所屬關(guān)系。用于以下狀況：）表示有生命的名詞mybrother’scarchildren’sbooks（少兒讀物）students’rooms）表示國(guó)家、城市、地區(qū)的名詞China’spopulation

Beijing

’sweather3）表示天體、時(shí)間、距離、金錢的名詞themoon’ssurfacetenyearstoday’snewspapers20dollars

’’

hardwork十年的辛勤worthofastamp一張價(jià)值

20美元的郵票其余無生命的名詞往常用“of+名詞”的短語表示所屬關(guān)系。theobjectofthesentencethetitleofthefilm

句子的賓語電影的名字五、名詞的作用）名詞在句中可作主語、賓語、表語、賓語補(bǔ)足語。Mr.Liholdsanimportantpositioninthegovernmentoffice.主語賓語Weelectedhimmonitorofourclass.賓語賓補(bǔ)2

）名詞還作其余名詞的前置定語，用于改正確說明某物的用途，性質(zhì)，構(gòu)成資料等。ateacup茶杯acarnumber車牌號(hào)ashoeshop鞋店astonebridge石橋※※名詞作定語一定用單數(shù)。man,woman作定語，用單數(shù)仍是復(fù)數(shù)由被修飾的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定。sport作定語，單復(fù)數(shù)形式均可。amanteacher一個(gè)男教師tenwomendoctors十個(gè)女醫(yī)生asport（s）shirt運(yùn)動(dòng)衫thearmsrace武器比賽（特例）選：ItissaidthattheAirForceabout$80millionayear.Reallyaproblem,isn

’tit?A．birdhitcost

B

．birdshitcosts

C

．birdhitscost

D

．birdhitcosts此題題義：空軍每年因飛鳥撞擊飛機(jī)造成的損失達(dá)大概八千萬美元。考察的是名詞作定語。名詞作定語一定用單數(shù)，故可考慮的答案為A、C。又因一年內(nèi)鳥擊飛機(jī)事件多次發(fā)生，應(yīng)選C。六、學(xué)習(xí)名詞，特別要注意的問題）正確掌握詞義，重視近義詞的辯析選：Oneoftheadvantageoflivingonthetopfloorofahighriseisthatyoucangetagood.（2001年上海高考題）A．sightB．sceneC．viewD．look辯析：sight1.看見2.視力3.視線4.風(fēng)景scene1.（事件發(fā)生的）現(xiàn)場(chǎng)2.場(chǎng)面;情況3.風(fēng)景

4.（拍電影）場(chǎng)景，（舞臺(tái)）部署view1.look1.

瞭望2.視線3.風(fēng)景，風(fēng)景?？?.神情,表情looks=appearance

相貌本句意為：住在高層建筑頂層的優(yōu)勝之一，是能清楚瞭望到全部。故此題答案為C。最近幾年來高考試卷特別重視對(duì)名詞的考察，是要點(diǎn)熱門之一。）正確掌握名詞前冠詞的使用規(guī)則選：1.Summerin________southofFrancearefor________mostpartdryandsunny.A./;aB.the,/C./,/2．Mostanimalshavelittleconnectionwithkindunlesstheykillthemforfood.A．the；aB．不填；aC．the

