2022年考研英語翻譯講義

2022考研英語翻譯強(qiáng)化精講PAGEPAGE1

第一章考研翻譯基礎(chǔ)知識翻譯是一門語言的藝術(shù)，是語言之間的轉(zhuǎn)換，是在準(zhǔn)確理解的基礎(chǔ)上用一種語言來忠實(shí)地表達(dá)另外一種語言。考研翻譯簡介（一）考研翻譯考查內(nèi)容和形式根據(jù)2021年全國碩士研究生統(tǒng)一考試英語考試大綱規(guī)定，考研翻譯“主要考查考生準(zhǔn)4005個劃線部分（150詞）譯成漢語，要求譯文準(zhǔn)確、通順、完整?？忌诖痤}卡220145個劃線部分。如：PartCTranslationDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Musicmeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeopleandsometimesevendifferentthingstothesamepersonatdifferentmomentsofhislife.Itmightbepoetic,philosophical,sensual,ormathematical,butinanycaseitmust,inmyview,havesomethingtodowiththesoulofthehumanbeing.Henceitismetaphysical;butthemeansofexpressionispurelyandexclusivelyphysical:sound.Ibelieveitispreciselythispermanentcoexistenceofmetaphysicalmessagethroughphysicalmeansthatisthestrengthofmusic.(46)Itisalsothereasonwhywhenwetrytodescribemusicwithwords,allwecandoisarticulateourreactionstoit,andnotgraspmusicitself.Beethoven'simportanceinmusichasbeenprincipallydefinedbytherevolutionarynatureofhiscompositions.Hefreedmusicfromhithertoprevailingconventionsofharmonyandstructure.SometimesIfeelinhislateworksawilltobreakallsignsofcontinuity.Themusicisabruptandseeminglydisconnected,asinthelastpianosonata.Inmusicalexpression,hedidnotfeelrestrainedbytheweightofconvention.(47)Byallaccountshewasafreethinkingperson,andacourageousone,andIfindcourageanessentialqualityfortheunderstanding,letalonetheperformance,ofhisworks.ThiscourageousattitudeinfactbecomesarequirementfortheperformersofBeethoven'sPAGEPAGE3music.Hiscompositionsdemandtheperformertoshowcourage,forexampleintheuseofdynamics.(48)Beethoven'shabitofincreasingthevolumewithanintensecrescendoandthenabruptlyfollowingitwithasuddensoftpassagewasonlyrarelyusedbycomposersbeforehim.Beethovenwasadeeplypoliticalmaninthebroadestsenseoftheword.Hewasnotinterestedindailypolitics,butconcernedwithquestionsofmoralbehaviorandthelargerquestionsofrightandwrongaffectingtheentiresociety.(49)Especiallysignificantwashisviewoffreedom,which,forhim,wasassociatedwiththerightsandresponsibilitiesoftheindividual:headvocatedfreedomofthoughtandofpersonalexpression.Beethoven'smusictendstomovefromchaostoorderasiforderwereanimperativeofhumanexistence.Forhim,orderdoesnotresultfromforgettingorignoringthedisordersthatplagueourexistence;orderisanecessarydevelopment,animprovementthatmayleadtotheGreekidealofspiritualelevation.ItisnotbychancethattheFuneralMarchisnotthelastmovementoftheEroicaSymphony,butthesecond,sothatsufferingdoesnothavethelastword.(50)OnecouldinterpretmuchoftheworkofBeethovenbysayingthatsufferingisinevitable,butthecouragetofightitrenderslifeworthliving.參考答案PartC樂本身。的關(guān)鍵，更不用說是演奏其作品的關(guān)鍵了。之前，只有極個別的作曲家運(yùn)用這樣的表現(xiàn)方式。尤為重要的是他對自由的看法，對他而言，自由與個人的權(quán)利和責(zé)任息息相關(guān)，他提倡思想和個人言論的自由?；钪幸饬x。（二）考研翻譯的評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)根據(jù)大綱規(guī)定，考研翻譯的評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如下：5個小題，每題2分，共10分?！