animals；the

D.the,theofdifferentD．不填；the名詞練習(xí)1.Heisamanof________andhehas_______interesting_______inhislife.A.muchexperience;alotof;experiencesB.manyexperiences;much;experienceC.manyexperience;much;experienceD.manyexperiences;alotof;experience2.Perhapsweneedtoclearawaythesebookstomake_______forournewstudents.A.placeB.areaC.roomD.space3.Ifyouaredrivingtotheairport,canyougivemea_______?A.handB.seatC.driveD.lift4.Beingabletospeakanotherlanguagefluentlyisagreat______whenyouarelookingforajob.A.chanceB.importanceC.assistantD.advantage5.The_______ofbuildingtheGreatTheater______onlyoneyear.A.job;spentB.work;spentC.position,tookD.works,took6.Hehadrunawayfromhomeandgoneto_______whenhewas16yearsold.A.theseaB.aseaC.seasD.seaOnlyonethirdofthepeoplepresentatthemeetingwere_________thenewrules.A.infavourofB.inagreementofC.inforD.witthesideof8.Everybodythinkslittleofthefilm.Infact,thereisno______ofitbeingtriedoutinthefilmfestival.A.signB.useC.possibilityD.doubt9.Canyour________withyou----money,jewellery,camerasandsoon.A.giftsB.suitcaseC.bagsD.valuablesStudentsshouldbeencouragedtofinishtheirhomework_______.A.ofthemselvesB.oftheirownC.fortheirownD.ontheirownWhenheisangry,his_______standsuponend.A.headB.uniformC.hairD.skin12.HisletterwassoconfusingthatIcouldhardlymakeany______ofit.A.explanationB.meaningC.senseD.guess13.---IsMrSmithin?---No,he’saskedfor_______leave.A.atwoweek’sB.atwo-weekC.atwo-week’sD.atwoweeks-----______carcrashedintoatreeyesterday.Theymusthavebeendrivingtoofast.----Everyboyandeverygirl_____todrivethatfast.A.TomandJane’s;wishB.Tom’sandJane’s;wishesC.TomandJanes;likesD.TomsandJanes;want15.________MrWanghas!Healmostneverrememberswhereheleaveshiskeys.A.WhatapoormemoryB.WhatpoormemoryC.HowgoodamemoryD.Howpoormemory16.The_____changeofweathermayhavesome_____hishealth.A.sudden;causedB.sudden;effectonC.suddenly;badresultstoD.suddenly;effecton17.Becausepricesoffoodandclothingandalmosteverythingelseinthatcountryhavesteadilygoneupthebuying_______ofthedollarhasgonedown.A.energyB.forceC.powerD.strength18._______ofEnglishishelpfulifyouaredevotedto_______Englishliterature.A.Agoodknowledge;studyB.Agoodknowledge;studyingC.Goodknowledge;studyD.Goodknowledge;studying19.---Fewchildrenareasbrightasheis,andalso,heworksveryhard.---It’sno_______thathealwaysgetsthefirstplaceinanyexamination.A.doubtB.problemC.questionD.wonder20.Mary’shandwritingisbetterthan_______inherclass.A.anyoneelseB.anyoneelse’sC.anyone’selseD.otherstudents21.Itreallydoesn’tmakeany_____whethertobuyalaptopcomputeroradesktopcomputer.A.choiceB.decisionC.differenceD.senseManystudentssignedupforthe_____raceinthesportsmeetingtobeheldnextweek.A.800-meter-longB.800-meters-longC.800meterlengthD.800meterslengthHisbehaviouratthepartylastnightseemedrather______.Manyofuswerequitesurprised.A.outofpracticeB.outofplaceC.outofpolitenessD.outofpity24.Thesefootballplayershadnostrict______untiltheyjoinedourclub.A.practiceB.educationC.trainingD.exercise25.Ifitwasnotanaccident,hemusthavedoneit________.A.onpurposeB.incommonC.onoccasionD.intime26.Wemustkeepourroomclean.Dirtanddiseasego_______.A.fromtimetotimeB.handinhandC.stepbystepD.oneafteranother27._____isknowntousall,_____feedongrasswhilehorsesongrain.A.It,cattleB.This;cattlesC.What;cattlesD.As;cattle28.______everyonecanhearthespeakerthereisno______inturninguptheradio.A.Nowthat;pointB.Evenif;pointC.Nowthat,needD.Evenif;need29.ShellyhadpreparedcarefullyforherEnglishexaminationsothatshecouldbesureofpassingitonherfirst_______.A.intentionB.attemptC.purposeD.desire30.Noonehasyetsucceededinexplainingthe______ofhowlifebegan.A.causeB.problemC.reasonD.puzzleJacktriedhardtogetagoldmedalinthisWinterOlympicGamesbuthehadno______.A.luckB.timeC.fateD.entrance32.Theyoungmanoweshissuccesstomanypeople,hisparents_______.A.afterallB.bychanceC.onpurposeD.inparticular33.Ishouldliketotrythatcoaton,forIdon’tknowifitismy_______.A.shapeB.modelC.designD.sizeItisimportantforustoemployawordorphrasetothe_______inlanguagestudies.A.situationB.expressionC.conditionD.translation35.FlightBA123toViennaisnowboardingat_______.stA.Gate21B.21GateC.theGate21D.21Gate----Shallwetakeawalkbeforedinner?Oh,yes,______ismyfavouritetimeofaday.A.theearlyeveningsB.intheearlyeveningC.theearlyoftheeveningD.earlyevening37.Beingpoor,shehadtoborrowanew_______soastoattendtheparty.A.clothB.clothesC.clothingD.dress38.Popularmusicislikedbymanypeople,butitisnottoeveryone’s_______.A.mannersB.smellC.tasteD.thought39.Suchgood______shouldbemadeofone’ssparetimetostudyanotherforeignlanguage.A.chanceB.choiceC.decisionD.use40.Shethoughtthepaintingwasoflittle______,soshelethimhaveitforonly$15.A.costB.importantC.priceD.valueTherearethree_______inourclinic.A.womandoctorB.womandoctorsC.womendoctorD.womendoctorsItriedevery______tomakehimgiveupsmoking.A.meanB.waysC.meaningD.means43.______willconquernature.A.ThemanB.ManC.AnymanD.Themen44.YesterdayIwasinvitedtothedinnerat_______.A.TurnersB.theTurnersC.Turners’D.theTurners’45.Jesswenttoa_______forsomeshoes.A.shoes’storeB.shoestoreC.shoe’sstoreD.shoesstore46.Standingontopofthemountain,you’llgetawonderful_______.A.joyB.seeingC.viewD.nature47.Hewaschosen_____ofthecompany.A.managerB.amanagerC.themanagerD.asamanager48.---WhatcanIdoforyou?---I’dliketohavea______ofChinaDaily.A.pieceB.sheetC.lotD.copy49.______itistolistentomusic!A.HowfunB.HowafunC.WhatafunD.Whatfun50.Whattheexperthassaidanddonewillbe_______tothedepartmentA.valueB.benefitC.ofvaluableD.ofbenefit