と绻渥幼g文明顯扭曲原文意義，該句得分最多不超過0.5分?！と绻忌鸵粋€題目提供了兩個或兩個以上的譯法，若均正確，給分；如果其中一個譯法有錯，按錯誤譯法評分?！ぶ形腻e別字不個別扣分，按整篇累計(jì)扣分。在不影響意思的前提下，滿三個錯別字扣0.5分，無0.25扣分。（三）考研翻譯近年考題特點(diǎn)和內(nèi)容1990年：人的性格和行為分析1991年：能源與農(nóng)業(yè)1992年：智力評估的科學(xué)性1993年：科學(xué)研究的方法19941995年：標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測試與評估1996年：科學(xué)發(fā)展的差別和動力1997年：動物的權(quán)利1998年：天體物理學(xué)中的大爆炸理論1999年：歷史研究的方法論2000年：政府調(diào)控與工業(yè)化發(fā)展2001年：計(jì)算機(jī)與未來生活2002年：行為科學(xué)的發(fā)展2003年：人類學(xué)的發(fā)展2004年：語言學(xué)2005年：傳媒領(lǐng)域中的電視媒介

2006年：美國知識分子的作用2007年：法學(xué)在新聞報(bào)道中的作用。2008年：論達(dá)爾文的思想及其變化2009年：正規(guī)教育2010年：生態(tài)環(huán)保2011年：環(huán)境對人心智的影響2012年：普遍真題2013年：無家可歸者的花園2014年：對貝多芬音樂的評價(jià)2015年：殖民時期的美國2016年：放慢生活節(jié)奏2017年：英語走向何方2018年：戲劇的演變與衰落2019年：醫(yī)學(xué)論文的弊端與改進(jìn)2020年：文藝復(fù)興2021年：二戰(zhàn)后高等教育發(fā)展情況PAGEPAGE4第二章考研翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、方法、過程與核心解題策略考研翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：準(zhǔn)確、通順、完整考研翻譯方法：直譯（literaltranslation）舉例：honeymoonmadcowdiseasehotlinechainreactiongenetherapy意譯（freetranslationparaphrase）舉例：astimidasharedaystudentinthedarkcashcrops直譯和意譯的關(guān)系舉例：Hehadonefootinthegrave.

bull’seyemilkywayItisnowthoughtthatthemoreworkwegiveourbrains,themoreworktheyareabletodo.Whatthetonguesays,theneckpaysfor.考研翻譯的基本過程翻譯的基本定義：翻譯是在準(zhǔn)確理解的基礎(chǔ)上用一種語言來忠實(shí)的表達(dá)一、理解例子：Themedicinalherbhelpsacough.誤譯：這種草藥幫助咳嗽。 改譯：這種草藥可治療咳嗽。二、表達(dá)Doanimalshaveright?Thisishowthequestionisusuallyput.Itsoundslikeauseful,ground-clearingwaytostart.Actually,itisn't,becauseitassumesthatthereisanagreedaccountofhumanrights,whichissomethingtheworlddoesnothave.（199771題）三、校對PAGEPAGE7考研翻譯解題的核心策略——拆分與組合第一步：句子拆分，逐個翻譯拆分的第一步也是最重要的一步——句子成分分析，找主干！英語中的五種基本句型結(jié)構(gòu)1Subject主語)Verb謂語)Atrafficaccidenthappened.Thesunrises.句型2：Subject(主語)＋Link.V(系動詞)＋Predicate(表語)TobeornottobeisahardthingThiskindoffoodtastesdelicious.3：Subject(主語)Verb謂語)Object賓語)WearelearningEnglish.Doyouknowhim?4Subject(主語謂語)Indirectobject(間接賓語)＋Directobject直接賓語)Hermotherboughtheraskirt.Givemethebook,please.5Subject(主語)＋Verb動詞)＋Object賓語)＋Complement(補(bǔ)語)Youshouldkeeptheroomcleanandtidy.Wemadehimourmonitor.拆分的五大原則：主干與修飾成分要拆分主句與從句要拆分不定式要拆分過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞要拆分用信號詞或標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號進(jìn)行拆分拆分的常見信號詞：andor,but,yet,for等并列連詞連接著并列句；還有連接狀語從句的連接詞，如：when,as,since,until,before,after,where,because,since,thought,although,sothat, 等等；它們就成了理解英語句子的拆分點(diǎn)。關(guān)系詞：如連接名詞性從句的whowhomwhosewhatwhichwhateverwhicheverwhenwherewhywho,which,that,whom,whose等等；它們也是理解英語句子的拆分點(diǎn)。介詞：如on,in,with,at,of,to等介詞常常引導(dǎo)介詞短語作修飾語，所以它們也是理解英語句子的拆分點(diǎn)。to：不定式常常構(gòu)成不定式短語做定語或者狀語修飾語，所以也可以是拆分點(diǎn)。分詞：過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞可以構(gòu)成分詞短語作修飾語，所以可以是拆分點(diǎn)。標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號：標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號常常斷開句子的主干和修飾部分，也是一個明顯的拆分點(diǎn)。