managers.1-5ACDDD6-10DACDD11-15CCBCA16-20BCBDB21-25CABCA26-30BDABA31-35ADDAA36-40DDCDD41-45DDBDB6-50CADDD第二章主謂一致句子的謂語動(dòng)詞和句子的主語應(yīng)在數(shù)方面保持一致。主謂一致的基來源則是：主語是單數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；主語是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。句子的主語有以下幾種種類：．帶后置定語型。其謂語動(dòng)詞的形式依主語的單復(fù)數(shù)而定，與后置定語沒關(guān)。together）with?except/but?S+besides?Vratherthan?aswellas?Alibrarytogetherwithalotofbookshasbeengiventoourschoolasagift.Twopilotsaswellasallthepassengerswerekilledinthisplanecrash.兩個(gè)飛翔員連同所有游客都死于此次空難。．部分—整體型。其謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)，由整體部分決定。percenttwo-thirdspartofthe/one’s+n+Vhalf（整體）alltherest1）About70%ofthesurfaceoftheearthiscoveredbywater.2）Partofthebooksareworthreading,buttherest（ofthem）areofnovalue.※注：all獨(dú)自作主語時(shí)，All指人謂語用復(fù)數(shù)．．．．．．．。All指物或事情謂語用單數(shù)．．．．．．．．．．。1）Allareeagertoreachanagreement.所有的人都急于達(dá)成協(xié)議。2）Allisgoingwell.全部都進(jìn)展順利。3．定語僅能修飾單數(shù)名詞型，其謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。Each/EveryEither/NeitherAnother+n（單數(shù)）+VManyaMorethanoneMorethanonegraduatewantstogotoworkinWesternChina.不只一個(gè)畢業(yè)生要求去中國(guó)西部工作。Manyadayhaspassedsincetheboywaslost.4．就近一致型。以下連詞連結(jié)兩個(gè)主語時(shí)，及

那個(gè)男孩失散已有很多天。therebe句型有多個(gè)并列主語，謂語應(yīng)與最湊近的主語保持一致。AorB1）EitheryouorIamtomeetthematthestation.EitherAorBNeitherAnorB

不是你就是我要去車站接他們。2）Notonlytheteacherbutalsohisstudents

objecttotheplan.NotonlyAbutalsoB

3

）Thereisanair-conditioner

andtwocomputersinhisoffice.TherebeA,BandC

在他辦公室有一臺(tái)空調(diào)解二臺(tái)電腦。5．需記著的其余規(guī)則Either1）Neither

of+n

作主語，謂語用單數(shù)。EachNoneof+n（復(fù)數(shù)）作主語，謂語用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)均可。Noneof+n（單數(shù)）作主語，謂語用單數(shù)。Eitheroftheanswersisright.兩個(gè)答案中有一個(gè)是對(duì)的。Noneofthecarswas/weredamaged.這些車都沒有受損。Noneofthefoodhasgonebad.食品沒有變質(zhì)。）anumberof+n（復(fù)數(shù)）作主語，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。thenumberof+n（復(fù)數(shù)）作主語，謂語用單數(shù)。Alargenumberofstudentsarefromthesouth.好多學(xué)生是南方人。Thenumberofstudentsinourschoolhasgoneupto3000.我校學(xué)生數(shù)已上漲到3000人。）關(guān)系代詞作主語，定語從句謂語動(dòng)詞的形式取決于其先行詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。HeisoneofthefewpersonswhohaveagoodknowledgeofItalian.他是精曉意大利語的少量人之一。在以上句子中，persons是who的先行詞，從句謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。（比較）Heistheonlyoneoftheboyswhowasgivenaprize.他是這些孩子中獨(dú)一遇到獎(jiǎng)賞的。one從前有theonly修飾時(shí)，one是who的先行詞，從句謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。）單個(gè)動(dòng)名詞，不定式或主語從句作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。兩個(gè)并列的動(dòng)名詞，不定式或主語從句作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。Whenandwheretoholdthemeetingisn’tdecidedyet.（一個(gè)不定式作主語）WhatIsayandwhatIthinkarenoneofyourbusiness.我說什么，想什么與你沒關(guān)。（兩個(gè)并列主語從句作主語）5）each,any,every,no構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞都看作單數(shù)對(duì)待。Someoneisaskingyouonthephone.有人在打電話找你。注：復(fù)合代詞作主語，反意疑問句的主語往常用they，也可用

he。Everyonewaspresentatthemeeting,

weren’tthey

/

wasn’the

?Someonehasknownthenews,

haven’tthey

/

hasn’the

?）以“s”結(jié)尾的書刊名、國(guó)名、機(jī)構(gòu)名和學(xué)科名作主語，謂語用單數(shù)。TheUnitedNationswassetupin1942.聯(lián)合國(guó)建于1942年。TheCanterburyTaleswaswrittenbyChaucer.《坎特伯雷故事集》是喬叟寫的。Economicsismymajor.經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)是我的主修課程。7）某些形容詞或分詞和定冠詞the連用表示某類人作主語，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。Thesickhavebeencuredandthelosthavebeenfound.病人獲取醫(yī)治，失散的也已找回來了。）由and連結(jié)兩個(gè)單數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。EnglishandChinesearequitedifferentlanguages.and并列的主語在乎義上指同一個(gè)人，同一觀點(diǎn)或?qū)χ乓恢碌氖挛?，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。Themanagerandsecretaryisasbusyasabeeallday.

那位經(jīng)理兼秘書成天忙繁忙碌。（兩個(gè)名詞共用一個(gè)冠詞，指同一個(gè)人）Warandpeaceisacontantthemeinhistory.

戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)與和平是歷史永久的主題。（對(duì)峙一致的一對(duì)事物）9）單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞如

deer,means

；會(huì)合名詞如

family

作主語，怎樣決定謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)，請(qǐng)見第四章冠詞。Exercise1主謂一致1．I,whoyourfriend,willtrymybesttohelpyou.A．beB．a(chǎn)mC．isD．a(chǎn)re2．TheUnitedStatesmustlookoutoftherightsofcitizens.A．itsB．theirC．oursD．us3．SofarasIknow,morethanonepersonconnectedwiththeaccident.A．isB．hasC．a(chǎn)reD．have4．Mathsaswellasphysicsalwaysmetomuchtrouble.A．causesB．putsC．causeD．put5．NotonlyyouandIbutPeter,thetopstudentinourgrade,notabletosolvetheproblem.A．a(chǎn)reB．wereC．isD．a(chǎn)m6．ThereoneortwothingsthatIhavetomention.A．isB．a(chǎn)reC．hasD．have7．EitherIormyaccountant（會(huì)計(jì)）toblamefortheloss?A．IsB．AreC．AmD．Does8．Sofar70%ofthepoorinthisareaoutofpoverty（貧窮）withthehelpofthelocalgovernment.A．hasgotB．a(chǎn)regettingC．havegotD．hadgot9．Collectingstampsasahobbyincreasinglypopularduringthepasttenyears.A．becameB．becomesC．hasbecomeD．havebecome10．Whetherornotthenewplanwillproduceanypositive（踴躍的）resultstobeseen.A．remainB．isremainedC．remainsD．haveremained11．Toomuchworkandtoolittlerestbadhealth.A．leadtoB．leadstoC．resultinD．resultfrom12．Heistheonlyoneofthosespeakerswhoideasperfectlyclear.A．maketheirB．makeshisC．expresstheirD．express13．Everypossiblemeanstried,butwithoutmuchresult.A．hasbeenB．havebeenC．a(chǎn)reD．is14．Tenminutesanhourwhenoneiswaitingforaphonecall.A．seemB．lookC．seemsD．looks15．Allwehaveseenandheardourmemory.A．isdeeplyimpressedonB．greatimpressC．a(chǎn)restronglyimpressedinD．highlyimpresses1-5BAABC6-10AACCC11-15BBACA第三章代詞單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)第一第二第三第一第二第三人稱人稱人稱人稱人稱人稱人主格Iyouhesheweyouthey稱it代賓格meyouhimherusyouthem詞it物形容詞myyourhisherouryourtheir主性its代名詞性mineyourshishersoursyourstheirs詞itsmyselyourseHimselfourselvyourselvthemselv反身代詞herselfflfesesesitself一、人稱代詞的用法．人稱代詞的主格在句中作主語．人稱代詞的賓格作動(dòng)詞和介詞的賓語Youcan’ttrusthim.Whoelsewantstogoforapicnicbesideshim?注1．主格，賓格均可作表語，在口語頂用賓格許多IfIwereshe,Iwouldactonthedoctor’sadvice.——Whoisknockingatthedoor?——It’sme.※注2．作主語的人稱代詞孤立地使用在無謂語動(dòng)詞的句中，常用賓格——Iwantanapple.——Me,too.“What!Metosaysorrytohim?No!”3．兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的人稱代詞并列時(shí)，其次序是：?jiǎn)螖?shù)按2，3，1人稱擺列；復(fù)數(shù)按1，2，3人稱擺列。You,she（Mary）andImustattendtoday’smeeting.IandTomaretoblame.該責(zé)怪的是我和湯姆（在認(rèn)可錯(cuò)誤或自我責(zé)備時(shí)，說話人一般把自己放在他人從前講。）二、it的用法1．取代已提到的事物或上文說起的狀況Heboughtamagazineandlentittome.Hermotherhasdied.Itisaterribleshocktoher.

她母親死了。這對(duì)她打擊很大。2．用于It+be+n/adj句型中，說明日氣、時(shí)間、距離等Itisfreezingcoldtoday.Itisfiveminutes’ridefromheretothestation.3．（未指明但發(fā)言兩方都理解的）那件事；那種狀況。--------Doyoulikeithere?-------Oh,yes.Theair,theweather,thewayoflife.Everythingisnice.4．取代性別尚不明的嬰兒和少兒Shewasholdingababyinherarmsanditwascrying.．作形式主語或形式賓語，取代作主語或賓語的不定式，動(dòng)名詞或從句Itwaskindofyoutosendmeapresent.（it作形式主語）Imakeitaruletowalktwomilesaday.我往常一天步行二英里。（it

作形式賓語）Itakeit

thatyoudon

’tagreewithme

.我的理解是，你和我見解不同。（it作形式賓語）☆注：少量動(dòng)詞，如take（理解），hate，dislike，不可以直接帶賓語從句，須在動(dòng)詞和賓語從句之間，加形式賓語it。5．Itis/was?that?.構(gòu)成重申句，重申句中某一部分ItwasIthat/whotoldhimaboutit.（重申主語I）三、物主代詞．形容詞性物主代詞只好作名詞的前置定語，不可以獨(dú)自使用Thosepeoplearemyschoolmates.．名詞性物主代詞獨(dú)自使用，在句中作主語，表語和賓語作主語Yourbikeisblack.Mine（Mine=Mybike）isred.作表語Thisfaultisyours,nothers.這是你的過失，不是她的錯(cuò)。作賓語Thereissomethingwrongwithmybike.MayIuseyours?．名詞性物主代詞與of連用構(gòu)成兩重所有格）表示部分觀點(diǎn)YesterdayIcameacrossanoldfriendofmine（=oneofmyoldfriends）inthestreet.2）表示重申Weshowgreatinterestinthisinventionofyours（=yourinvention）Besurenottobelievethatdaughterofhers（herdaughter）千萬別信她的那個(gè)女兒。四、反身代詞1．作動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語ShehasbeenteachingherselfEnglish.

她向來在自學(xué)英語。2Iamnotquitemyselftoday.我今日身體不太好。．作主語或賓語的同位語，譯“親身”；“自己，自己”Themayorhimselfwilllookintothematter.市長(zhǎng)將親身檢查這件事。You’dbetteraskthepatienthimselfabouthistrouble.4I

對(duì)于病人的病情，你最好問他自己。．反身代詞的重要短語gavetheroomagoodcleaning

allby

myself.

byoneself

=alone/on

myown獨(dú)自一人Iwillbemyselfinnotime.beoneself身體或大腦正常Pleasemakeyourselfathome.請(qǐng)不要受拘束helponeselftosth.自行取用，任意拿取Helpyourselftoapples.Noonewasthere,soshehelpedherselftoallthemoneyonthetable.HetooneselfItisbettertothinkforyourself.thinkforonself

清醒獨(dú)立思慮，自己作出決定I’dbegrateful(thankful)ifyoukeepthisinformationtoyourself.keepsth.tooneself不把某事告訴他人五、互相代詞eachother一般指二者；oneanother一般指三者或三者以上。但此刻能夠通用，不加差異。在句中僅作賓語，不可以作主語。Weshouldcareforeachotherandhelpeachother.Theyoftenstayatoneanother’shouses.他們常常住在相互的家里。六、不定代詞1．some和anysome及復(fù)合代詞someone,something用于必定句。any及復(fù)合代詞用于否認(rèn)句、疑問句和條件句。Someofthemilkhasgonebad.Ihaven’tanymoneyonme.Ifanythingunusualhappens,letmeknow.若發(fā)生異樣狀況，請(qǐng)告訴我。注1．若表示懇求，建議，只管是疑問句，用some，不用any。Wouldyoulikesomemorecoffee?ShallIbringsomefoodtotheparty?注2．a(chǎn)ny及復(fù)合代詞也可用于必定句，表示三者或三者以上中任何一個(gè)。．．．．．．Ithinkanyofhismovieswouldinterestyou.——Whichwouldyoulike,tea,coffeeorwine?——Anywilldo.隨意哪一個(gè)都行。2．each和everyeach用于重申兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的人或事物中每一個(gè)。既可作定語，也可作主語和賓．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．語。Eachoftheboyshashisstrongandweakpoints.Thereisabookstoreoneachsideofthestreet.every（形容詞）用于表示三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上的人或事物中每一個(gè)．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．Ihavereadeverybookhelentme.請(qǐng)注意以下不定代詞的特別用法或固定搭配①Ihavereaditinsomemagazine.some修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，相當(dāng)于acertain

。在句中只好作定語。．．．．．②Sheissomethinglikehismother.她有點(diǎn)像她的母親。③Heissomethingofanexpertatcomputers.他是一個(gè)優(yōu)秀的電腦專家。④Sheisnothingbutadancer.她只可是是一個(gè)跳舞的。（nothingbut=only）⑤Hewasanythingbutpleasedatthenews.聽到這個(gè)信息他一點(diǎn)不快樂。（anythingbut=not?atall）3．both,either,neither和all,any,noneboth二者，兩方；neither（二者）都不，（二者中）無一；either（二者之中）任何一個(gè)；all（三者或三者以上）全體人員，所有東西。none（三者或三者以上）都不。any（三者或三者以上中）任何一個(gè)。作用：1）作主語BothofhisstudentsarefromBeijing.Eitheroftheteamshasthechanceofwinning.Neitherofhisnovelsissatisfactory.Noneofushave（has）everbeenabroad.Noneofthemoneywaspaidtome.）作名詞的定語Hespentallhismoney.Bothsidesareeagertoreachanagreement.Thereisapostofficeoneithersideofthestreet.Neitherseatisoccupied.兩個(gè)位子都空著。3）both,all,each作主語同位語，位于be動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞和行為動(dòng)詞中間。作賓語同位語，置于賓語以后。Theyareboth（all）tiredofreading.Weeachhavedifferentopinionsaboutit.Iwillinviteyouboth=Iwillinvitebothofyou.選擇：——Haveyouanymoney?Ineedsomebadly.——Sorry.atall.A.NothingB.NooneC.NoneD.Alittle注1.指帶沒有上文中提到的人或物，用none.2.none不可以做定語。下句是典型病句:Luckily,nonepassengerswereinjuredinthecaraccident.3.noone僅指人；noone,nothing等不定代詞不可以接“of+n.”構(gòu)造Everyoneofuslikesit.判斷以下句子能否正確。假如有錯(cuò)，請(qǐng)改正。1．TheParkersboughtanewhouse,buttheywillneedalotofdecorationbeforetheymovein.ABCD2．Somepeoplemakemoremoneythanweteachers,fromhiswork.