第二步：改變原文順序，組合漢語譯文a)b)但是如果英語的定語從句過于復(fù)雜，放在所修飾的名詞前，句子會很不通順，這時就可以把定語從句放在所修飾的名詞后面來翻譯，獨(dú)立成為一句簡短的狀語可以放在所修飾的動詞前面；復(fù)雜的狀語從句可以安排在整個句子主干的前面或者后面；字句，用別的詞來代替“被”字或者轉(zhuǎn)化成主動句等等。第三步：重讀與整合，表達(dá)通順英漢五大差異：英語重結(jié)構(gòu)，漢語重意境英語多長句，漢語多短句英語多被動，漢語多主動英語多變化，漢語多重復(fù)英語多省略，漢語多補(bǔ)充例句Socialscienceisthatbranchofintellectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasoned,orderly,systematic,anddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena.（35詞，200362題）第一步：拆分句子的主干是：Socialscienceisthatbranchofintellectualenquiry，定語從句：whichsocialscience，inthesamereasoned,orderly,systematicanddispassionedmanner是方式狀reasoned,orderly,systematicanddispassionedmanner，naturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena是定語從句，其manner。拆分后句子的總結(jié)構(gòu)是：Socialscienceisthatbranchofintellectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansand1主句 2定語從句theirendeavorsinthesamereasoned,orderly,systematic,anddispassionedmanner3方式狀語thatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena.4定語從句第二步：組合1lestbranchofly主干2）whichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavors定語從句比較復(fù)雜，可以放在所修飾的先inthesamereasoned,orderly,systematicanddispassionedmanner方式狀語，如果照原來順……來thatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena.定語從句直接放到所修飾的詞第三步：重讀與整合以理性的，有序的，系統(tǒng)的和冷靜的方式來研究人類及其行為。PAGEPAGE8第三章 翻譯技巧之詞法翻譯——詞義選擇與詞義引申考研翻譯真題中詞義的適度引申n”arofthewlsecrevolutionseltlargelytheimprovementandinventionanduseofaseriesofinstrumentsthatexpandedthereachofscienceininnumerabledirections.”(199472題)Ingeneral，thetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredicatedcannotbewelldefined.(1995年翻譯74題)However，theworldissomadethatelegantsystemsareinprincipleunabletodealwithsomeoftheworlds’morefascinatinganddelightfulaspects.(1996年翻譯74題)itassumesthatthereisanagreedaccountofhumanissomethingtheworlddoesnothave.(199771題)Oddthoughitsounds，cosmicinflationisascientificallyplausibleconsequenceofsomerespectedideasinelementary-particlemanyastrophysicistshavebeenconvincedforthebetterpartofadecadethatitistrue(199875題)Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry.(199974題)Andhomeapplianceswillalsobecomesosmartthatcontrollingandoperatingthemwillresultinthebreakoutofanewpsychologicaldisorder—kitchenrage.(200175題)seltofeethetof“t”nmathematics，isanabstractconceptwhichmakespossibleimmenseamountsofconcreteresearchandunderstanding.(2003年翻譯65題)Weareobligedtothembecausesomeoftheselanguageshavesincevanished，asthepeopleswhospokethemdiedoutorbecameassimilatedandlosttheirnativelanguages.(2004年62題)Thisalonedemonstratesthatthetelevisionbusinessisnotaneasyworldtosurvivein,afactunderlinedbystatisticsthatshowthatoutofeightyEuropeantelevisionnetworks,nolessthan50%tookalossin1989.(200548題)PAGEPAGE9根據(jù)詞語搭配辨析詞義1.goodsaying名言3.goodboy乖孩子2.goodinvestment可靠的投資goodjoke有趣的笑話goodchild孝子7.goodcontract有效的合同9.gooddebt有把握收回的債11.goodeggs新鮮的雞蛋13.goodeyesight正常的視力15.goodfather慈父17.goodfeatures端正的相貌19.goodfriend摯友根據(jù)上下文的語境辨析詞義