butfewgainasmuchsatisfactionABCD3．BetweenyouandI,wehavenothingincommon.ABCD4．Youhavetohurryupifyouwanttobuysomethingcheapbecausetheresomethingleft.

is

hardlyABCD5．Themenandwomenwhopushedthefrontier（邊疆）WestwardacrossAmericaprobablyAneverthoughtofthemasbravepioneers.BCD6．MywifeandIreachedtheagreementthateverythingismoreimportantforusthanbuildingABCDasolidbankaccount.7．TherearetwobusestoBaihaiPark.Youcantakeeachofthem.ABCD8．Believeitornot.Thereissuchnothingwhichwillhappenhere.ABCD9．Hisrefusalcameasnonesurprise.Iexpectedit.ABCD10．Wheneachthepopstarsteppedintothehall,allthepeoplepresentburstintocheers.ABCD此外，代替上述之事用that,this,it；代替下文要說的事，用this：Hermotherwasill.That/Thisiswhyshecouldn’tcome.Theproblemisthis：heissufferingfromcancer.4．one和that）one代替上文提到的同種類的人或事物，但非同一個(gè)人或物。one=a+單數(shù)名詞。——Whatdoyouthinkofthewatches?——Excellent.I’mgoingtobuyone.=Igoingtobuyawatchlikethem.其復(fù)數(shù)形式為ones。Thewhitecoatsmatchthehatthantheblueones.白色上衣比藍(lán)色上衣更配這頂帽子。one只好代替可數(shù)名詞。若其有形容修飾，需加“a”；若后來有限制性后置定語，．．．．．．．．．．．需加“the”。1：Thishatistoosmallforme.Canyouchangeitforabiggerone?2：Thispictureistheonemymotherwantstohaveverymuch.2）that代替上文提到的同種類的事物。that=the+單數(shù)名詞，常用thatof?構(gòu)造。例1：Myseatwasnexttothatofthemayor.（that=theseat）例2：Theairofasuburbisclearerthanthatofacity.郊野的空氣比都市的潔凈。that可代替可數(shù)名詞（例1），也可代替不行數(shù)名詞（例2）。其復(fù)數(shù)形式為those。Ourrulesarequitedifferentfromthoseofotherorganizations.one和that作“代替”的用法，是高考的一個(gè)要點(diǎn)熱門。5．疑問代詞who,what,which）which既可指人，也可指物。表示在必定范圍內(nèi)“哪一個(gè)”。Whichoftheseideascoststheleast?在這些方法中，哪一個(gè)花銷最??？Whichdoyouprefer,classicalmusicorpopularmusic?）who（誰），what（什么）則用于無選擇范圍的狀況。Whoareyoutalkingabout?Whatisyourhobby?你的業(yè)余喜好是什么？．部分否認(rèn)）everyone,everything可用于必定句、否認(rèn)句和疑問句?！狪severyonehere?——Yes,exceptLiMing.2）not與both,all,everyone,everything及副詞always,entirely/wholly（所有地）連用，表示部分否認(rèn)，譯“并不是?都是”Noteveryoneiskind.=Everyoneisnotkind.并不是所有人都和善。Allyouranswersarenotcorrect.Idon’twhollyagreewithyou.我其實(shí)不完好贊同你的見解。選擇：Iagreewithmostofwhatyousaid,butIdon’tagreewith.A.everythingB.anythingC.somethingD.nothing答案A7．other,theother,theothers,therest,another1）other(adj)其余的，僅作定語，修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞。no/some/any/manyother可修飾單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)名詞Canwesettlethisprobleminotherways?Youhavenootherchoicebuttowait.Ihavemanyotherquestionstoask.Pleasecometomyhomesomeothertime.）another同類中另一個(gè)Wouldyoulikeanothercupoftea?Givemeanotherchance,please.Ineedanotherthreedollars=Ineedthreemoredollars.我還需要三美元。）others泛指其余人，他人或其余東西，常與some比較使用，表示“有的?有的?”Itislikehertothinkofothers.SomepeoplebelieveinGod;othersdon’t.）theother表示二者的另一個(gè)。Hehastwosons.Oneisthinandtheotherisfat.5）theothers/therest表示除掉一部分其余的人或物。theothers取代可數(shù)名詞；therest可取代可數(shù)或不行數(shù)名詞。Someoftheboyswentswimming,whiletheotherslayonthebeach,bathedinsunlight.一些男孩去游泳，其余的躺在沙岸上沐日光浴。用other,theother,theothers,therest,another填空：1）Idon’tknowpopmusic.SoIcanhardlytellonesongfrom.2）Youmightaswellpaintsideofthewallwhite.3）Perhapshecamehereforreasons.4）SomeoftheequipmentismadeinChina;isintroducedfromJapan.5）Wemusttrytomeettheneedsof.Exercise代詞1.Shanghaiisreallyafascinatingcityandwe’vedecidedtostayfor______twoweeks.A.anotherB.otherC.theotherD.other’s2.---Doyoulike______here?---Oh,yes,theair,theweather,thewayoflife.Everythingissonice.A.thisB.theseC.thatD.it3.Ilike_____intheautumnwhentheclimateisclearandbright.A．itB．thatC．thisD．