21.goodfriend益友23.goodidea妙計(jì)6.goodlooks美貌8.goodluck鴻運(yùn)10.goodmanners得體的舉止12.goodmatch佳偶、勁敵14.goodmother良母16.goodneighbor睦鄰18.goodreason充足的理由20.goodsoil肥沃的土地22.goodteacher良師24.goodwife賢妻Hisplanedevelopedenginetroubleonlysevenmilesaftertakeoff發(fā)生故障)Modernaircraftissoheavythatthewingsmustdevelopaverylargeliftforceinordertosustaintheaircraft.(產(chǎn)生升力)Inspiredbytheseideasin1752Franklindevelopedapracticallightningrod.發(fā)明避雷針)Ahypothesisisaspecificstatementdevelopedbyascientistfromobservations.(得出論斷)5Untilthedomaintheoryofmagnetismwasdeveloped,theydidnothavemuchsuccess.(提出理論)Todevelopthecapabilitiesofthegeophysicalprospecting,therenewalofthetechniquesandequipmentisthefirstthingtobeconsidered.(提高能力)Mostofthemoneycamefromsellingthesecretofanewtypeofpotatohehaddeveloped.(培育新品種)AsyoungGoddardgrewintomanhood,hedevelopedtuberculosis.(患上結(jié)核病)Wemustdevelopallthenaturalsubstancesinourcountrywhichcanmakeusrich.(開發(fā)資源)Severalattemptshavebeenmadethroughtheyearstodevelopthedeposit.(開采礦床)PAGEPAGE10定語前置定語

第四章

翻譯技巧之句法翻譯Sciencemovesforward，theysay，notsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.(199471題)“In”arofenewls“thecnseltlargelytheimprovementandinventionanduseofaseriesofinstrumentsthatexpandedthereachofscienceininnumerabledirections.”(199472題)WhethertheGovernmentshouldincreasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorvice反之dependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce.(199475題)后置定語Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount，reliability，andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.(199572題)Ingeneralthetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredicatedcannotbewelldefined.(199574題)Sciencemovessomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.(1994年翻譯71題)Whethertousetests，otherkindsofinformation，orbothinaparticularsituationdepends，therefore，upontheevidencefromexperienceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability(199573題)Somephilosophersarguethatrightsexistonlywithinasocialcontract，aspartofanexchangeofdutiesandentitlements(199772題)etsobvioustehofasysdirectlybounduphefficiencyofitsagricultureandindustry，andthatthisinturnrestsupontheeffortsofscientistsandtechnologistsofallkinds(200072題)PAGEPAGE17綜合演練：定語從句前置合譯法(1996年翻譯第72題)ThistrendbeganduringtheSecondWorldseveralgovernmentscametotheconclusionthatthespecificdemandsthatagovernmentwantstomakeofitsscientificestablishmentcannotgenerallybeforeseenindetail.后置分譯法(1990年翻譯第64題)Behavioristssuggestthatthechildwhoisraisedinanenvironmentwheretherearemanystimuliwhichdevelophisorhercapacityforappropriateresponseswillexperiencegreaterintellectualdevelopment.(2005年翻譯第49題)Creatinga“Europeanidentity”thatrespectsthedifferentculturesandtraditionswhichgotomakeuptheconnectingfabricoftheOldContinentisnoeasytaskanddemandsastrategicchoice.(2004年翻譯第61題)TheGreeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessofthoughtwhichtookrootinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedhowdiverselanguagecouldbe.融合變譯法(1991年翻譯第63題)Thisassumptionrestsonthefallacyoftheinherentlazinessinhumannature;actually,asidefromabnormallylazypeople,therewouldbeveryfewwhowouldnotwanttoearnmorethantheminimum,andwhowouldprefertodonothingratherthanwork.名詞性從句主語從句(2005Text1)However,whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhumans,orwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.賓語從句(2006年閱讀Text4)Manythingsmakepeoplethinkartistsareweirdandtheweirdestmaybethis:artists'onlyjobistoexploreemotions,andyettheychoosetofocusontheonesthatfeelbad.同位語從句(1996年翻譯第72題)ThistrendbeganduringtheSecondWorldseveralgovernmentscametotheconclusionthatthespecificdemandsthatagovernmentwantstomakeofitsscientificestablishmentcannotgenerallybeforeseenindetail.狀語從句(2001年翻譯第75題)Andhomeapplianceswillalsobecomesosmartthatcontrollingandoperatingthemwillresultinthebreakoutofanewpsychologicaldisorder—kitchenrage.(2004年翻譯第63題)ThenewlydescribedlanguageswereoftensostrikinglydifferentfromthewellstudiedlanguagesofEuropeandSoutheastAsiathatsomescholarsevenaccusedBoasandSapiroffabricatingtheirdata.被動語態(tài)YettheNilehasbeenchangedbymodernmaninwaysnotyetfullyunderstood.Becauseitisveryslippery,itisusedforlubrication.(2000年翻譯第73題)Owingtotheremarkabledevelopmentinmasscommunications，peopleeverywherearefeelingnewwantsandarebeingexposedtonewcustomsandideas，whilegovernmentsareoftenforcedtointroducestillfurtherinnovationsforthereasonsgivenabove.形式主語形式主語常常用在固定的短語中，翻譯在整個句子的最前面。Itishopedthat...有人希望Itisassumedthat...假設(shè)，假定Itisclaimedthat... 據(jù)說，有人主張Itisbelievedthat...有人認(rèn)為，大家相信Itisreportedthat...據(jù)報(bào)道Itisconsideredthat...人們認(rèn)為，據(jù)估計(jì)Itissaidthat...據(jù)說，有人說Itissupposedthat...據(jù)推測，人們猜測Ithasbeenannouncedthat...已經(jīng)宣布Itisassertedthat...有人主張Itisrumoredthat...聽說，謠傳Itisnoticedthat...有人指出，人們注意到Itissuggestedthat...有人建議Itisreputedthat...人們認(rèn)為，可以認(rèn)為Itislearnedthat...據(jù)說，據(jù)聞，已經(jīng)查明Itisdemonstratedthat...據(jù)證實(shí)，已經(jīng)證明Itisestimatedthat...據(jù)估計(jì)，有人估計(jì)Itisestimatedthat...有人指出，人們指出Itispointedoutthat...有人指出，有人建議Itisproposedthat...有人提出Itwastoldthat...有人曾經(jīng)說Itwasfirstintendedthat...最初人們就有這樣的想法Itwillbesaidthat...有人會說Itwillbeseenfromthisthat...由此可見，因此可知Itwasnotedabovethat...前面已經(jīng)指出Itmustbeadmittedthat...必須承認(rèn)，老實(shí)說Ithasbeenillustratedthat...據(jù)圖示，據(jù)說明Itisstressedthat...有人強(qiáng)調(diào)說Itcannotbedeniedthat...無可否認(rèn)Itcanbesaidwithoutexaggerationthat...可以毫不夸張的說Itissometimesaskedthat...人們有時會問Itwasfeltthat...有人意識到了Itisuniversallyacceptedthat...人們普遍認(rèn)為Itisunanimouslyagreedthat...大家一致同意Itisallegedthat...據(jù)說Itiscalculatedthat...據(jù)計(jì)算Ithasbeenprovedthat...已經(jīng)證明Ithasbeenfoundthat...人們已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)Itisstilltobehopedthat...我們?nèi)匀幌Ｍ鸌tiswell-knownthat...眾所周知，大家都知道Itshouldberealizedthat...我們應(yīng)該認(rèn)識到……(2005年翻譯第50題)Indealingwithachallengeonsuchascale,itisnoexaggerationtosay,“Unitedwestand,dividedwefall”.(200