oneWeconsidered_____logical（切合邏輯的）thatnotallplanscanbeputintopractice.A．thatB．quiteC．itD．very---Arethenewrulesworking?Yes,______booksarestolen.A．FewB．SomeC．LessD．None---Haveyouanymoneywithyou?IneedsomebadlySorry,but_____.A．notB．nothingC．noneD．quitealittle---Howmuchteaisleftinthepot?______.A．NoneB．NothingC．NotsomeD．Noone8.---Youhavenodifficultyfindingtheanswertothequestion?---_______.A.NotalittleB.NoproblemC.NoneatallD.Neither9.---Doyouhave_____readyfortonight’sparty?---No.Istillhavetosendallthelettersofinvitation.A．a(chǎn)nythingB．somethingC．everythingD．nothing---DoyoumindifPeterjoinyouinyourwork?Yes,Ido.Iwillbegladtoworkwith_____Peter.A．a(chǎn)nyonebutB．nooneexceptC．a(chǎn)llbesidesD．everyoneand---WheredoyouthinkIshouldputthispotofflowers?Putiton_____sideofthemeetinghall.A．everyB．a(chǎn)nyC．eachD．either12.Asisexpected,citieslikeCarioandJakartaprobablywould_____haveapopulationof20millionby2010.A．bothB．eachC．everyD．eitherthesameeffectonyouas______learnedbyyourself.A．whatB．itC．thatD．theone14.---Whydon’twetakealittlebreak?---Didn’twejusthave_____.A．itB．thatC．oneD．this15.Ifthisdictionaryisn’tyours,______canitbe?A．whatelseB．whoelseC．whichelses’D．whoelse’s16.NewEnglish-Chinesedictionaryhasbeenrepublishedmanytimes,moreuptodatethanthelastedition.A．everyB．eitherC．eachD．a(chǎn)ny17.Theycouldn’thavedinnerinarestaurantbecause_____ofthem____money.A．a(chǎn)ll,didn’thaveB．everyone,hadnoC．none,hadanyD．noone,hadany18.MostoftheequipmentismadeinChina;_____importedfromJapan.A．othersB．theothersC．therestD．theotherItisonethingtoenjoylisteningtogoodmusic,butitisquite_____toperformskillfullyyourself.A．a(chǎn)notherB．otherthingC．othersD．theother20．Themanissofamiliartome.Imusthavemethimoneday_____.A．ortheotherB．oranotherC．orelseD．orsomething21.Oneofthesidesoftheboardshouldbepaintedyellow,and_____.A．theotheriswhiteB．a(chǎn)notherwhiteC．theotherwhiteD．therestwhite22.Iintendedtocomparenoteswithafriend,butunfortunately_____couldn’tspareevenoneminute.A.theyB.oneC.whoD.it23.Ireadaboutitinsomebookorother.Doesitmatter_____itwas?A．whereB．whatC．howD．which24．Thereis_____thing_____privateownership（私有制）oflandinChinatoday.A．nosucha,asB．nosuch,asC．suchno,asD．nosuch,like---IsDavidamanwithgoodmanners.Idon’tthinkso.Asamatteroffact,heis______butpolite.Meetingmyuncleafteralltheseyearswasanunforgettablemoment,_____Iwillalwaystreasure.A.thatB.oneC.itD.what27.---CanIhelpyou?---I’dliketobuyapresentformyfather’sbirthday,_____ataproperpriceandofgreatuse.A.oneB.itC.thatD.those28.TheParkersboughtanewhousebut_____willneedalotofworkbeforetheycanmovein.---Whatdoyouthinkofheridea?IwasnotintheleastsurprisedforIhadfullyexpected______.A.thatmuchB.asmuchC.verymuchD.somuch30.---Whatanamazingfilm.It’sthemostinterestingfilmI’veeverseen.---ButI’msureitwon’tinterest_______.A.somebodyB.anybodyC.everybodyD.nobody31.Heseemstohavelittle,if______,todowithit.A.soB.anyC.someD.anything32.Inthatcase,itwas______shecoulddonottocry.A.somethingB.anythingC.allD.nothing33.Ifyourdaughtercanmakewhatherteachersteach______,shewillmakerapidprogress.A.itB.thatC.herselfD.hers34.Duetolackoffundandequipment,wehave______choicethantogiveuptheexperiments.A.someotherB.otherC.anotherD.noother---Whoonearthcoulditbe?Itwas______otherthanClintEastwood.A.nobodyB.noneC.nothingD.not36.---IsJissicaadiligentstudent?---No,butsheisalazyone,if______.A.somethingB.everythingC.anythingD.nothing1-5ADACA6-10CACCA11-15BBCCD16-20CCCAB21-25CADBD26-30BABBC31-36DCDDBC第四章

冠詞一、冠詞的種類冠詞可分紅不定冠詞a，an和定冠詞the。二、泛指和特指的定義．泛指：一般說起人或事物，不作詳細(xì)說明叫泛指。以下兩種狀況為泛指a）未明確交待的人或事物Imetherinacoffeeshopnearthestation.我在車站鄰近的一家咖啡館碰到她的。）表示數(shù)目“一”Heaskedforabookandtwomagazines.他要一本書和兩本雜志。．特指：詳細(xì)指明人或物叫特指，其基本義思是“這，那”。以下三種狀況為特指。）上文提到過的人或物Iboughtabookyesterday.Thebookisofgreatvalue.昨天我買了一本書，這本書很有價(jià)值。）說話人或聽話人心中都有數(shù)的人或事物——Whenwillthemeetingbeheld?——At2:00o’clockintheafternoon.）帶有限制性的后置定語ThemoviedirectedbyMr.ZhangYimouwasagreathit.張藝謀執(zhí)導(dǎo)的那部電影極為叫座。三、冠詞使用的基本規(guī)則1．可數(shù)名詞泛指

特指2

單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞abookthebook復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞booksthebooks表示泛指，單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞用不定冠詞a（an），復(fù)數(shù)名詞不用冠詞。表示特指，可數(shù)單數(shù)名詞和復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，均用定冠詞the。．物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞不用冠詞。Bloodisthickerthanwater.血濃于水。Wisdomisbetterthanstrength.智慧勝于力量。特指的物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞，用定冠詞the。Thesnowinfrontofthehouseisbeginningtomelt.房前的雪開始消融了。a(n)與物質(zhì)名詞連用，可表示種類或一杯之量。Maotaiisanexcellentwine.Bringmeacoffee,willyou?of

選擇：Thewarmthofsweaterwillofcoursebedeterminedbythesortwoolused.A．the；theB．the；不填C．不填；the四、需要用定冠詞的其余幾種狀況

D．不填；不填．用于表示世界上獨(dú)一無二的事物名詞從前。thesun,themoon,theearth,theworld,thesky．用于表示方向名詞，序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高等從前。sailtotheeastturntotherightThisisthemostexpensiveofalltheclothes.ThisisthethirdtimethathehasbeenelectedchairmanoftheStudentUnion.．與某些形容詞或分詞連用，代表一類人或事物。Iwasbroughtuptorespecttheold.我從小就接受教育，要尊敬老人。Thebeautifulcanneverdie.美是永久的。．用在表示江河、大海、山脈、群島、海峽、荒漠，建筑物等名詞從前。thePacific（Ocean）太平洋theSouth-Chinasea南中國(guó)海theSahara哈拉荒漠thePersianGulf波斯灣theBeijingStation

北京車站5．用于姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)形式從前，表示“夫妻”或“一家人”。TheTurnersaresittingatlunchtable.特納一家正吃午餐。由一般名詞構(gòu)成的專出名詞（如國(guó)家，黨派等）前。例：theUnitedStates;theCommunistPartyofChina用在表示發(fā)明物的單數(shù)名詞前。ThetelephonewasinventedbyBell.．用在某些固定短語中：onthespot就地onthewhole總的來說forthemostpart多半，在多半狀況下outofthequestion不行能五、不用冠詞的其余幾種狀況1．物質(zhì)名詞，抽象名詞（見第三章），人名，地名等專出名詞前。Airisimportanttous.BeijingisthecapitalofChina.．表示季節(jié)、月份、周日、節(jié)假日（中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)節(jié)例外）名詞從前。Ilikespringmost.I’mgoingtoreturntoEnglandatChristmasDay.若詳細(xì)指明哪一年的季節(jié)，應(yīng)有定冠詞。Thewarbrokeoutonthespringof1942.．表示學(xué)科、球類、棋類和三餐名詞從前Heisgoodatmaths.Ilikeplayingfootball.Ioftengotoschoolwithoutbreakfast.注：重申一頓飯或特指某頓飯可用冠詞。Mothercookedmeanicedinnerthismorning.Thedinnercookedbymymothertastesdelicious.．表示正式的或獨(dú)一無二的職位、頭銜的名詞，在句中作賓補(bǔ)或同位語。Hehasbeenelectedchairmanofthestudentunion.Mandela,presidentofSouthAfrica,wasawardedtheNobelprizeforpeacein1997.南非總統(tǒng)曼德拉于1997年獲取諾貝爾和平獎(jiǎng)。在與by連用的交通工具名稱從前。例:bytaxi,bybike,byboat但注意：getintoataxi,takeabus,onthetrain等表達(dá)形式。6．某些固定短語中，要求不用冠詞。atpresent目前takepartin參加inpeace安全，沉靜bychance碰巧注意：有些詞組中有無冠詞含義不同。attable在進(jìn)餐inhospital住院atthetable坐在桌子旁inthehospital在醫(yī)院工作或觀光等beinchargeof負(fù)責(zé)?outofquestion不行問題beinthechargeof由?負(fù)責(zé)outofthequestion根本不行能byday在白日bytheday按天計(jì)算．高考取冠詞考察熱門選擇：SummersinsouthofFranceareformostpartdryandsunny.（2000年春天高考）A．the；不填B．不填；theC．不填；不填D．the；the答案為D。剖析：方向名詞要用定冠詞the，故可考慮的選項(xiàng)為A、D。forthemostpart為固定短語，故答案為D。近幾年來，高考試卷對(duì)冠詞的命題方式大部分狀況是，一空考冠詞的基本用法，一空考固定短語中冠詞使用。所以在我們學(xué)習(xí)固定短語中，必定要留意并正確記憶固定短語中名詞前使用的冠詞。冠詞練習(xí)1.______on-goingdivisionbetweenEnglish-speakingCanadiansandFrench-speakingCanadiansis______majorconcernofthecountry.---Whereismyblueshirt?---It’sinthewashingmachine.Youhavetowear_____differentone.Thesignreads“Incaseof_____fire,breaktheglassandpush_____redbutton”.4.Thereis______dictionaryon______deskbyyourside.Jumpingoutof_______airplaneat